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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 523 records · Page 29
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Optical and electronic functionality arising from controlled defect formation in nanoscale complex oxide lateral epitaxy

Epitaxial crystallization of complex oxides provides the means to create materials with precisely selected composition, strain, and orientation, thereby controlling their functionalities. Extending this control to nanoscale three-dimensional geometries can be accomplished via a three-dimensional analog of oxide solid-phase epitaxy, lateral epitaxial crystallization. The orientation of crystals within laterally crystallized SrTiO 3 systematically changes from the orientation of the SrTiO 3 substrate. This evolution occurs as a function of lateral crystallization distance, with a rate of approximately 50° μm -1 . The mechanism of the rotation is consistent with a steady-state stress of tens of megapascal over a 100–nanometer scale region near the moving amorphous/crystalline interface arising from the amorphous-crystalline density difference. Second harmonic generation and piezoelectric force microscopy reveal that the laterally crystallized SrTiO 3 is noncentrosymmetric and develops a switchable piezoelectric response at room temperature, illustrating the potential to use lateral crystallization to control the functionality of complex oxides.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

X-ray Diffraction Studies of Single-Crystal Materials for Broad Battery Applications

Single-crystal materials have attracted growing interest in battery research due to their well-defined crystallographic orientation, absence of grain boundaries, and enhanced mechanical and electrochemical stability. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the synthesis, structural evolution, and performance optimization of single-crystal electrodes and solid electrolytes. Particular focus is placed on the application of advanced X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, including operando synchrotron diffraction, reciprocal space mapping, and Bragg coherent diffraction imaging, which have enabled in-depth investigations of lattice strain, cation disorder, phase transitions, and defect formation. Representative case studies across Ni-rich layered oxides, spinel-type cathodes, and garnet-based electrolytes are examined to highlight the structural features unique to single crystals. Additionally, the synergistic integration of XRD with machine learning, tomography, and spectroscopy is discussed as a powerful direction for real-time analysis and predictive modeling. Furthermore, these insights provide critical guidance for the rational design of high-performance single-crystal materials in lithium, sodium, and solid-state battery systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

The hierarchical structure of organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors and its evolution in water

Polymeric organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors underpin several technologies in which their electrochemical properties are desirable. These properties, however, depend on the microstructure that develops in their aqueous operational environment. We investigated the structure of a model organic mixed ionic–electronic conductor across multiple length scales using cryogenic four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy in both its dry and hydrated states. Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy allows us to identify the prevalent defects in the polymer crystalline regions and to analyse the liquid crystalline nature of the polymer. The orientation maps of the dry and hydrated polymers show that swelling-induced disorder is mostly localized in discrete regions, thereby largely preserving the liquid crystalline order. Therefore, the liquid crystalline mesostructure makes electronic transport robust to electrolyte ingress. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that cryogenic four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy provides multiscale structural insights into complex, hierarchical structures such as polymeric organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors, even in their hydrated operating state.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Single Ru Atoms Stabilized by Hybrid Amorphous/Crystalline FeCoNi Layered Double Hydroxide for Ultraefficient Oxygen Evolution

Abstract In view of the sluggish kinetics suppressing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), developing efficient and robust OER catalysts is urgent and essential for developing efficient energy conversion technologies. Herein, hybrid amorphous/crystalline FeCoNi layered double hydroxide (LDH)‐supported single Ru atoms (Ru SAs/AC‐FeCoNi) are developed for enabling a highly efficient electrocatalytic OER. The amorphous outer layer in Ru SAs/AC‐FeCoNi is composed of abundant defect sites and unsaturated coordination sites, which can serve as anchoring sites to stabilize single Ru atoms. The crystalline inner has a highly symmetric rigid structure, thereby strengthening the stability of support for a long‐lasting OER. The synergistic effects endow this hybrid catalyst with extremely low overpotential (205 mV at 10 mA cm −2 ). Density functional theory calculation indicates that single Ru atoms stabilized by hybrid amorphous/crystalline FeCoNi LDH facilitate the formation of Ru–O* (rate‐determining step), thus accelerating the OER process.

Hu, Yidong↗
DOE OSTI2021

Constructing high-performance radiation-resistant ternary YSZ-MgO-CNT nanocomposites via tailored nanostructures

Developing long-lifetime bulk-form ceramic-based materials with high irradiation resistance is crucial for advanced nuclear systems. Here, we incorporated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and magnesia (MgO) nanocrystals to fabricate bulk YSZ-MgO-CNT nanocomposites with abundant ternary nanostructures by spark plasma sintering. To understand the role of tailored ternary nanostructure on irradiation, we investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties evolutions of the YSZ-MgO-CNT nanocomposites irradiated by multi-energy He + ions at high temperature to different fluences. Compared with the single-phase YSZ and ultrafine-grained YSZ-MgO composites, the YSZ-MgO-CNT nanocomposites possessed higher ability to manage irradiation-induced He bubbles/defects via the defect-interface interactions of proposed “loading-unloading” and “loading-transporting-unloading” mechanisms for controlling the dynamical behaviors of He atoms/defects in the CNT-doped ternary nanostructures, thereby presenting more stable microstructure and better performance in resisting irradiation hardening. In conclusion, this work provides insight into the design of advanced inert matrix nuclear fuel and new nuclear waste management materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Magnetic domains and domain wall pinning in atomically thin CrBr 3 revealed by nanoscale imaging

The emergence of atomically thin van der Waals magnets provides a new platform for the studies of two-dimensional magnetism and its applications. However, the widely used measurement methods in recent studies cannot provide quantitative information of the magnetization nor achieve nanoscale spatial resolution. These capabilities are essential to explore the rich properties of magnetic domains and spin textures. Here, we employ cryogenic scanning magnetometry using a single-electron spin of a nitrogen-vacancy center in a diamond probe to unambiguously prove the existence of magnetic domains and study their dynamics in atomically thin CrBr 3 . By controlling the magnetic domain evolution as a function of magnetic field, we find that the pinning effect is a dominant coercivity mechanism and determine the magnetization of a CrBr 3 bilayer to be about 26 Bohr magnetons per square nanometer. The high spatial resolution of this technique enables imaging of magnetic domains and allows to locate the sites of defects that pin the domain walls and nucleate the reverse domains. Our work highlights scanning nitrogen-vacancy center magnetometry as a quantitative probe to explore nanoscale features in two-dimensional magnets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2013

Water in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals from Nakhlites and Shergottites

Estimating the amount of water in the interior of terrestrial planets has tremendous implications on our understanding of solar nebula evolution, planet formation and geological history, and extraterrestrial volcanism. Mars has been a recent focus of such enquiry with complementary datasets from spacecrafts, rovers and martian meteorite studies. In planetary interiors, water can be dissolved in fluids or melts and hydrous phases, but can also be locked as protons attached to structural oxygen in lattice defects in nominally anhydrous minerals (NAM) such as olivine, pyroxene, or feldspar [1-3]. Measuring water in Martian meteorite NAM is challenging because the minerals are fragile and riddled with fractures from impact processes that makes them break apart during sample processing. Moreover, curing the sample in epoxy causes problems for the two main water analysis techniques, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS). Measurements to date have resulted in a heated debate on how much water the mantle of Mars contains. SIMS studies of NAM [4], amphiboles [5], and apatites [6-8] from Martian meteorites report finding enough water in these phases to infer that the martian mantle is as hydrous as that of the Earth. On the other hand, a SIMS study of glass in olivine melt inclusions from shergottites concludes that the Martian mantle is much drier [9]. The latter interpretation is also supported by the fact that most martian hydrous minerals generally have the relevant sites filled with Cl and F instead of H [10,11]. As for experimental results, martian basalt compositions can be reproduced using water as well as Cl in the parent melts [12,13]. Here FTIR is used to measure water in martian meteorite minerals in order to constrain the origin of the distribution of water in martian meteorite phases.

Peslier, Anne H.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sputter-Coated TiO 2 Films as Passivation and Hole Transfer Layers for Improved Energy Conversion with Solar Fuel WO 3 /CuWO 4 Photoanodes

Atomic layer deposited (ALD) “leaky” TiO 2 have gained interest as charge-selective protection layers for semiconductor solar fuel electrodes. Here we demonstrate the use of sputter-deposited TiO 2 layers as hole selective contacts for WO 3 /CuWO 4 type 2 heterojunction water oxidation photoanodes for the first time. TiO 2 protection layers with varying thicknesses (2 to 128 nm) were deposited using the RF magnetron sputtering technique. The resulting TiO 2 films are amorphous based on Raman spectroscopy and powder XRD. Photoelectrochemical scans and Vibrating Kelvin probe photovoltage spectroscopy show that 2-8 nm TiO 2 layers nearly double the photocurrent to 0.97 mA cm -2 under AM 1.5 illumination (19% AQE at 350 nm), increase the surface photovoltage signal by 25%, and increase the WO 3 /CuWO 4 bandgap. These effects can be attributed to the selectivity of TiO 2 for photoholes. Additionally, SPV data suggest that TiO 2 overlayers suppress copper-based surface recombination defects. Reduced photocurrent and the photovoltage are seen in thicker TiO 2 films (16 to 128 nm) as a result of an increasing hole transfer resistance and because of light shading effects according to photoaction spectra. The TiO 2 films also improve the stability of the WO 3 /CuWO 4 photoelectrodes, allowing nearly constant O 2 evolution over 3 hours after an initial 20-35% loss. Overall, this work establishes RF magnetron sputtering as a useful method to install amorphous TiO 2 passivation layers for improved WO 3 /CuWO 4 solar fuel photoelectrodes. Furthermore, we show how the combination of PEC with SPV measurements provides insight into the function of the TiO 2 coatings.

CuWO4↗
DOE OSTI2025

Atomic Structure, Dynamics, Changes in Chemical Bonding and Semiconductor-Metal Transition in Sb 2 Se 3 : A Remarkable Material for Quantum Networks and Energy Applications

Antimony sesquiselenide has become an outstanding functional material for photovoltaics, energy storage and transformation, memory and photonic applications. Sb 2 Se 3 is one of the most successful emerging solar light absorbers and has also been identified as a highly promising ultralow-loss phase-change material (PCM) for next-generation coherent nanophotonic processors, photonic tensor cores, quantum and neuromorphic networks. Unlike benchmark telluride PCMs, Sb 2 Se 3 features a quasi-one-dimensional (1D) crystalline structure consisting of (Sb 4 Se 6 ) ∞ ribbons, lacks the typical PCM chemical bonding, and undergoes an extended semiconductor-metal transition above the melting point. Consequently, the origin of high optical contrast between crystalline (SET) and amorphous (RESET) logic states remains elusive and presents a significant challenge. Using high-energy X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy over a wide temperature range, supported by first-principles simulations and complemented by thermal, optical and electrical measurements, as well as by 121 Sb-Mossbauer spectroscopy, the quasi-1D network of orthorhombic antimony sesquiselenide was found to undergo significant evolution in amorphous and supercooled Sb 2 Se 3 , leading to lower coordination, shorter interatomic distances and a higher p-electron density on antimony, indicating changes in chemical bonding. The observed novel Sb 2 Se 3 nanocrystalline polymorph, characterized by trigonal antimony coordination and more isolated Sb-Se ribbons, could help reduce multiple trapping defect states in the bandgap, which are typical of orthorhombic Sb 2 Se 3 , thereby enhancing the power-conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices. Semimetallic and metallic liquid Sb 2 Se 3 exhibit a gradual transformation into a denser 2D and/or 3D network with higher antimony coordination. Localized electron states in the pseudogap are becoming extended, leading to an increase in electronic conductivity σ following the relationship σ ∝ N(E F ) 2 . Liquid Sb 2 Se 3 also appears to be strongly fragile, with a nonmonotonic change in viscosity and higher atomic mobility in the metallic liquid. Furthermore, these results explain extraordinary functionalities of Sb 2 Se 3 for photonic and energy applications.

antimony↗
DOE OSTI2022

Nanostructures evolution assessment and spectroscopic properties modification induced by electronic energy loss in KTaO 3 crystal

Modifications of micro/nanostructure and photoelectric properties under swift ion irradiation (645 MeV Xe 35+ ) of KTaO 3 crystal with varying electronic energy losses (7.2–31.4 keV/nm) and ion velocities (0.18–5.00 MeV/u) have been studied by combining experimental and calculated approaches. The i-TS calculations combined with molecular dynamics simulations are compared with the experimental observations, revealing the inner track fine structures from individual spherical defects to continuous ion tracks with core–shell morphologies, and a quantitative relationship, including the melting (0.42 eV/atom), damage (0.75 eV/atom), and amorphous (1.71 eV/atom) thresholds, is established to successfully predict the inner disorder/amorphous proportions and track damage morphologies. The surface nanostructures of nanohillocks (isolated or partial overlaps) and nanopits (serious overlaps) directly depend on the combined action of the deposited potential and kinetic energies of incident ions, which induce local melting and sublimation in the near-surface region. Owing to the decreased recombination and the increased separation efficiency between electrons and holes, the higher photogenerated charge carrier mobility enhanced the photocurrent effect, further optimizing the photoconductivity performance in Xe 35+ -irradiated KTaO 3 . Therefore, controlled defect engineering using the ion irradiation technique, as an effective strategy, could design tailored nanostructure systems and regulate photoelectric properties, further promoting the development of novel technological applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tailored (La 0.2 Pr 0.2 Nd 0.2 Tb 0.2 Dy 0.2 ) 2 Ce 2 O 7 as a Highly Active and Stable Nanocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Abstract Designing highly active and robust catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction is key to improving the overall efficiency of the water splitting reaction. It has been previously demonstrated that evaporation induced self‐assembly (EISA) can be used to synthesize highly porous and high surface area cerate‐based fluorite nanocatalysts, and that substitution of Ce with 50% rare earth (RE) cations significantly improves electrocatalyst activity. Herein, the defect structure of the best performing nanocatalyst in the series are further explored, Nd 2 Ce 2 O 7 , with a combination of neutron diffraction and neutron pair distribution function analysis. It is found that Nd 3 + cation substitution for Ce in the CeO 2 fluorite lattice introduces higher levels of oxygen Frenkel defects and induces a partially reduced RE 1.5 Ce 1.5 O 5 +x phase with oxygen vacancy ordering. Significantly, it is demonstrated that the concentration of oxygen Frenkel defects and improved electrocatalytic activity can be further enhanced by increasing the compositional complexity (number of RE cations involved) in the substitution. The resulting novel compositionally‐complex fluorite– (La 0.2 Pr 0.2 Nd 0.2 Tb 0.2 Dy 0.2 ) 2 Ce 2 O 7 is shown to display a low OER overpotential of 210 mV at a current density of 10 mAcm −2 in 1M KOH, and excellent cycling stability. It is suggested that increasing the compositional complexity of fluorite nanocatalysts expands the ability to tailor catalyst design.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2021

An in situ ambient and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy study of the effects of temperature on dislocation behavior in CrCoNi-based high-entropy alloys with low stacking-fault energy

Temperature is known to affect deformation mechanisms in metallic alloys. As temperature decreases, the stacking-fault energy in many face-centered cubic (fcc) alloys decreases, resulting in a change of deformation mode from dislocation slip to deformation twinning. Such an impact of temperature can be more complex in compositionally heterogeneous microstructures that exhibit, for example, local concentration fluctuation such as that in multi-principal element alloys. In this work, we compare the dislocation behavior and mechanical properties of a fcc Cr 20 Mn 10 Fe 30 Co 30 Ni 10 high-entropy alloy at ambient and liquid-nitrogen temperatures. We find that a network of stacking faults is formed by uniformly extended dislocations at ambient temperatures with low stacking-fault energy, whereas at lower temperatures, uneven dissociation of dislocations becomes significant, which results in severe dislocation pile-ups together with their pronounced entanglement. Our findings indicate that as the stacking-fault energy decreases with decreasing temperature, the heterogeneity of the distribution of elements becomes more dominant in tuning the local variation of lattice resistance. As a result, the change in dislocation behavior at low temperatures strongly affects microstructural evolution and consequently leads to significantly more pronounced work hardening.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Review of SiC material development for nuclear fusion applications: Cross-cutting research and emerging opportunities

The SiC-based materials, particularly SiC-fiber-reinforced SiC matrix (SiC/SiC) composites, show strong potential for structural and functional applications in future fusion power plants because they can operate at high temperatures with a range of coolants and breeders, thereby enabling higher energy conversion efficiency. Here, this paper presents recent advancements in the development of SiC-based materials, focusing on processing techniques and material performance and resistance under fusion-relevant environments. The processing activities have emphasized near-net-shape fabrication and the joining of SiC subcomponents, with processing methods and material compositions informed by previous irradiation experiments on various grades of SiC. Research on irradiation effects has remained focused on degradation mechanisms and the microstructural optimization of SiC/SiC composites irradiated to high neutron damage levels. Analysis of irradiation defects in SiC has advanced via the application of cutting-edge characterization methods, among which Raman spectroscopy is becoming a common tool to assess atomic-scale chemical disorder. Fusion–fission crosscutting irradiation research has explored combined effects in SiC/SiC composites with application-relevant geometries, including bowing of SiC/SiC composite channels under neutron flux gradients, stress evolution in SiC/SiC composite tubes under through-thickness temperature gradients, and irradiation-enhanced corrosion in SiC. Finally, research opportunities for component testing and assessment under fusion-relevant conditions, in support of emerging concepts from the private fusion sector, are discussed.

Advanced manufacturing↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development of bubble evolution model for new mechanistic transient fission gas release capability in BISON

This report summarizes efforts within NEAMS to investigate the mechanisms that govern fission gas behavior in UO 2 . In particular, the focus is on understanding how fission gas behavior causes transient fission gas release and fragmentation/pulverization of high burnup structure (HBS) in UO 2 . HBS forms in the periphery of the pellet where temperatures are relatively low. Previously, MD simulations were performed to determine the reaction energies for various Xe and U defects with bubbles, as a function of Xe to vacancy ratio or, equivalently, pressure. As had been shown in FY22, it was found that the unmodified version of the Simple Integrated Fission Gas Release and Swelling (SIFGRS) model within BISON greatly over-predicted the number gas atoms per vacancy in the bubbles in the outer rim of the pellet (a ratio of > 1 million). This was due to slow grain boundary vacancy diffusivity and not accounting for the pressure-dependent reaction energy for Xe interstitials with bubbles. The application of the pressure dependent reaction energies was able to restrict Xe to vacancy ratios to 2:1, which is far more realistic than those originally obtained from SIFGRS.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Density functional theory calculations of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of point defects in β -U

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of point defects in the β phase of uranium are reported. Defect energies and entropies were calculated using 2 x 2 x 2 supercells and the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) for the exchange-correlation potential. Due to computational cost, calculations of the vibrational properties governing entropies were performed by only displacing atoms within (roughly) the 3rd or 4th nearest neighbor shell of the defect, which implicitly assumes that atoms beyond this distance are unaffected by the defect. Migration barriers were estimated by nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations. The low symmetry of the β-U phase (the unit cell is tetragonal and contains 30 atoms) results in many point defect configurations and even more migration pathways. A connectivity map, starting from the most stable point defects, was developed in order to identify the rate-limiting step controlling the net diffusion rate in each crystallographic direction. The uranium self-diffusivity tensor was calculated by combining the defect formation energies, entropies, migration barriers and attempt frequencies. The fastest diffusion rate was determined to be a vacancy mechanism in the z crystallographic direction. The predicted uranium self-diffusivity for this mechanism agrees well with available experimental data. Finally, the diffusion mechanisms and rates identified in this study will inform fuel performance models of swelling and gas evolution.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Operando X-Ray Tomography Imaging of Solid-State Electrolyte Response to Li Evolution under Realistic Operating Conditions

Solid-state Li-ion conductors are a next-generation battery technology that are particularly promising for electric vehicles, offering the capacitive benefits of Li metal anodes with nonflammable electrolytes. Microstructural evolution in these solid-state batteries, especially the Li anode, requires deeper understanding of the conditions under which certain undesired behaviors are more likely to occur. This study utilizes operando X-ray computed tomography to visualize the behavior of lithium in response to device operation, considering variables that are relevant to a realistic battery: stack pressure, microscale defects such as pores, and temperature. This work demonstrates that experimental and operational conditions, especially temperature, affect the fundamental driving forces of realistic solid electrolyte systems and provides visual insight into possible mechanisms of Li migration. In particular, the effect of these variables on Li propagation from the anode through pre-existing defects and Li nucleation within the imperfectly electron-insulating electrolyte is highlighted.

battery↗
NASA NTRS1921

Airplane Balance

The authors argue that the center of gravity has a preponderating influence on the longitudinal stability of an airplane in flight, but that manufacturers, although aware of this influence, are still content to apply empirical rules to the balancing of their airplanes instead of conducting wind tunnel tests. The author examines the following points: 1) longitudinal stability, in flight, of a glider with coinciding centers; 2) the influence exercised on the stability of flight by the position of the axis of thrust with respect to the center of gravity and the whole of the glider; 3) the stability on the ground before taking off, and the influence of the position of the landing gear. 4) the influence of the elements of the glider on the balance, the possibility of sometimes correcting defective balance, and the valuable information given on this point by wind tunnel tests; 5) and a brief examination of the equilibrium of power in horizontal flight, where the conditions of stability peculiar to this kind of flight are added to previously existing conditions of the stability of the glider, and interfere in fixing the safety limits of certain evolutions.

Huguet, L↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evolution of the electrothermal instability from thick rod z pinches subject to dynamically and statically applied axial magnetic field

LDRD Project 229427 aimed to determine how electrothermal instability (ETI) driven heating on a z-pinch rod pulsed with intense current evolves under mixed magnetic field (azimuthal + axial) conditions, which is pertinent to pulsed-power-driven magnetically-insulated transmission lines and physics targets. Experiments focused on diagnosing ETI-driven heating from deliberately-machined and well-characterized micron-scale surface defects (referred to as engineered defects or ED). Prior to the start of this project, understanding of how unmagnetized (B z =0) ED evolve had been obtained—simulations largely reproduce the experimentally observed high temperature spots which develop at the poles of bare/uncoated ED. Project 229427 extended the Mykonos Facility ED experimental platform to include axial field. In the first class of experiments, axial field was provided “dynamically” via a helical return can (HRC). In this case, B z and B θ rise at the same rate. Generally, the HRC generated magnetic field at a fixed polarization angle Φ B =arctan(B z /B θ )=15° on the rod's surface. In the second class of experiments, axial field was provided “statically” via a slow-rising (millisecond) external Helmholtz coil pair. In this case, B z was effectively constant/static throughout the 100 ns rise of the Mykonos current. For either case, a primary goal was to determine whether ETI provides a helical seed perturbation for the subsequent growth of the helical magneto Rayleigh-Taylor modes observed in MagLIF (static B z ) and dynamic screw pinch (DSP, dynamic B z ) experiments. When dynamic field was applied using an HRC, emissions from individual ED aligned toward Φ B , while emissions from ED within pairs elongated and preferentially merged along Φ B . These data strongly support that for a randomized defect distribution, heating from nearby current-density perturbations will favorably merge about Φ B to generate an extended seed perturbation that aligns toward the surface-field polarization, and this may impact the orientation of subsequent MRT growth on imploding liners. The results from the static field experiments were largely inconclusive, as any ETI heating rotation, if present, was obscured/overwhelmed by local/random heating from ED rim imperfections.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗