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DOE OSTI2021

Machine Learning to Identify Geologic Factors Associated with Production in Geothermal Fields: A Case-Study Using 3D Geologic Data from Brady Geothermal Field and NMFk

In this paper, we present an analysis using unsupervised machine learning (ML) to identify the key geologic factors that contribute to the geothermal production in Brady geothermal field. Brady is a hydrothermal system in northwestern Nevada that supports both electricity production and direct use of hydrothermal fluids. Transmissive fuid-fow pathways are relatively rare in the subsurface, but are critical components of hydrothermal systems like Brady and many other types of fuid-fow systems in fractured rock. Here, we analyze geologic data with ML methods to unravel the local geologic controls on these pathways. The ML method, non-negative matrix factorization with k-means clustering (NMFk), is applied to a library of 14 3D geologic characteristics hypothesized to control hydrothermal circulation in the Brady geothermal field. Our results indicate that macro-scale faults and a local step-over in the fault system preferentially occur along production wells when compared to injection wells and non-productive wells. We infer that these are the key geologic characteristics that control the through-going hydrothermal transmission pathways at Brady. Our results demonstrate: (1) the specific geologic controls on the Brady hydrothermal system and (2) the efficacy of pairing ML techniques with 3D geologic characterization to enhance the understanding of subsurface processes. This submission includes the published journal article detailing this work, the published 3D geologic map of the Brady Geothermal Area used as a basis to develop structural and geological variables that are hypothesized to control or effect permeability or connectivity, 3D well data, along which geologic data were sampled for PCA analyses, and associated metadata file. This work was done using the GeoThermalCloud framework, which is part of SmartTensors (both are linked below).

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2012

Pennsylvania Energy and Cost Savings for New Single- and Multifamily Homes: 2012 IECC as Compared to the 2009 IRC

The 2012 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) yields positive benefits for Pennsylvania homeowners. Moving to the 2012 IECC from Chapter 11 of the 2009 International Residential Code (IRC) is cost-effective over a 30-year life cycle. On average, Pennsylvania homeowners will save $\$$8,632 with the 2012 IECC. Each year, the reduction to energy bills will significantly exceed increased mortgage costs. After accounting for up-front costs and additional costs financed in the mortgage, homeowners should see net positive cash flows (i.e., cumulative savings exceeding cumulative cash outlays) in 1 year for the 2012 IECC. Average annual energy savings are $\$$515 for the 2012 IECC.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2016

Subgroup Benchmark Calculations for the Intra-Pellet Nonuniform Temperature Cases

A benchmark suite has been developed by Seoul National University (SNU) for intrapellet nonuniform temperature distribution cases based on the practical temperature profiles according to the thermal power levels. Though a new subgroup capability for nonuniform temperature distribution was implemented in MPACT, no validation calculation has been performed for the new capability. This study focuses on bench-marking the new capability through a code-to-code comparison. Two continuous-energy Monte Carlo codes, McCARD and CE-KENO, are engaged in obtaining reference solutions, and the MPACT results are compared to the SNU nTRACER using a similar cross section library and subgroup method to obtain self-shielded cross sections.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Enabling Detailed Energy Analyses via the Technology Performance Exchange: Preprint

One of the key tenets to increasing adoption of energy efficiency solutions in the built environment is improving confidence in energy performance. Current industry practices make extensive use of predictive modeling, often via the use of sophisticated hourly or sub-hourly energy simulation programs, to account for site-specific parameters (e.g., climate zone, hours of operation, and space type) and arrive at a performance estimate. While such methods are highly precise, they invariably provide less than ideal accuracy due to a lack of high-quality, foundational energy performance input data. The Technology Performance Exchange was constructed to allow the transparent sharing of foundational, product-specific energy performance data, and leverages significant, external engineering efforts and a modular architecture to efficiently identify and codify the minimum information necessary to accurately predict product energy performance. This strongly-typed database resource represents a novel solution to a difficult and established problem. One of the most exciting benefits is the way in which the Technology Performance Exchange's application programming interface has been leveraged to integrate contributed foundational data into the Building Component Library. Via a series of scripts, data is automatically translated and parsed into the Building Component Library in a format that is immediately usable to the energy modeling community. This paper (1) presents a high-level overview of the project drivers and the structure of the Technology Performance Exchange; (2) offers a detailed examination of how technologies are incorporated and translated into powerful energy modeling code snippets; and (3) examines several benefits of this robust workflow.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2017

DOE Zero Energy Ready Homes

This article describes the U.S. Department of Energy's Zero Energy Ready Home Program and Housing Innovation Awards. Since 2013, builders around the country have certified over 1,170 homes to the high performance criteria of the DOE Zero Energy Ready Home program. Each year DOE recognizes the best innovators among this group with the DOE Housing Innovation Awards. 2017 winners will be announced at an awards event taking place at the Energy & Environmental Building Alliance (EEBA) high-performance home summit October 10-12, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia. Twenty-five builders are expected to take home awards and grand award winners in each of the five competition categories will be revealed at the conference. Participating builders represent every climate zone in the country and DOE Zero Energy Ready labeled homes can be found in 34 states. Homes represent the full spectrum of the U.S. construction industry, from affordable to production to custom homes and from single-family detached to duplexes and up to five-story multifamily buildings as well as some retrofit projects have also met the criteria. Every DOE ZER certified home is certified through the ENERGY STAR Certified Homes (Version 3.0, revision 8) program and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Indoor airPLUS program. Each home must meet the hot water distribution requirements of the EPA’s WaterSense program and the insulation requirements of the 2012 International Energy Conservation Code. If the home has HVAC ducts, they must be installed within the conditioned space of the home. Appliances, exhaust fans, ceiling fans, and most of the lighting should be ENERGY STAR qualified. The DOE Zero Energy Ready Home program also requires homes to have solar electric panels installed or at a minimum to have the conduit and electrical panel space in place for future PV installation, if the home is in a location appropriate for solar power. Homes are constructed with enough energy efficiency built in so that, with a reasonable amount of solar PV panels (i.e., small enough to fit comfortably on the roof), the home could produce enough of its own power to equal the power it uses in a year.

U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Pr↗

DOE OSTI2022

TEAMER: FOSWEC Mooring Modeling and Analysis, Post Access Report and Data

Floating oscillating surge wave energy converters (FOSWECs) offer several advantages over bottom-hinged oscillating surge wave energy converters, including large wave potential at deep-water sites with fewer permitting and environmental concerns outside territorial waters. As a team, Stevens Institute of Technology, Virginia Tech and Resolute Marine Energy are designing a 100 kW FOSWEC with DOE support (2020-2021) for the PacWave test site "PacWave". The proposed FOSWEC consists of a floating platform, two pivoting flaps, and an innovative power-take-off (PTO). The distance between the two flaps is around half the typical wavelength, resulting in out-of-phase motion and a reduction in motion of the frame and mooring loads. The overall goal of the project is to design, build, deploy and analyze a 1:2 scale (100-kW annual averaged electrical power output) device with reduced levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and peak-to-average power ratio, through the co-design and control of the PTO, WEC, and floating platform. This submission includes a Post Access Report and data for the project of Mooring Modeling and Analysis for Floating Oscillating Surge Wave Energy Converter that Powers Marine Aquaculture of RFTS2 (request for technical support). The data are used to generate all figures in the Post Access Report. Project was a collaboration between Virginia Tech and the National Renewable Energy Lab, with funding from TEAMER.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2013

Performance House: A Cold Climate Challenge Home, Old Greenwich, Connecticut (Fact Sheet)

By working with builder partners on test homes, researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy's Building America program can vet whole-house building strategies and avoid potential unintended consequences of implementing untested solution packages on a production scale. To support this research, Building America team Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB) partnered with Preferred Builders Inc. on a high-performance test home in Old Greenwich, Connecticut. The philosophy and science behind the 2,700 ft2 "Performance House" was based on the premise that homes should be safe, healthy, comfortable, durable, efficient, and adaptable to the needs of homeowners. The technologies and strategies used in the "Performance House" were best practices rather than cutting edge, with a focus on simplicity in construction, maintenance, and operation. Achieving 30% source energy savings compared with a home built to the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code in the cold climate zone requires that nearly all components and systems be optimized. Careful planning and design are critical. The end result was a DOE Challenge Home that achieved a Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Index Score of 20 (43 without photovoltaics [PV]).

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2013

New Whole-House Solutions Case Study: The Performance House: A Cold Climate Challenge Home, Old Greenwich, Connecticut

By working with builder partners on test homes, researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building America program can vet whole-house building strategies and avoid potential unintended consequences of implementing untested solution packages on a production scale. To support this research, Building America team Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB) partnered with Preferred Builders Inc. on a high-performance test home in Old Greenwich, Connecticut. The philosophy and science behind the 2,700 ft2 “Performance House” was based on the premise that homes should be safe, healthy, comfortable, durable, efficient, and adaptable to the needs of homeowners. The technologies and strategies used in the “Performance House” were best practices rather than cutting edge, with a focus on simplicity in construction, maintenance, and operation. Achieving 30% source energy savings compared with a home built to the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code in the cold climate zone requires that nearly all components and systems be optimized. Careful planning and design are critical. The end result was a DOE Challenge Home that achieved a Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Index Score of 20 (43 without photovoltaics [PV]).

accessibility↗

DOE OSTI2013

Verification of a Depletion Method in SCALE for the Advanced High Temperature Reactor

This study describes a new approach employing the Dancoff correction method to model the TRISO-based fuel form used by the Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (AHTR) reactor design concept. The Dancoff correction method is used to perform isotope depletion analysis using the TRITON sequence of SCALE and is verified by code-to-code comparisons. The current AHTR fuel design has TRISO particles concentrated along the edges of a slab fuel element. This geometry prevented the use of the DOUBLEHET treatment, previously developed in SCALE to model spherical and cylindrical fuel. The new method permits fuel depletion on complicated geometries that traditionally can be handled only by continuous energy based depletion code systems. The method was initially tested on a fuel configuration typical of the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP), where DOUBLEHET treatment is possible. A confirmatory study was performed on the AHTR reference core geometry using the VESTA code, which uses the continuous energy MCNP5 code as a transport solver and ORIGEN2.2 code for depletion calculations. Comparisons of the results indicate good agreement of whole core characteristics, such as the multiplication factor and the isotopics, including their spatial distribution. Key isotopes analyzed included 235U, 239Pu, 240Pu, and 241Pu. The results from this study indicate that the Dancoff factor method can generate estimates of core characteristics with reasonable precision for scoping studies of configurations where DOUBLEHET treatment cannot be performed.

AHTR↗

DOE OSTI2016

Modular Zero Energy. BrightBuilt Home

With funding from the Building America Program, part of the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Office, the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB) worked with BrightBuilt Home (BBH) to evaluate and optimize building systems. CARB’s work focused on a home built by Black Bros. Builders in Lincolnville, Maine (International Energy Conservation Code Climate Zone 6). As with most BBH projects to date, modular boxes were built by Keiser Homes in Oxford, Maine.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2021

An Approach to High-Performance Affordable Housing Using Point-Source Space Conditioning

In cooperation with the Building America Program, The Levy Partnership explored a variety of options to reduce space-conditioning energy consumption, working with partners to design, manu- facture, and build test homes in three states. The Levy Partnership tested the use of minisplit ductless heat pumps in combi- nation with small through-wall transfer fans to provide space conditioning in small single-story homes, including manufactured homes and homes built by Habitat for Humanity. The team set out to achieve 50% less energy consumption, compared to the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code, while maintaining home afford- ability and thermal comfort. The strategy also included a highly efficient thermal envelope to reduce space-conditioning loads.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

DOE OSTI2012

Verification of a Depletion Method in SCALE for the Advanced High Temperature Reactor

This study describes a new method utilizing the Dancoff factor to model a non-standard TRISO fuel form characteristic of the AHTR reactor design concept for depletion analysis using the TRITON sequence of SCALE and the validation of this method by code-to-code comparisons. The fuel used in AHTR has the TRISO particles concentrated along the edges of a slab fuel element. This particular geometry prevented the use of a standard DOUBLEHET treatment, previously developed in SCALE to handle NGNP-designed fuel. The new method permits fuel depletion on complicated geometries that traditionally can be handled only by continuous energy based depletion code systems. The method was initially tested on a fuel design typical of the NGNP, where the DOUBLEHET treatment is available. A more comprehensive study was performed using the VESTA code that uses the continuous energy MCNP5 code as a transport solver and ORIGEN2.2 code for depletion calculations. Comparisons of the results indicate good agreement of whole core characteristics, such as the multiplication factor, and the isotopics, including their spatial distribution. Key isotopes analyzed included 235U, 239Pu, 240Pu and 241Pu. The results from this study indicate that the Dancoff factor method can generate estimates of core characteristics with reasonable precision for scoping studies of configurations where the DOUBLEHET treatment is unavailable.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2018

The Building ENergy Demand (BEND) Model: A Comprehensive Composite Building Energy Modeling Framework

The Building ENergy Demand (BEND) model was developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to simulate climate-dependent hourly building energy demand with the ability to disaggregate down to or aggregate up to any geographic area of interest, including counties, states, electric utility service territories, and census regions. The BEND modeling framework is designed to study the effects of climate change, economics, technology advancement, and various mitigation policies on aggregate building energy demand. To make the process computationally feasible, BEND reduces granularity in building characteristics and weather forcing while maintaining enough detail to minimize systematic differences (biases) between BEND results and data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Based on the Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) and Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) databases, BEND establishes a set of representative buildings with predefined sets of building types, sizes, and vintages. These representative buildings are defined for each of the four U.S. census regions and the five climate zones used by the EIA for building surveys (hereafter “EIA climate zones”). BEND’s representative buildings are based on a statistical analysis of the CBECS and RECS databases that infers detailed parameters such as construction type, thermal properties, internal loads, equipment and mechanical systems, and operation schedules from the high-level descriptors in those databases (building type, vintage, size, and location). The representative buildings are simplified and consolidated into a set of prototype buildings for the purpose of simulating building energy demand. Combining the prototype buildings with weather files from selected locations and years, BEND creates a set of simulation-ready building models to be run using the EnergyPlus simulation engine (EnergyPlus). The base spatial unit of each BEND simulation is a subregion that is the intersection of an International Energy Conservation Code climate zone, a census region, and an EIA climate zone; analysis for each spatial unit is influenced by the weather file BEND selects to represent the climate-similar area. The major simulation outputs of interest to BEND are hourly energy consumption values for each simulated year, possibly for multiple fuel types. Based on building-stock weights derived from the CBECS/RECS data, the hourly output streams are aggregated to a single, 8760-hour load profile for each of the major building categories—residential and commercial—with the possibility of segregating by fuel types. To correct for biases inherent in the use of a limited suite of representative buildings, BEND is calibrated against observational targets of total annual building energy consumption and hourly load profiles (including peak demand) obtained for the decision-relevant geographic scales of interest (e.g., total electric load data for individual balancing authorities available from EIA). Based on available data such as population distribution, BEND is able to aggregate both up and down scales, allowing the study of building energy demand over a range of spatial scales (e.g., states or counties within the Western Electricity Coordinating Council, Eastern Interconnection, or the entire U.S.) and/or subsets of building types (e.g., office buildings with particular size ranges).

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2023

TEAMER: Maximal Asymmetric Drag Wave Energy Converter

Boundary element method (BEM) and WEC-Sim analysis of UMass Dartmouth's maximal asymmetric drag wave energy converter (MADWEC), including its tethered ballast system and PTO (power take-off).

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2017

Energy Efficiency Resources to Support State Energy Planning

An early step for most energy efficiency planning is to identify and quantify energy savings opportunities, and then to understand how to access this potential. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy offers resources that can help with both of these steps. This fact sheet presents those resources. The resources are also available on the DOE State and Local Solution Center on the "Energy Efficiency: Savings Opportunities and Benefits" page: https://energy.gov/eere/slsc/energy-efficiency-savings-opportunities-and-benefits.

building energy codes↗

DOE OSTI2012

Siting Study for a Hydrokinetic Energy Project Located Offshore Southeastern Florida: Protocols for Survey Methodology for Offshore Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Projects

Dehlsen Associates, LLC was awarded a grant by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) Golden Field Office for a project titled 'Siting Study Framework and Survey Methodology for Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Project in Offshore Southeast Florida,' corresponding to DOE Grant Award Number DE-EE0002655 resulting from DOE funding Opportunity Announcement Number DE-FOA-0000069 for Topic Area 2, and it is referred to herein as 'the project.' The purpose of the project was to enhance the certainty of the survey requirements and regulatory review processes for the purpose of reducing the time, efforts, and costs associated with initial siting efforts of marine and hydrokinetic energy conversion facilities that may be proposed in the Atlantic Ocean offshore Southeast Florida. To secure early input from agencies, protocols were developed for collecting baseline geophysical information and benthic habitat data that can be used by project developers and regulators to make decisions early in the process of determining project location (i.e., the siting process) that avoid or minimize adverse impacts to sensitive marine benthic habitat. It is presumed that such an approach will help facilitate the licensing process for hydrokinetic and other ocean renewable energy projects within the study area and will assist in clarifying the baseline environmental data requirements described in the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (formerly Minerals Management Service) final regulations on offshore renewable energy (30 Code of Federal Regulations 285, published April 29, 2009). Because projects generally seek to avoid or minimize impacts to sensitive marine habitats, it was not the intent of this project to investigate areas that did not appear suitable for the siting of ocean renewable energy projects. Rather, a two-tiered approach was designed with the first step consisting of gaining overall insight about seabed conditions offshore southeastern Florida by conducting a geophysical survey of pre-selected areas with subsequent post-processing and expert data interpretation by geophysicists and experienced marine biologists knowledgeable about the general project area. The second step sought to validate the benthic habitat types interpreted from the geophysical data by conducting benthic video and photographic field surveys of selected habitat types. The goal of this step was to determine the degree of correlation between the habitat types interpreted from the geophysical data and what actually exists on the seafloor based on the benthic video survey logs. This step included spot-checking selected habitat types rather than comprehensive evaluation of the entire area covered by the geophysical survey. It is important to note that non-invasive survey methods were used as part of this study and no devices of any kind were either temporarily or permanently attached to the seabed as part of the work conducted under this project.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2012

Idaho Energy and Cost Savings for New Single- and Multifamily Homes: 2012 IECC as Compared to the 2009 IECC

The 2012 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) yields positive benefits for Idaho homeowners. Moving to the 2012 IECC from the 2009 IECC is cost-effective over a 30-year life cycle. On average, Idaho homeowners will save $\$$4,057 with the 2012 IECC. Each year, the reduction to energy bills will significantly exceed increased mortgage costs. After accounting for up-front costs and additional costs financed in the mortgage, homeowners should see net positive cash flows (i.e., cumulative savings exceeding cumulative cash outlays) in 1 year for the 2012 IECC. Average annual energy savings are $\$$285 for the 2012 IECC.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2012

Nevada Energy and Cost Savings for New Single- and Multifamily Homes: 2012 IECC as Compared to the 2009 IECC

The 2012 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) yields positive benefits for Nevada homeowners. Moving to the 2012 IECC from the 2009 IECC is cost-effective over a 30-year life cycle. On average, Nevada homeowners will save $\$$4,736 with the 2012 IECC. Each year, the reduction to energy bills will significantly exceed increased mortgage costs. After accounting for up-front costs and additional costs financed in the mortgage, homeowners should see net positive cash flows (i.e., cumulative savings exceeding cumulative cash outlays) in 2 years for the 2012 IECC. Average annual energy savings are $\$$360 for the 2012 IECC.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗