High resolution developing of photosensitive resists Patent
Composition and process for improving definition of resin masks used in chemical etching
Taylor, C. J.↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Plating nickel on aluminum castings Patent
Nickel plating onto etched aluminum castings
Brinks, B. J.↗
Particle track identification - Application of a new technique to Apollo helmets
Heavy cosmic particle dosage measurement by chemical etching of particle tracks on Apollo astronauts plastic helmets
Fleischer, R. L.↗
Calibration of plastic track detectors for use in cosmic ray experiments
Plastic track detectors calibration for heavy charged particles in cosmic ray experiments, considering track etching rates as function of particle charge and velocity
Blanford, G. E., Jr.↗
Enhanced emission of iron nuclei in solar flares
Iron nuclei emission during 1967-1969 solar flares from spacecraft window and lunar camera lens etched tracks, discussing Fe/He ratio and lunar soil densities
Barber, D. J.↗
Carbon chemistry of the lunar surface
Methane and deuteromethane released from Apollo 11 and 12 lunar fines by deuterated acid etch, using gas chromatography for carbon compounds separation
Cadogan, P. H.↗
Efficient wire-grid duplexer-polarized for CO2 lasers
Chromium wire grid duplexer-polarizer for 10 micrometer carbon dioxide laser communication system is produced by depositing photo-resist film onto silicon substrate, grating by two collimated cadmium helium laser beams, covering of surface with thin chromium layer, and subsequent stripping of uncoated portion to expose etched wires.
Cheo, P. K.↗
The observation of structural defects in neutron-irradiated lithium-doped silicon solar cells
Electron microscopy has been used to observe the distribution and morphology of lattice defects introduced into lithium-doped silicon solar cells by neutron irradiation. Upon etching the surface of the solar cells after irradiation, crater-like defects are observed that are thought to be associated with the space charge region around vacancy clusters. Thermal annealing experiments showed that the crater defects were stable in the temperature range 300 to 1200 K in all of the lithium-doped samples. Some annealing of the crater defects was observed to occur in the undoped cells which were irradiated at the lowest doses.
Sargent, G. A.↗
Development of lightweight aluminum hollowcore solar cell array technology
A baseline configuration for a three section folding array, with retraction capability, was developed which would utilize electroformed aluminum hollowcore substrates and beryllium frames. The three section array was not fabricated because of difficulties with impurities in the aluminum electroforming bath. A procedure was developed for etching the copper mandrel from virtually any size of aluminum hollowcore panel in approximately one hour. Procedures were developed for analyzing the content of peroxide, water, total aluminum, and lithium-aluminum-hydride in an aluminum electroforming solution.
Carlson, J. A.↗
A research on integrated-circuit sensors for gas chromatography
Fabrication of a miniature gas chromatograph column using integrated circuit technology was studied and found to be feasible. A bonding problem of forming a strong, gas tight seal between two wafers of silicon has prevented the completion of the column design. Continuing research using tin or a chromium-gold bond promises to overcome the problems of using the proposed gold-eutectic bond. Specifications for the miniature gas chromatograph column are: a spiral capillary column of semi-circular cross section, 30 micron radius, and a total length of 6.9 meters etched into a silicon structure 50 mm in diameter and 0.625 mm thick.
Source record↗
Investigations of lunar materials
The investigations were directed at determining the radiation history and surface chronology of lunar materials using the etched particle track technique. The major lunar materials studied are the igneous rocks and double core from Apollo 12, the breccia and soil samples from Apollo 14, and the core samples from Luna 16. In the course of this work two new and potentially important observations were made: (1) Cosmic ray-induced spallation-recoil tracks were identified. The density of such tracks, when compared with the density of tracks induced by a known flux of accelerator protons, yields the time of exposure of a sample within the top meter or two of moon's surface. (2) Natural, fine scale plastic deformation was found to have fragmented pre-existing charged particle tracks, allowing the dating of the mechanical event causing the deformation.
Comstock, G. M.↗
Constituency and origins of cyclic growth layers in pelecypod shells, part 1
Growth layers occurring in shells of 98 species of pelecypods were examined microscopically in thin section and as natural and etched surfaces. Study began with shells of eleven species known from life history investigations to have annual cycles of growth. Internal microstructural features of the annual layers in these shells provided criteria for recognition of similar, apparently annual shell increments in eighty-six of eighty-seven other species. All of the specimens feature growth laminae, commonly on the order of 50 microns in thickness. The specimens from shallow marine environments show either a clustering of growth laminae related to the formation of concentric ridges or minor growth bands on the external shell surface. Based on observations of the number of growth laminae and clusters per annual-growth layer, it was hypothesised that the subannual increments may be related to daily and fortnightly (and in some cases monthly) cycles in the environment. Possible applications of the paleogrowth method in the fields of paleoecology and paleoclimatology are discussed.
Berry, W. B. N.↗
Sputtering: A vacuum deposition method for coating material
The sputtering process is described in terms of its features: versatility, momentum transfer, configuration of target, precise controls and the relatively slow deposition rate. Sputtered films are evaluated in terms of adherence, coherence, and internal stresses. The strong adherence is attributed to the high kinetic energies of the sputtered material, sputter etched (cleaned) surface, and the submicroscopic particle size. An illustration is a sputtered solid film lubricant such as MoS2. Friction tests were conducted on a thin, 2000 A deg thick MoS2 film. These films are very dense and without observable pinholes, and the particle to particle cohesion is strong. Tolerances (film thickness) can be controlled to a millionth of a centimeter. Very adherent films of sputtered Teflon can be deposited in a single operation on any type of material (metal, glass, paper) and on any geometrical configuration with a dense adherent film.
Spalvins, T.↗
Relationship of dislocation density of silicon to solar cell current loss at low temperature
Large decreases in short circuit current of silicon solar cells have been reported to occur as temperature is decreased below -60 C. Experimental results are presented which relate high dislocation density of the silicon bulk material of cells to the large current loss effect. Solar cells were made by the same processes from a variety of silicon materials, namely low-dislocation-density, high-dislocation-density float-zone, and Czochralski silicon. All cells were etched in a manner which revealed the dislocation density of the cell bulk silicon. It was found that every cell made from any of the various low-dislocation starting materials obtained from three suppliers still had a low-dislocation bulk after cell processing, and that all such cells belonged to category good. Cells made from float-zone materials showed high dislocation densities in their bulk and either fell into category poor, or had intermediate losses of short-circuit current at low temperature.
Mandelkorn, J.↗
Preliminary terrestrial based experiments on gravity-affected crystal growth
Tin was melted in a heating assembly secured to the arm of a centrifuge. The furnace was allowed to pivot and reach its equilibrium angle of swing for the gravity force being experienced. The crucible was cooled during rotation to allow the growth of single crystals. The crystals were etched for the purpose of observing the growth striations. Slices were removed from some of the crystals to permit observation of the striations in the interior. Visual analyses were made with a scanning electron microscope. Preliminary conclusions relating the appearance of the striations to gravity forces and the affected growth mechanisms are presented. Further experiments that will verify these conclusions and determine other gravity effects are proposed.
Johnston, M. H.↗
Design and fabrication of prototype system for early warning of impending bearing failure
Ball bearing performance tests run on several identical ball bearings under a variety of load, speed, temperature, and lubrication conditions are reported. Bearing temperature, torque, vibration, noise, strain, cage speed, etc., were monitored to establish those measurements most suitable as indicators of ball bearing health. Tape records were made under steady-state conditions of a variety of speeds and loads. Sample sections were selected for narrowband spectral analysis with a real time analyzer. An artificial flow was created across the inner race surface of one bearing using an acid etch technique to produce the scratch. Tape records obtained before and after established a characteristic frequency response that identifies the presence of the flow. The signals found most useful as indicators of performance degradation were ultrasonic outputs.
Broderick, J. J.↗
Dye penetrant indications caused by superficial surface defects in 2014 aluminum alloy welds.
Demonstration that dye penetrant indications on the heat-affected zone of 2014-T6 aluminum GMA weldments are frequently caused by superficial surface conditions and are less than 0.007 in. deep. The following methods are suggested for minimization of these surface defects: stabilization of the arc, application of dc ?GTA' welding procedures, reduction of the caustic etch time, and use of fine grain materials.
Hocker, R. G.↗
Lubrication with sputtered MoS2 films.
Sputtered MoS2 films (2000-6500 A) were deposited on highly polished metal surfaces. These films have a low coefficient of friction (0.03-0.04) at speeds of 40-80 rpm and loads of 250-1000 grams. At loads of 250 grams the wear lives are over 0.5 million cycles, but at 1000 gram loads, it decreases to 38,000 cycles. Friction experiments and tensile tests have indicated that sputtered films have a strong adherence to metal surfaces. Electron transmission, diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that these films have an extremely small particle size, less than 30 A in diameter, and are very dense and free from observable pinholes. The high kinetic energy of these sputtered species, the submicroscopic particle size and the sputter-etched substrate surface is responsible for strong adhesion and cohesion of the sputtered film.
Spalvins, T.↗