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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

CERES ERBE-like Monthly Geographical Averages (ES-4) in HDF (CER_ES4_Terra-FM2_Edition1)

The ERBE-like Monthly Geographical Averages (ES-4) product contains a month of space and time averaged Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data for a single scanner instrument. The ES-4 is also produced for combinations of scanner instruments. For each observed 2.5-degree spatial region, the daily average, the hourly average over the month, and the overall monthly average of shortwave and longwave fluxes at the Top-of-the-Atmosphere (TOA) from the CERES ES-9 product are spatially nested up from 2.5-degree regions to 5- and 10-degree regions, to 2.5-, 5-, and 10-degree zonal averages, and to global monthly averages. For each nested area, the albedo and net flux are given. For each region, the daily average flux is estimated from an algorithm that uses the available hourly data, scene identification data, and diurnal models. This algorithm is 'like' the algorithm used for the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). The following CERES ES4 data sets are currently available: CER_ES4_FM1+FM2_Edition1 CER_ES4_PFM+FM1+FM2_Edition1 CER_ES4_PFM+FM1+FM2_Edition2 CER_ES4_PFM+FM1_Edition1 CER_ES4_PFM+FM2_Edition1 CER_ES4_TRMM-PFM_Edition1 CER_ES4_TRMM-PFM_Edition2 CER_ES4_Terra-FM1_Edition1 CER_ES4_Terra-FM2_Edition1 CER_ES4_FM1+FM2_Edition2 CER_ES4_Terra-FM1_Edition2 CER_ES4_Terra-FM2_Edition2 CER_ES4_Aqua-FM3_Edition1 CER_ES4_Aqua-FM4_Edition1 CER_ES4_FM1+FM2+FM3+FM4_Edition1 CER_ES4_Aqua-FM3_Edition2 CER_ES4_Aqua-FM4_Edition2 CER_ES4_FM1+FM3_Edition2 CER_ES4_FM1+FM4_Edition2 CER_ES4_PFM+FM1_Edition2 CER_ES4_PFM+FM2_Edition2 CER_ES4_Aqua-FM3_Edition1-CV CER_ES4_Aqua-FM4_Edition1-CV CER_ES4_Terra-FM1_Edition1-CV CER_ES4_Terra-FM2_Edition1-CV. [Location=GLOBAL] [Temporal_Coverage: Start_Date=1998-01-01; Stop_Date=2005-10-31] [Spatial_Coverage: Southernmost_Latitude=-90; Northernmost_Latitude=90; Westernmost_Longitude=-180; Easternmost_Longitude=180] [Data_Resolution: Latitude_Resolution=2.5 degree; Longitude_Resolution=2.5 degree; Horizontal_Resolution_Range=250 km - < 500 km or approximately 2.5 degrees - < 5.0 degrees; Temporal_Resolution=1 month; Temporal_Resolution_Range=Monthly - < Annual].

EOSDIS↗

NASA NTRS2024

Teachers’ Use and Adaptation of A Model-Based Climate Curriculum: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study

Foregrounding climate education in formal science learning environments provides students with opportunities to develop critical climate-related knowledge and skills. However, research has shown many challenges to teaching and learning about Earth’s climate and global climate change (GCC). This longitudinal study aims to establish how secondary science teachers, over time, implement model-based climate curricula in support of students’ climate and GCC education by utilizing EzGCM. The model (EzGCM) is a data-driven, computer-based climate modeling tool use to explore global climate data. Multiple sources of data collection, including teacher interviews, classroom observations, and daily reflections, were employed to address the research question: “How did two teachers’ implementation strategies evolve over the three-year study while utilizing a model-based, climate-focused curriculum?” This study provides insight into how and why these resources [model-based climate education curricula] are utilized in science learning environments, thereby informing ongoing efforts to enhance climate education and, in doing so, preparing the next generation of climate-literate adults prepared to confront this most critical global challenge of our age. The findings showed while both teachers engaged in increasingly model-centric instructional practices, these changes were modest. Furthermore, both teacher’s observed classroom practices were less model-centric than the designed curriculum. Ultimately emphasizing the transition from existing practices to improved ones, rather than seeking the perfect approach, the study offers practical insights that can honestly assist secondary educators in real-world settings by highlighting state of climate education in secondary science classrooms.

Secondary science teaching↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

CERES Clouds and Radiative Swath (CRS) data in HDF. (CER_CRS_Terra-FM2-MODIS_Edition2A

The Clouds and Radiative Swath (CRS) product contains one hour of instantaneous Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data for a single scanner instrument. The CRS contains all of the CERES SSF product data. For each CERES footprint on the SSF the CRS also contains vertical flux profiles evaluated at four levels in the atmosphere: the surface, 500-, 70-, and 1-hPa. The CRS fluxes and cloud parameters are adjusted for consistency with a radiative transfer model and adjusted fluxes are evaluated at the four atmospheric levels for both clear-sky and total-sky. [Location=GLOBAL] [Temporal_Coverage: Start_Date=1998-01-01; Stop_Date=2001-10-31] [Spatial_Coverage: Southernmost_Latitude=-90; Northernmost_Latitude=90; Westernmost_Longitude=-180; Easternmost_Longitude=180] [Data_Resolution: Temporal_Resolution=1 hour; Temporal_Resolution_Range=Hourly - < Daily].

CLOUD LAYER AREA↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

CERES ERBE-like Monthly Geographical Averages (ES-4) in HDF (CER_ES4_Terra-FM2_Edition1-CV)

The ERBE-like Monthly Geographical Averages (ES-4) product contains a month of space and time averaged Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data for a single scanner instrument. The ES-4 is also produced for combinations of scanner instruments. For each observed 2.5-degree spatial region, the daily average, the hourly average over the month, and the overall monthly average of shortwave and longwave fluxes at the Top-of-the-Atmosphere (TOA) from the CERES ES-9 product are spatially nested up from 2.5-degree regions to 5- and 10-degree regions, to 2.5-, 5-, and 10-degree zonal averages, and to global monthly averages. For each nested area, the albedo and net flux are given. For each region, the daily average flux is estimated from an algorithm that uses the available hourly data, scene identification data, and diurnal models. This algorithm is 'like' the algorithm used for the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). The following CERES ES4 data sets are currently available: CER_ES4_FM1+FM2_Edition1 CER_ES4_PFM+FM1+FM2_Edition1 CER_ES4_PFM+FM1+FM2_Edition2 CER_ES4_PFM+FM1_Edition1 CER_ES4_PFM+FM2_Edition1 CER_ES4_TRMM-PFM_Edition1 CER_ES4_TRMM-PFM_Edition2 CER_ES4_Terra-FM1_Edition1 CER_ES4_Terra-FM2_Edition1 CER_ES4_FM1+FM2_Edition2 CER_ES4_Terra-FM1_Edition2 CER_ES4_Terra-FM2_Edition2 CER_ES4_Aqua-FM3_Edition1 CER_ES4_Aqua-FM4_Edition1 CER_ES4_FM1+FM2+FM3+FM4_Edition1 CER_ES4_Aqua-FM3_Edition2 CER_ES4_Aqua-FM4_Edition2 CER_ES4_FM1+FM3_Edition2 CER_ES4_FM1+FM4_Edition2 CER_ES4_PFM+FM1_Edition2 CER_ES4_PFM+FM2_Edition2 CER_ES4_Aqua-FM3_Edition1-CV CER_ES4_Aqua-FM4_Edition1-CV CER_ES4_Terra-FM1_Edition1-CV CER_ES4_Terra-FM2_Edition1-CV. [Location=GLOBAL] [Temporal_Coverage: Start_Date=1998-01-01; Stop_Date=2006-10-31] [Spatial_Coverage: Southernmost_Latitude=-90; Northernmost_Latitude=90; Westernmost_Longitude=-180; Easternmost_Longitude=180] [Data_Resolution: Latitude_Resolution=2.5 degree; Longitude_Resolution=2.5 degree; Horizontal_Resolution_Range=250 km - < 500 km or approximately 2.5 degrees - < 5.0 degrees; Temporal_Resolution=1 month; Temporal_Resolution_Range=Monthly - < Annual].

SOLAR INCIDENCE↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

ML/AI Applications to the Atmosphere Science Data and Simulations (Demonstration and Vision)

Artificial Intelligence has been recognized as one of the most powerful tools for scientific research. It has a wide range of applications in atmospheric science and plays a significant role in advancing our understanding of the Earth-Atmosphere system, as well as improving our ability to monitor, predict, and respond to atmospheric observations and simulations. Different AI architectures can help us handle various problems according to our research goals. In this presentation, we will introduce several use cases and models for applying computer vision to active remote sensing data from CALIOP, analyzing cloud dynamical relationships for climate model parameterizations, and building surrogate models for lidar simulations. The presentation will highlight the advantages that AI offers compared to traditional analytical methods. By assembling pieces of the multidimensional atmospheric science puzzle, we can integrate our knowledge from observations to simulations.

Shan Zeng↗

NASA NTRS1993

Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite attitude disturbances during shadow entry and exit

The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), as with the Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 spacecraft, experiences large attitude disturbances when entering and exiting the Earth's shadow. Previous investigations have provided some evidence linking these disturbances to rapid bending of the solar array but have also raised questions. For example, the magnitudes of the roll attitude disturbances have shown an unmolested asymmetry, and the timing of the disturbances at sunrise appears to disagree with the modeled timing. A better understanding of this phenomenon is important in assessing the implications for UARS science gathering and for future mission design analysis. To this end, UARS attitude, sensor, and actuator data are used to evaluate the disturbances as they vary with solar beta angle and solar array drive angle. The attitude data are examined during specific periods of interest, such as the month in which the solar array was parked in its high-noon position, and are also tracked from the beginning of the mission to determine any trends that may result from changing mass properties due to cryogen boiloff and propellant usage. Attitude rate and torque profiles are derived from inertial reference until data and related to the disturbances seen in the attitude data. The timing of the disturbances with respect to spacecraft sunset and sunrise is characterized to allow event predictions. Stability during the disturbances is discussed in terms of science instrument requirements. Finally, the results are compared with the behavior predicted by models that are based on solar array bending.

Lambertson, M.↗

NASA NTRS2016

National Climate Assessment - Land Data Assimilation System (NCA-LDAS) Data and Services at NASA GES DISC

The National Climate Assessment-Land Data Assimilation System (NCA-LDAS) is an Integrated Terrestrial Water Analysis, and is one of NASAs contributions to the NCA of the United States. The NCA-LDAS has undergone extensive development, including multi-variate assimilation of remotely-sensed water states and anomalies as well as evaluation and verification studies, led by the Goddard Space Flight Centers Hydrological Sciences Laboratory (HSL). The resulting NCA-LDAS data have recently been released to the general public and include those from the Noah land-surface model (LSM) version 3.3 (Noah-3.3) and the Catchment LSM version Fortuna-2.5 (CLSM-F2.5). Standard LSM output variables including soil moistures temperatures, surface fluxes, snow cover depth, groundwater, and runoff are provided, as well as streamflow using a river routing system. The NCA-LDAS data are archived at and distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). The data can be accessed via HTTP, OPeNDAP, Mirador search and download, and NASA Earth data Search. To further facilitate access and use, the NCA-LDAS data are integrated into the NASA Giovanni, for quick visualization and analysis, and into the Data Rods system, for retrieval of time series of long time periods. The temporal and spatial resolutions of the NCA-LDAS data are, respectively, daily-averages and 0.125x0.125 degree, covering North America (25N 53N; 125W 67W) and the period January 1979 to December 2015. The data files are in self-describing, machine-independent, CF-compliant netCDF-4 format.

data assimiliation↗

NASA NTRS1992

A gravity field to support Magellan navigation and science at Venus

The development and validation of the revised JPL Venus Gravity Model are described with attention given to the incorporation of data regarding the longitudinal coverage. The motivation for the JPL Venus Gravity Model 1B (VGM1B) is related to the determination of orbit-support requirements for the Magellan mission. Existing gravity models for Venus are reviewed, and the present model is based on orbit-prediction data taken from Doppler tracking data from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO). Revised information arrays are developed incorporating more complete data describing the longitudinal conditions of the gravity field. Improvements are noted in the Doppler residual statistics taken from field-validation fits to the PVO and Magellan tracking data by using the VGM1B harmonic field. The VGM1B gravity field is also shown to reduce the trajectory errors from PVO and Magellan navigation.

Mcnamee, J. B.↗

NASA NTRS1996

NASA's SPICE System Models the Solar System

SPICE is NASA's multimission, multidiscipline information system for assembling, distributing, archiving, and accessing space science geometry and related data used by scientists and engineers for mission design and mission evaluation, detailed observation planning, mission operations, and science data analysis.

mission design↗

NASA NTRS2017

Status of the TESS Science Processing Operations Center

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) science pipeline is being developed by the Science Processing Operations Center (SPOC) at NASA Ames Research Center based on the highly successful Kepler Mission science pipeline. Like the Kepler pipeline, the TESS science pipeline will provide calibrated pixels, simple and systematic error-corrected aperture photometry, and centroid locations for all 200,000+ target stars, observed over the 2-year mission, along with associated uncertainties. The pixel and light curve products are modeled on the Kepler archive products and will be archived to the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). In addition to the nominal science data, the 30-minute Full Frame Images (FFIs) simultaneously collected by TESS will also be calibrated by the SPOC and archived at MAST. The TESS pipeline will search through all light curves for evidence of transits that occur when a planet crosses the disk of its host star. The Data Validation pipeline will generate a suite of diagnostic metrics for each transit-like signature discovered, and extract planetary parameters by fitting a limb-darkened transit model to each potential planetary signature. The results of the transit search will be modeled on the Kepler transit search products (tabulated numerical results, time series products, and pdf reports) all of which will be archived to MAST.

high performance computing↗

NASA NTRS2001

Validation of the galactic cosmic ray and geomagnetic transmission models

A very high-momentum resolution particle spectrometer called the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) was flown in the payload bay of the Space Shuttle in a 51.65 degrees x 380-km orbit during the last solar minimum. This spectrometer has provided the first high statistics data set for galactic cosmic radiation protons, and helium, as well as limited spectral data on carbon and oxygen nuclei in the International Space Station orbit. First measurements of the albedo protons at this inclination were also made. Because of the high-momentum resolution and high statistics, the data can be separated as a function of magnetic latitude. A related investigation, the balloon borne experiment with a superconducting solenoid spectrometer (BESS), has been flown from Lynn Lake, Canada and has also provided excellent high-resolution data on protons and helium. These two data sets have been used here to study the validity of two galactic cosmic ray models and the geomagnetic transmission function developed from the 1990 geomagnetic reference field model. The predictions of both the CREME96 and NASA/JSC models are in good agreement with the AMS data. The shape of the AMS measured albedo proton spectrum, up to 2 GeV, is in excellent agreement with the previous balloon and satellite observations. A new LIS spectrum was developed that is consistent with both previous and new BESS 3He observations. Because the astronaut radiation exposures onboard ISS will be highest around the time of the solar minimum, these AMS measurements and these models provide important benchmarks for future radiation studies. AMS-02 slated for launch in September 2003, will provide even better momentum resolution and higher statistics data. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

unmanned↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Testing and Application of Commercial Thermodynamics Software for Solid-Gas Equilibria in Planetary Science Applications

The ability to calculate chemical equilibria from thermochemical constants (e.g., H, S, Cp) or other experimental data is a tool widely employed by scientists. However, phase equilibria for planetary science problems is limited by easy access to libraries of thermochemical data, as well as the software to invert that data. Many academic software packages are focused on specific types of problems (e.g., aqueous solutions or melting and crystallization of magmas). This focus makes them excellent tools for specific uses, but poorer tools for other scenarios, especially those involving elements or chemical species that are less well-studied in that specific scientific field (e.g. NaCl vapor). Amongst the more general thermodynamic software tools, there are closed academic software packages, open-source options, as well as commercial software. We have explored the extent to which commercial chemistry/chemical engineering software may be able to satisfy the need for thermochemical modeling packages that can accommodate the diverse species and conditions of planetary science problems. Here we compare the output of software package HSC Chemistry™ (Metso Outotec) to published vapor-solid phase diagrams for a variety of major and minor elements. HSC Chemistry™ has been used in several recent geochemical studies of terrestrial volcanic systems [2- 4]. However, it has not to our knowledge been benchmarked against peer-reviewed model results for the conditions and compositions relevant to planetary science. We present one such comparison here, the low- pressure environment of the solar nebula, using literature data. In short, we find excellent agreement between HSC Chemistry™ and the well-regarded academic software package CONDOR. These preliminary results suggest that at least some commercial software packages are capable of robust thermochemical calculations for planetary science.

planetary science↗

NASA NTRS2022

Solar Wind Ion Sputtering of Sodium from Silicates Using Molecular Dynamics Calculations of Surface Binding Energies

For nearly 40 yr, studies of exosphere formation on airless bodies have been hindered by uncertainties in our understanding of the underlying ion collisional sputtering by the solar wind (SW). These ion impacts on airless bodies play an important role in altering their surface properties and surrounding environment. Much of the collisional sputtering data needed for exosphere studies come from binary collision approximation (BCA) sputtering models. These depend on the surface binding energy (SBE) for the atoms sputtered from the impacted material. However, the SBE is not reliably known for many materials important for planetary science, such as plagioclase feldspars and sodium pyroxenes. BCA models typically approximate the SBE using the cohesive energy for a monoelemental solid. We use molecular dynamics (MD) to provide the first accurate SBE data we are aware of for Na sputtered from the above silicate minerals, which are expected to be important for exospheric formation at Mercury and the Moon. The MD SBE values are ∼8 times larger than the Na monoelemental cohesive energy. This has a significant effect on the predicted SW ion sputtering yield and energy distribution of Na and the formation of the corresponding Na exosphere. We also find that the SBE is correlated with the coordination number of the Na atoms within the substrate and with the cohesive energy of the Na-bearing silicate. Our MD SBE results will enable more accurate BCA predictions for the SW ion sputtering contribution to the Na exosphere of Mercury and the Moon.

Lunar surface↗

NASA NTRS1981

A survey of the plasma electron environment of Jupiter - A view from Voyager

A survey of the plasma environment within Jupiter's bow shock is given in terms of the in situ calibrated electron plasma measurements made between 10 eV and 5.95 keV by the Voyager Plasma Science Experiment (PLS). The measurements are analyzed and corrected for spacecraft potential variations; the data are reduced to nearly model independent macroscopic parameters of the local electron density and temperature. The electron parameters are derived without reference to or internal calibration from the positive ion measurements made in the PLS experiment. Extensive statistical and direct comparisons with other determinations of the local plasma charge density indicate clearly that the analysis procedures have successfully and routinely discriminated between spacecraft sheath and ambient plasmas.

Scudder, J. D.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Observed cloud reflectivities and liquid water paths: An update

The FIRE microwave radiometer observations of liquid water path from San Nicolas Island and simultaneous NOAA AVHRR observations of cloud reflectivity were used to test a relationship between cloud liquid water path and cloud reflectivity that is often used in general circulation climate models (Stephens, 1978). The results of attempts to improve the data analysis which was described at the previous FIRE Science Team Workshop and elsewhere (Coakley and Snider, 1989) are reported. The improvements included the analysis of additional satellite passes over San Nicolas and sensitivity studies to estimate the effects on the observed reflectivities due to: (1) nonzero surface reflectivities beneath the clouds; (2) the anisotropy of the reflected radiances observed by the AVHRR; (3) small scale spatial structure in the liquid water path; and (4) adjustments to the calibration of AVHRR.

Coakley, James A., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS2021

A Mathematical Analysis of an Example Delay Tolerant Network using the Theory of Sheaves

NASA’s High-Data Rate Architecture (HiDRA) project is working towards a general yet practical toolkit and knowledge base to help usher in the era of new technologies for space systems communications, such as optical links. The High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking (HDTN) implementation falls under the umbrellas of both the toolkit and the knowledge base, as its advancements illuminate more general areas of Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) that need growth. The goal of this paper is to explore the usage of particular mathematical machineries, namely temporal flow networks and sheaves, to identify fundamental, underlying structures in DTN for space systems. Satellites, space assets, ground stations, etc. give rise to a disconnected network, and it is the goal of DTN to glue disparate links together into a cohesive system, that is, a network. Depending on a given link, the latencies might be beyond that which the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) can handle, and contact times might have one-way light times in excess of minute (sometimes significantly longer). Some links might be periodic (say, due to orbital mechanics) or they might not be. This diversity has made it difficult to probe the underlying structure. An immediate consequence is that DTNs in practice today are controlled by globally distributed contact plans (schedules), which are the input to the contact graph routing (CGR) algorithm. While this is effective for smaller networks, it will be very difficult to scale for future networks. Deeper and more rigorous theory is needed to bring DTN to the next evolutionary step. To this end, this paper introduces and suggests a mathematical framework for DTN, and applies it to a space network that is simulated using an orbital analysis toolkit. The tag-line for the structure known as sheaves is that they are the mathematically precise way of gluing local data together into unique, global data. If we consider routing, we see that networking is a “sheafy” science. We then discuss a simplified sheaf model, known as the cellular sheaf. The sheaf-theoretic analysis is presented and discussed, as it is hoped that this and related papers will help form the primordial ooze of DTN theory. Finally there is a section of future work suggesting follow-on research.

Delay Tolerant Networking↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Using Time Series Data Products to Support ASHRAE’s Historic and Future Climate Data Needs through NASA’s POWER Web Services

To address the data needs for resilience and sustainability of building systems within ASHRAE, the NASA Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource (POWER) project facilitates the use of NASA Earth Science data on a long-term, global scale. Solar data from several NASA projects and meteorological data from NASA assimilation models have been reformatted and disseminated to the public via a user friendly web GIS-enabled based data portal (https://power.larc.nasa.gov) in selectable data formats, immediately amenable to key industry wide decision support tools such as EnergyPlus. Time series of potential climate conditions from downscaled climate simulations are being made available for similar statistics and formats. An emphasis is placed upon obtaining and utilizing time series data to conduct analysis of building system performance for current and planning building systems for energy savings and greenhouse gas emissions. This presentation has the learning following learning objectives for the ASHRAE community: 1) Learn how NASA POWER’s web service suite can provide supplementary solar and surface meteorological data parameters, including a discussion of uncertainty. 2) Learn how downscaled climate scenario information can be provided to evaluate potential future requirements. The presentation is part of a forum entitled, "Weather Data for Large-Scale Building Energy Modeling".

time series↗

NASA NTRS2007

Modeling Malaria Transmission in Thailand and Indonesia

Malaria Modeling and Surveillance is a project in the NASA Applied Sciences Public Health Applications Program. The main objectives of this project are: 1) identification of the potential breeding sites for major vector species: 2) implementation of a malaria transmission model to identify they key factors that sustain or intensify malaria transmission; and 3) implementation of a risk algorithm to predict the occurrence of malaria and its transmission intensity. Remote sensing and GIs are the essential elements of this project. The NASA Earth science data sets used in this project include AVHRR Pathfinder, TRMM, MODIS, NSIPP and SIESIP. Textural-contextual classifications are used to identify small larval habitats. Neural network methods are used to model malaria cases as a function of precipitation, temperatures, humidity and vegetation. Hindcastings based on these environmental parameters have shown good agreement to epidemiological records. Examples for spatio-temporal modeling of malaria transmissions in Southeast Asia are given. Discrete event simulations were used for modeling the detailed interactions among the vector life cycle, sporogonic cycle and human infection cycle, under the explicit influences of selected extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The output of the model includes the individual infection status and the quantities normally observed in field studies, such as mosquito biting rates, sporozoite infection rates, gametocyte prevalence and incidence. Results are in good agreement with mosquito vector and human malaria data acquired by Coleman et al. over 4.5 years in Kong Mong Tha, a remote village in western Thailand. Application of our models is not restricted to Southeast Asia. The model and techniques are equally applicable to other regions of the world, when appropriate epidemiological and vector ecological parameters are used as input.

Kiang, Richard↗