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DOE OSTI2025

Numerical Investigation of Susceptor-Catalyst Design for Ethylene Generation in Radio Frequency Based Reactors

Ethylene is the most widely produced petrochemical component in the world. Whether reactors are heated directly or indirectly via steam, manufacturers use economies of scale to overcome inherent thermodynamic inefficiencies when burning fossil fuels. While allowing large-scale operations to use alternative sources of energy and raw materials, new methods of supplying energy to chemical reactor systems can reduce the energy waste produced by conventional processes. One viable method for effectively supplying energy to reactor systems is electromagnetic (EM) induction heating. Using the properties of radio frequency (RF) waves, heterogeneous catalysts can be precisely targeted for heating inside reactors. Site-selective heating can greatly lower the energy requirements of the process by supplying heat to reaction sites while reducing needless heat transfer elsewhere. In this study, a microscale model was used to help create guidelines for susceptors and catalysts to improve ethylene production. The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane is investigated by utilizing several catalysts and potential catalyst/susceptor combinations, with heat provided by an EM susceptor. Having the susceptors and catalyst function separately results in higher gradients in both heat and mass transfer, which drives transport through the catalyst region, while still providing adequate heating for endothermic reactions. However, using a susceptive core with a catalyst covering produces the maximum ethylene concentration.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2025

Quantum simulations of nuclear resonances with variational methods

Background: The many-body nature of nuclear physics problems poses significant computational challenges. These challenges become even more pronounced when studying the resonance states of nuclear systems, which are governed by the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. Quantum computing, particularly for quantum many-body systems, offers a promising alternative, especially within the constraints of current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Purpose: This work aims to simulate nuclear resonances using quantum algorithms by developing a variational framework compatible with non-Hermitian Hamiltonians and implementing it fully on a quantum simulator. Methods: We employ the complex scaling technique to extract resonance positions classically and adapt it for quantum simulations using a two-step algorithm. First, we transform the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian into a Hermitian form by using the energy variance as a cost function within a variational framework. Second, we perform 𝜃-trajectory calculations to determine optimal resonance positions in the complex energy plane. To address resource constraints on NISQ devices, we utilize Gray code (GC) encoding to reduce qubit requirements. Results: We first validate our approach using a schematic potential model that mimics a nuclear potential, successfully reproducing known resonance energies with high fidelity. We then extend the method to a more realistic 𝛼−𝛼 nuclear potential and compute the 𝐷- and 𝐺-wave resonance energies with a basis size of 𝑁=16, using only four qubits. The quantum simulation results closely match the classical values, demonstrating the feasibility of our approach. Conclusions: This study demonstrates, for the first time, that the complete 𝜃-trajectory method can be implemented on a quantum computer without relying on any classical input beyond the Hamiltonian. The results establish a scalable and efficient quantum framework for simulating resonance phenomena in nuclear systems. This work represents a significant step toward quantum simulations of open quantum systems and lays the foundation for future investigations into resonance structures in nuclear, atomic, and molecular physics.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Understanding the superconductivity and charge density wave interaction through quasi-static lattice fluctuations

In unconventional superconductors, coupled charge and lattice degrees of freedom can manifest in ordered phases of matter that are intertwined. In the cuprate family, fluctuating short-range charge correlations can coalesce into a longer-range charge density wave (CDW) order which is thought to intertwine with superconductivity, yet the nature of the interaction is still poorly understood. Here, by measuring subtle lattice fluctuations in underdoped YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+y on quasi-static timescales (thousands of seconds) through X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, we report sensitivity to both superconductivity and CDW. The atomic lattice shows remarkably faster relaxational dynamics upon approaching the superconducting transition at T c ≈ 65 K. By tracking the momentum dependence, we show that the intermediate scattering function almost monotonically scales with the relaxation distance of atoms away from their average positions above T c and in the presence of the CDW state, while this peculiar trend is reversed for other temperatures. These observations are consistent with an incipient CDW stabilized by local strain. This work provides insights into the crucial role of relaxational atomic fluctuations for understanding the electronic physics cuprates, which are inherently disordered due to carrier doping.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2025

Relativistic gas accretion onto supermassive black hole binaries from inspiral through merger

Accreting supermassive black hole binaries are powerful multimessenger sources emitting both gravitational and electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Understanding the accretion dynamics of these systems and predicting their distinctive EM signals is crucial to informing and guiding upcoming efforts aimed at detecting gravitational waves produced by these binaries. To this end, accurate numerical modeling is required to describe both the spacetime and the magnetized gas around the black holes. In this paper, we present two key advances in this field of research. First, we have developed a novel 3D general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) framework that combines multiple numerical codes to simulate the inspiral and merger of supermassive black hole binaries starting from realistic initial data and running all the way through merger. Throughout the evolution, we adopt a simple but functional prescription to account for gas cooling through photon emission. Next, we have applied our new computational method to follow the time evolution of a circular, equal-mass, nonspinning black hole binary for ∼200 orbits, starting from a separation of 20⁢𝑟 𝑔 and reaching the postmerger evolutionary stage of the system. We have shown how mass continues to flow toward the binary even after the binary “decouples” from its surrounding disk, but the accretion rate onto the black holes diminishes. We have identified how the minidisks orbiting each black hole are slowly drained and eventually dissolve as the binary compresses. We confirm previous findings that the system’s luminosity decreases by a factor of a few during inspiral; however, we observe an abrupt increase by ∼50% in this quantity at the time of merger, likely accompanied by an equally abrupt change in spectrum. Lastly, we have demonstrated that during the inspiral, fluid ram pressure regulates the fraction of the magnetic flux transported to the binary that attaches to the black holes’ horizons.

Accretion disk & black-hole plasma↗

DOE OSTI2025

Investigation of oscillations above the acoustic cut-off frequency for a sample of Kepler stars. II. Identifying temporal frequency shifts

ABSTRACT Stellar oscillations with frequencies greater than the acoustic cut-off frequency are not trapped within the star’s interior. Geometric interference between these high-frequency waves produces a peak-like structure in the power spectrum of the star, known as the pseudo-modes. In this study, we aim to analyse 51 stars previously identified (from a sample of 91 Kepler stars) to contain statistically significant evidence for pseudo-modes, to determine if the pseudo-mode frequencies vary in time. We obtained these frequency variations and the uncertainty by the resampled periodogram approach, where periodogram realisations were created from successive, overlapping 90-d time segments, and a cross-correlation function was generated between them. The computed shifts were compared against temporal p-mode frequency shifts and a stellar magnetic activity proxy, $S_{\mathrm{ph}}$. We found that for 16 per cent of the stars pseudo-mode frequency shifts were significantly anticorrelated with p-mode shifts, as is the case for the Sun. However, we also found pseudo-mode and p-mode shifts to be significantly correlated in-phase in 8 per cent of our sample. The remainder showed no significant correlation. We also searched for trends between the maximum variation of pseudo-mode frequency shifts and stellar parameters. Whilst we found no correlation between the maximum variation and stellar photospheric and chromospheric proxies, we found frequency variations to have a greater amplitude for cooler and slower rotating stars, which is in opposition to p-mode frequency shift variation. Temporal changes to pseudo-mode frequencies may be attributable to variations in stellar magnetic activity, and therefore can contribute to our understanding of stellar activity cycles.

Millson, L. J. (ORCID:0009000342542676)↗

DOE OSTI2026

An Exploration of the Equation of State Dependence of Core-collapse Supernova Explosion Outcomes and Signatures

We explore, using a state-of-the-art simulation code in 3D and late-enough times to witness final observables, the dependence of core-collapse supernova explosions on the nuclear equation of state (EOS). Going beyond questions of explodability, we compare final explosion energies, nucleosynthetic yields, recoil kicks, and gravitational-wave and neutrino signatures using the SFHo and DD2 nuclear EOSs for a 9 M ⊙ /solar-metallicity progenitor star. The DD2 EOS is stiffer and has a lower effective nucleon mass. The result is a more extended protoneutron star (PNS) and lower central densities. As a consequence, the mean neutrino energies, final explosion energy, and recoil kick speed are lower. Moreover, the evolution of PNS convection differs between the two EOS models in significant ways. This translates in part into interestingly altered neutrino “light” curves and noticeably altered gravitational-wave signal strengths and frequency characteristics that may be diagnostic. The faster exploding model (SFHo) yields slightly more neutron-rich ejecta and more species with atomic weights between 60 and 90 and a weak r-process. However, this is merely a preliminary study. The next step is a more comprehensive and multiprogenitor set of 3D supernova simulations for various EOSs to late times when the observables have asymptoted. Such a future investigation will have a direct bearing on the neutron star and black hole birth mass functions and the quest toward a fully quantitative theory of supernova observables.

Rusakov, Aleksandr [Princeton University, NJ (Unit↗

DOE OSTI2025

Accelerating Embedding Potential Optimization by Reconstructing the Pseudo-Valence Electron Density

Density functional embedding theory (DFET) enables use of electronic structure methods with higher accuracy than density functional theory in a local region, with applications thus far ranging from (photo/electro)catalysis to reactions in solution. DFET partitions a large collection of atoms into smaller groups that interact via a shared embedding (interaction) potential V emb , determined via functional optimization. The optimized effective potential (OEP) process used to optimize V emb is time-consuming and becomes a computational bottleneck due to sharp, oscillating features of V emb near nuclei. Here, similar to pseudopotential theory, by reconstructing electron densities used in the OEP process from smoother pseudo-valence-only (PVO) electron densities as proxies for total densities of the full system and subsystems, we can retain accuracy in the embedded electronic structure calculations while potentially reducing the overhead of V emb construction, within the projector augmented-wave (PAW) formalism. We explore three different chemical reactions as exemplars to test PVO–DFET, namely, H 2 dissociative adsorption on a Cu(111) surface, H 2 O adsorption on a Pt(111) surface, and aqueous [Ca 2+ –SO 4 2– ] ion-pair formation. The PVO approximation works well for all three systems with minimal loss of accuracy (∼10–70 meV error relative to the original exact-derivative (ED) approach) while accelerating V emb generation for the Cu and Pt systems respectively by 20× and 5×. Given proper numerical convergence parameters, the spatial distributions of differences between PVO- and ED-based V emb outside the core regions are small, explaining the exceptional agreement between the two approaches. Finally, we anticipate that this more efficient PVO–DFET approximation will be useful whenever computation of V emb is much more expensive than subsequent embedded high-level electron correlation calculations.

approximation↗

DOE OSTI2026

Structural Phase Transitions in the van der Waals Ferromagnets Fe x Pd y Te 2

Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) magnets are attracting significant attention, both as platforms for studying fundamental magnetic interactions and for the exciting possibility of utilizing them as building blocks in devices and heterostructures, which may lead to new physical phenomena and functionalities. Here, we provide a detailed study of the crystal structure and physical properties of the recently discovered vdW ferromagnet FePd 2 Te 2 . We find this compound has a relatively wide width of formation, and grow single crystals with compositions Fe x Pd y Te 2 where x ranges from 0.9 to 1.1 and y from 1.8 to 2.5, respectively. Temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction and transport measurements reveal that a first-order structural transition occurs in the range of T = 360–420 K, where the critical temperature, modulation wave vector, and corresponding room-temperature crystal structures all depend on chemical composition. Above the transition, the compounds with Pd fraction y > 2 adopt a disordered derivative of the tetragonal FeTe structure, with the Fe layer showing mixed Fe/Pd occupancy and the extra Pd atoms partially occupying interstitial sites. Below 370 K, the structure is incommensurately modulated, likely associated with the complex ordering of Pd/Fe atoms in the metal layers or the interstitial Pd in the vdW gaps. For y < 2, the composition Fe 1.1 Pd 1.8 Te 2 has monoclinic symmetry at room temperature that is consistent with the reported structure of FePd 2 Te 2 . This phase undergoes a structural transition at 420 K for which the high temperature structure is yet to be determined; however, based on the similarities with the y > 2 compounds, we speculate that its T > 420 K structure is also tetragonal. Importantly, the high temperature, symmetry-breaking structural transition observed here provides a likely explanation for the origin of the structural domains previously observed in FePd 2 Te 2 . All compounds investigated in the Fe x Pd y Te 2 series show metallic behavior, with magnetic characterization indicating that they are easy-plane, hard, ferromagnets with T C spanning 98–180 K. Both the critical temperature for the structural transition and the Curie temperature are moderately suppressed with increasing Pd fraction y and corresponding decreasing Fe fraction x, indicating that synthetic control over x and y paves way for the further exploration of these compounds.

crystal structure↗

DOE OSTI2025

Amplification of 10 μm picosecond pulses in a compact optically pumped multiatmosphere CO 2 laser

Picosecond pulses, generated by a commercial mid-IR optical parametric source (∼0.5 ps, 1-5 μJ), have been regeneratively amplified to an energy of ≤2 mJ in a palm-size high-pressure CO 2 amplifier optically pumped by a Q-switched 2.8 μm Cr:Er:YSGG laser. The characteristics of the amplified pulses have been studied as a function of seed wavelength centered around 10.3 or 10.6 μm, and the pressure in the gain medium. The measured amplified pulse length is ∼5 ps. Numerical modeling suggests that pulses as short as ∼0.5 ps with multi-GW peak power can be generated in a mixture of CO 2 isotopes. Robustness of the output of a compact CO 2 regenerative amplifier to the seed and pump fluctuations measured at 3 Hz and a perfect Gaussian beam profile indicates the potential of such laser technology for producing high-power ultrashort long-wave infrared pulses at high repetition rates.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Random Phase Approximation Correlation Energy Using Real-Space Density Functional Perturbation Theory

We present a real-space method for computing the random phase approximation (RPA) correlation energy within Kohn–Sham density functional theory, leveraging the low-rank nature of the frequency-dependent density response operator. In particular, we employ a cubic-scaling formalism based on density functional perturbation theory that circumvents the calculation of the response function matrix, instead relying on the ability to compute its product with a vector through the solution of the associated Sternheimer linear systems. We develop a large-scale parallel implementation of this formalism using the subspace iteration method in conjunction with the spectral quadrature method while employing the Kronecker product-based method for the application of the Coulomb operator and the conjugate orthogonal conjugate gradient method for the solution of the linear systems. We demonstrate convergence with respect to key parameters and verify the method’s accuracy by comparing with plane-wave results. We show that the framework achieves good strong scaling to many thousands of processors, reducing the time to solution for a lithium hydride system with 128 electrons to around 150 s on 4608 processors.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2025

Orchestrating Spontaneous Emission With Metasurfaces: Recent Advances in Engineering Thermal, Luminescent, and Quantum Emissions

Metasurfaces have emerged as powerful tools for controlling spontaneous emission, offering unprecedented control over light-matter interactions at sub-wavelength scales. While metasurfaces are traditionally utilized for shaping coherent electromagnetic waves, they have recently extended their capabilities to control incoherent or spontaneous emission. This examines review how metasurfaces can enhance and precisely control properties of thermal, luminescent, and quantum emission. In thermal emission, metasurfaces enable control over spatial, temporal, and spin coherence, offering new possibilities for applications such as energy harvesting, radiative cooling and heat assisted ranging and detection. For luminescent emission, metasurfaces significantly improve emission rates, quantum efficiency, and directionality, driving innovations in lighting and display technologies. For controlling quantized spontaneous emission, metasurfaces are instrumental in enhancing single-photon sources and enabling novel functionalities in quantum states through photon-pair generation, which is vital for quantum communication, meteorology, and computing. Here, despite these advancements several challenges to increase the operational bandwidths, accelerate and develop simulation strategies, and fabrication complexities persist. Emerging trends are also discussed, such as dynamic metasurfaces and their integration with nanophotonic platforms, which could further expand the capabilities of light-emitting metasurfaces.

Luminescence↗

DOE OSTI2024

A reduced-order model for nonlinear radiative transfer problems based on moment equations and POD-Petrov-Galerkin projection of the normalized Boltzmann transport equation

A data-driven projection-based reduced-order model (ROM) for nonlinear thermal radiative transfer (TRT) problems is presented. The TRT ROM is formulated by (i) a hierarchy of low-order quasidiffusion (aka variable Eddington factor) equations for moments of the radiation intensity and (ii) the normalized Boltzmann transport equation (BTE). The multilevel system of moment equations is derived by projection of the BTE onto a sequence of subspaces which represent elements of the phase space of the problem. Exact closure for the moment equations is provided by the Eddington tensor. A Petrov-Galerkin (PG) projection of the normalized BTE is formulated using a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) basis representing the normalized radiation intensity over the whole phase space and time. The Eddington tensor linearly depends on the solution of the normalized BTE. By linear superposition of the POD basis functions, a low-rank expansion of the Eddington tensor is constructed with coefficients defined by the PG projected normalized BTE. The material energy balance (MEB) equation is coupled with the effective gray low-order equations which exist on the same dimensional scale as the MEB equation. The resulting TRT ROM is structure and asymptotic preserving. A detailed analysis of the ROM is performed on the classical Fleck-Cummings (F-C) TRT multigroup test problem in 2D geometry. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the ROM's effectiveness in the simulation of radiation wave phenomena. Importantly, the ROM is shown to produce solutions with sufficiently high accuracy while using low-rank approximation of the normalized BTE solution. Essential physical characteristics of supersonic radiation wave are preserved in the ROM solutions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Correspondence between Color Glass Condensate and High-Twist Formalism

The color glass condensate (CGC) effective theory and the collinear factorization at high twist (HT) are two well-known frameworks describing perturbative QCD multiple scatterings in nuclear media. It has long been recognized that these two formalisms have their own domain of validity in different kinematic regions. Taking direct photon production in proton-nucleus collisions as an example, we clarify for the first time the relation between CGC and HT at the level of a physical observable. We show that the CGC formalism beyond shock-wave approximation, and with the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal interference effect is consistent with the HT formalism in the transition region where they overlap. Such a unified picture paves the way for mapping out the phase diagram of parton density in nuclear medium from dilute to dense region.

Parton distribution functions↗

DOE OSTI2025

Liquid-like spin dynamics in a hybrid Heisenberg-Ising antiferromagnet

Two-dimensional (2D) materials and their heterostructures enable unconventional electronic properties and functionalities not accessible in their bulk counterparts. This approach is now being extended to magnetic materials to engineer their spin structures and magnetic fields produced by them. However, spin dynamics of 2D magnetic heterostructures remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that heterointerfacing Heisenberg square-lattice antiferromagnet (AF) Sr 2 IrO 4 with its bilayer variant Ising AF Sr 3 Ir 2 O 7 in a superlattice leads to liquid-like spin dynamics in the former, characterized by slow recovery of the AF order after its transient suppression by an optical pump, and complete absence of spin waves except in an immediate vicinity of the ordering wavevector. Instead, the spin excitation spectra are dominated by isotropic continua, which in previous works have been interpreted as fractional spin excitations, or spinons, that extends to unprecedentedly low energies. Thus, our results provide a pathway to frustrated magnetism in square lattices by heterointerfacing two distinct types of AFs.

RIXS↗

DOE OSTI2024

A magnetic analog of pressure–strain interaction

We study the evolution equation for magnetic energy density for a non-relativistic magnetized plasma in the (Lagrangian) reference frame comoving with the electron bulk velocity. Analyzing the terms that arise due to the ideal electric field, namely, perpendicular electron compression and magnetic field line bending, we recast them to reveal a quantity with a functional form analogous to the often-studied pressure–strain interaction term that describes one piece of internal energy density evolution of the species in a plasma, except with the species pressure tensor replaced by the magnetic stress tensor. We dub it the “magnetic stress–strain interaction.” We discuss decompositions of the magnetic stress–strain interaction analogous to those used for pressure–strain interaction. These analogies facilitate the interpretation of the evolution of the various forms of energy in magnetized plasmas and should be useful for a wide array of applications, including magnetic reconnection, turbulence, collisionless shocks, and wave–particle interactions. We display and analyze all the terms that can change magnetic energy density in the Lagrangian reference frame of the electrons using a particle-in-cell simulation of magnetic reconnection.

Barbhuiya, M. Hasan (ORCID:0000000163301650)↗

DOE OSTI2024

FORSE+: Simulating non-Gaussian CMB foregrounds at 3 arcmin in a stochastic way based on a generative adversarial network

We present FORSE+, a Python package that produces non-Gaussian diffuse Galactic thermal dust emission maps at arcminute angular scales and that has the capacity to generate random realizations of small scales. This represents an extension of the FORSE (Foreground Scale Extender) package, which was recently proposed to simulate non-Gaussian small scales of thermal dust emission using generative adversarial networks (GANs). With the input of the large-scale polarization maps from observations, FORSE+ has been trained to produce realistic polarized small scales at 3′ following the statistical properties, mainly the non-Gaussianity, of observed intensity small scales, which are evaluated through Minkowski functionals. Furthermore, by adding different realizations of random components to the large-scale foregrounds, we show that FORSE+ is able to generate small scales in a stochastic way. In both cases, the output small scales have a similar level of non-Gaussianity compared with real observations and correct amplitude scaling as a power law. These realistic new maps will be useful, in the future, to understand the impact of non-Gaussian foregrounds on the measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) signal, particularly on the lensing reconstruction, de-lensing, and the detection of cosmological gravitational waves in CMB polarizationB-modes.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗

DOE OSTI2026

Direct Measurement of Diffusion Coefficients: Evidence for Diffusive Stochastic Heating in Collisionless Plasmas

Open questions in collisionless plasma dissipation can be addressed using space-based observations in different astrophysical environments, with implications for both astrophysical and laboratory plasma systems. We study a low-𝛽, highly imbalanced, sub-Alfvénic stream observed by Parker Solar Probe (PSP) to identify and distinguish between signatures of stochastic heating (SH) and resonant heating (RH) by parallel ion cyclotron waves (∥-ICWs). Prior work studying this stream [Trevor A. Bowen et al., Stochastic heating in the sub-Alfvénic solar wind, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 255201 (2025)] showed that the SH rate, accounting for intermittency, matched the amplitude of the local energy transfer (LET) rate, while the RH rate did not. This comparison relied on a number of assumptions regarding the nature of the diffusive process and the calculation of the LET rate. We introduce a novel technique of inverting the proton guiding center equation to empirically measure velocity-space diffusion coefficients using three-dimensional proton velocity distribution functions, from the ion electrostatic analyzer (the Solar Probe Analyzer for Ions) on PSP. Measured diffusion coefficients are used to determine phase-space heating rates, leading to a calculation of a fully kinetic heating rate independent of assumptions made in prior work. We show that scale-dependent analytic expressions for SH via noncoherent fluctuations match the empirical measurements from PSP data, provided that we account for intermittency in the heating calculation. In contrast, the derived heating rates for SH that accounts for the effects of the helicity barrier and heating rates for RH via ∥-ICWs do not peak in the same region of velocity space as the empirical measurements, nor do they reach the required magnitude. Our approach provides novel methodology to uniquely identify and constrain heating processes in collisionless plasmas and shows evidence of a Fokker-Planck-like diffusive process in the near-Sun solar wind.

Plasma kinetic theory↗

DOE OSTI2024

Improved Earthquake Source Parameters with 3D Wavespeed Models in California and Nevada

Seismic tomography harnesses earthquake data to explore the inaccessible structure of the Earth. Adjoint waveform tomography (AWT), a method of seismic tomography, updates the tomographic model by optimizing the fit between observed earthquake data and synthetic waveforms. The synthetic data are calculated by solving the wave equation through a given 3D model. An important requirement to calculating synthetics is the source information (location, centroid time, depth, and moment tensor). Errors in source information affect the quality of the synthetics produced, which in turn can limit how structure can be inferred in the AWT workflow. Here, to test the effect of updating source information, we used MTTime (Chiang, 2020), a time-domain full-waveform moment tensor inversion code, to calculate the moment tensors and depths of 118 earthquakes that occurred in California and Nevada over a 20-yr period. We calculated 3D Green’s functions using a 3D seismic wavespeed model of California and Nevada (Doody et al., 2023b). We show that the inverted solutions provide better waveform fits than the Global Centroid Moment Tensor catalog and increase usable, well-correlated data by up to 7%. Therefore, we argue that recalculating source parameters should be considered in AWT workflows, particularly for smaller magnitude events (⁠M w > 5.0).

58 GEOSCIENCES↗