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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 523 records · Page 29
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Performance of synthetic DAS as a function of array geometry

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) can record acoustic wavefields at high sampling rates and with dense spatial resolution difficult to achieve with seismometers. Using optical scattering induced by cable deformation, DAS can record strain fields with spatial resolution of a few meters. However, many experiments utilizing DAS have relied on unused, dark telecommunication fibers. As a result, the geophysical community has not fully explored DAS survey parameters to characterize the ideal array design. This limits our understanding of guiding principles in array design to deploy DAS effectively and efficiently in the field. A better quantitative understanding of DAS array behavior can improve the quality of the data recorded by guiding the DAS array design. Here we use steered response functions, which account for DAS fiber’s directional sensitivity, as well as beamforming and back-projection results from forward modelling calculations to assess the performance of varying DAS array geometries to record regional and local sources. A regular heptagon DAS array demonstrated improved capabilities for recording regional sources over other polygonal arrays, with potential improvements in recording and locating local sources. These results help reveal DAS array performance as a function of geometry and can guide future DAS deployments.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Model for Independent Particle Motion

Independent particle model in nuclear physics assumes that the nucleon in the nucleus moves in the average (mean field) potential generated by all other nucleons. This chapter gives a short overview of basic features of the independent particle motion in atomic nuclei and its theoretical realization in the framework of shell models for spherical, deformed, and rotating nuclei as well as in more sophisticated approaches such as microscopic+macroscopic model and density functional theories. Independent particle motion of nucleons leads to global and single-particle consequences. The global ones manifest themselves in the shell structure, and its consequences for the global structure of nuclear landscape, the existence of superheavy nuclei, and the superdeformation at high spin are briefly reviewed. Finally, the latter shows itself in the single-particle properties such as energies, alignments, and densities; their manifestations are illustrated on specific examples.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

A general proof of the quantum null energy condition

We prove a conjectured lower bound on ⟨T_ _(x)⟩ $ψ$ in any state $ψ$ of a CFT on Minkowski space, dubbed the Quantum Null Energy Condition (QNEC). The bound is given by the second order shape deformation, in the null direction, of the geometric entanglement entropy of an entangling cut passing through $x$. Our proof involves a combination of the two independent methods that were used recently to prove the weaker Averaged Null Energy Condition (ANEC). In particular the properties of modular Hamiltonians under shape deformations for the state ψ play an important role, as do causality considerations. We study the two point function of a “probe” operator $\mathcal{O}$ in the state $ψ$ and use a lightcone limit to evaluate this correlator. Instead of causality in time we consider causality on modular time for the modular evolved probe operators, which we constrain using Tomita-Takesaki theory as well as certain generalizations pertaining to the theory of modular inclusions. The QNEC follows from very similar considerations to the derivation of the chaos bound and the causality sum rule. We use a kind of defect Operator Product Expansion to apply the replica trick to these modular flow computations, and the displacement operator plays an important role. We argue that the proof extends to more general relativistic QFT with an interacting UV fixed point and also prove a higher spin version of the QNEC. Our approach was inspired by the AdS/CFT proof of the QNEC which follows from properties of the Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) surface near the boundary of AdS, combined with the requirement of entanglement wedge nesting. Our methods were, as such, designed as a precise probe of the RT surface close to the boundary of a putative gravitational/stringy dual of any QFT with an interacting UV fixed point.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Pomeranchuk instability from electronic correlations in CsTi 3 Bi 5 kagome metal

Electronic nematicity, the spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry, has emerged as a key instability in correlated quantum systems. CsTi 3 Bi 5 , a kagome metal of the AV 3 Sb 5 (A = K, Rb, Cs) family, hosts rich unconventional electronic phases, yet the origin of its nematicity remains unsettled. Here, we combine polarization-dependent angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with functional renormalization group calculations on a fully interacting ab initio model. We reveal an orbital-selective nematic deformation in the low-energy band structure and identify a finite angular momentum (d-wave) Pomeranchuk instability driven by electronic correlations in specific orbital channels and detuning from Van Hove singularities. Our results establish a direct link between orbital selectivity and symmetry-breaking instabilities in CsTi 3 Bi 5 , providing a microscopic framework for nematic order in kagome systems.

Bigi, Chiara [Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin (Fra↗
DOE OSTI2024

A new method for solving the linearized 1D Vlasov–Poisson system yielding a new class of solutions

We describe a new method for solving the linearized 1D Vlasov–Poisson system by using properties of Cauchy-type integrals. Our method remedies critical flaws of the two standard methods, reveals a previously unrecognized Gaussian-in-time-like decay, and can also account for an externally applied electric field. The Landau approximation involves deforming the Bromwich contour around the poles closest to the real axis due to the analytically continued dielectric function, finding the long-time behavior for a stable system: Landau damping. Jackson's generalization encircles all poles while sending the contour to infinity, assuming its contribution vanishes, which is not true in general. This gives incorrect solutions for physically reasonable configurations and can exhibit pathological behavior, of which we show examples. The van Kampen method expresses the solution for a stable equilibrium as a continuous superposition of waves, resulting in an opaque integral. Case's generalization includes unstable systems and predicts a decaying discrete mode for each growing discrete mode, an apparent contradiction to both the Jackson solution and ours. We show, without imposing additional constraints, that the decaying modes are never present in the time evolution due to an exact cancellation with part of the continuum. Our solution is free of integral expressions, is obtained using algebra and Laurent series expansions, does not rely on analytic continuations, and results in a correct asymptotically convergent form in the case of infinite sums. The analysis used can be readily applied in higher-dimensional, electromagnetic systems and also provides a new technique for evaluating certain inverse Laplace transforms.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2024

Regulating loops in de Sitter spacetime

Perturbative quantum field theory (QFT) calculations in de Sitter space are riddled with contributions that diverge over time. These contributions often arise from loop integrals, which are notoriously hard to compute in de Sitter. We discuss an approach to evaluate loop integrals that contribute to equal-time correlators of a scalar field theory in a fixed de Sitter background. Our method is based on the Mellin-Barnes representation of correlation functions, which allows us to regulate loop divergences by adjusting the masses of the fields, or by gently deforming the underlying de Sitter spacetime. The resulting expressions have a similar structure as a standard answer from dimensional regularization in flat space QFT. These features of the regulator are illustrated with two examples, worked out in detail. Along the way, we illuminate the physical origin of these divergences and their interpretation with the machinery of the dynamical renormalization group. Our approach regulates the IR divergences of massless and massive particles in the same way. For massless scalars, the loop corrections can be incorporated as systematic improvements to the stochastic inflation framework, allowing for a more precise description of the IR dynamics of such fields in de Sitter. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2020

In situ measurement and modelling of the growth and length scale of twins in α -uranium

Twinning is an important deformation mechanism in crystalline materials. Twins nucleate, then grow, forming a discrete pattern of deformation bands with a certain thickness. The mechanism for twin growth is not completely understood. We present a simple phase field model which captures the physics of twin growth and reproduces the details observed during in situ electron backscatter diffraction experiments on α-uranium. The interaction between residual dislocations at twin interfaces and mobile dislocations in untwinned regions increases the stress needed for twin growth. This is described by a nonlocal term in the proposed constitutive equations: the nucleation stress of a twin increases proportionally to the twin phase field in a neighborhood. Competition between slip and twinning favors the nucleation of a new twin rather than the growth of a preexisting twin. The phase field model is coupled with a crystal plasticity finite element solver that includes the plastic deformation due to twinning. Simulations are able to reproduce the number of twins and their thicknesses as a function of the strain observed during in situ electron backscatter diffraction experiments. The stress-strain curve is also reproduced. This comparison allows the values of the nucleation stress and the interaction strength between residual and mobile dislocations to be found. It also gives an estimation of the density of residual dislocations that is consistent with the observed twin thickness. Finally, this model can be applied to understand microstructural effects in materials using twinning as a strengthening mechanism.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Optimization of microwave emission from laser filamentation with a machine learning algorithm

We demonstrate that is it possible to optimize the yield of microwave radiation from plasmas generated by laser filamentation in atmosphere through manipulation of the laser wavefront. A genetic algorithm controls a deformable mirror that reconfigures the wavefront using the microwave waveform amplitude as feedback. Optimization runs performed as a function of air pressure show that the genetic algorithm can double the microwave field strength relative to when the mirror surface is flat. Here, an increase in the volume and brightness of the plasma fluorescence accompanies the increase in microwave radiation, implying an improvement in the laser beam intensity profile through the filamentation region due to the optimized wavefront.

Englesbe, Alexander↗
DOE OSTI2020

Sound Speed as a Candidate for Internal Temperature Monitoring During Solid Phase Processing of Materials

Internal temperature is an important parameter for understanding the solid phase processing (SPP) of materials and improving feedback control of these processes. Friction stir processes, shear assisted processing and extrusion (ShAPE ™ ), and ultrahigh velocity (UHV) cold spray are examples of such processes. Simple thermal models based on temperatures measured at the boundary of the deforming body cannot capture the dynamic nature of temperature generation within the deforming solid. One possibly way of understanding internal temperature is by measuring sound speed, which varies as a function of temperature for materials and directing ultrasonic wave propagation through selected material volumes of interest. In this project, longitudinal wave speed is estimated for aluminum 6061. Piezoelectric materials bonded to a specimen provided data from which longitudinal wave speed was estimated. A discussion evaluated the linear relationship of wave speed versus temperature and postulated how wave speed measurements could be used to estimate the internal temperature of selected material volumes for feedback during SPP of materials. Instrumentation, data and analysis, and a discussion are reviewed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1974

Shear buckling of square perforated plates

The behavior of thin square perforated plates under the action of uniform shear deformation is studied experimentally and analytically using finite element analysis. Elastic Shear buckling strength is established as a function of the diameter of a round, centrally located hole in the plate. Post buckling behavior and the behavior of perforated plates with various ring stiffeners are also studied experimentally.

Grosskurth, J. F., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Stochastic Nonlinear Response of Woven CMCs

It is well known that failure of a material is a locally driven event. In the case of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), significant variations in the microstructure of the composite exist and their significance on both deformation and life response need to be assessed. Examples of these variations include changes in the fiber tow shape, tow shifting/nesting and voids within and between tows. In the present work, the influence of scale specific architectural features of woven ceramic composite are examined stochastically at both the macroscale (woven repeating unit cell (RUC)) and structural scale (idealized using multiple RUCs). The recently developed MultiScale Generalized Method of Cells methodology is used to determine the overall deformation response, proportional elastic limit (first matrix cracking), and failure under tensile loading conditions and associated probability distribution functions. Prior results showed that the most critical architectural parameter to account for is weave void shape and content with other parameters being less in severity. Current results show that statistically only the post-elastic limit region (secondary hardening modulus and ultimate tensile strength) is impacted by local uncertainties both at the macro and structural level.

Kuang, C. Liu↗
NASA NTRS2008

Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice (DESDynI)

The National Research Council Earth Science Decadal Survey, Earth Science Applications from Space, recommends that DESDynI (Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice), an integrated L-band InSAR and multibeam Lidar mission, launch in the 2010- 2013 timeframe. The mission will measure surface deformation for solid Earth and cryosphere objectives and vegetation structure for understanding the carbon cycle. InSAR has been used to study surface deformation of the solid Earth and cryosphere and more recently vegetation structure for estimates of biomass and ecosystem function. Lidar directly measures topography and vegetation structure and is used to estimate biomass and detect changes in surface elevation. The goal of DESDynI is to take advantage of the spatial continuity of InSAR and the precision and directness of Lidar. There are several issues related to the design of the DESDynI mission, including combining the two instruments into a single platform, optimizing the coverage and orbit for the two techniques, and carrying out the science modeling to define and maximize the scientific output of the mission.

Donnellan, Andrea↗
DOE OSTI2022

Naturally Self-Tuned Low Mass Composite Scalars

Scalar bosons composed of a pair of chiral fermions in a non-confining potential have an effective Yukawa coupling, $g$, to free external chiral fermions. At large distance a Feynman loop of external fermions generates a scale invariant potential, $V_{loop}\propto -g^2/{\rho^{2}}$, for separation $\rho$, which acts on valence fermions. This generally forces the $s$-wave ground state to deform to a static, zero mass, configuration, and for slowly running, perturbative $g$, a large external "shroud" wave function forms. This is related to old results of Landau and Lifshitz in quantum mechanics. The massless composite scalar boson ground state is then an extended object. Infra-red effects can generate a small mass for the system. This points to a perturbative BEH-boson composed of top and anti-top quarks and a novel dynamical mechanism for spontaneous electroweak symmetry breaking.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Effect of Alloying Additions on Twinning in Ni-Based Superalloys

Micro-twinning is the dominant creep deformation mechanism in Ni-based superalloys at temperatures above 700 C. We use atomistic simulations to study two mechanisms of twin nucleation and growth that are characterized by qualitatively different rate limiting processes. In case of the mechanism proposed by Kolbe, the rate limiting process is diffusion-mediated atomic reshuffling. In case of the other mechanism, we proposed recently, the rate limiting process is nucleation of Shockley partial dislocation. We demonstrate the effects of alloying additions on functionality of these mechanisms.

Ni-based superalloys↗
DOE OSTI2022

Physics-informed neural networks for identification of material properties using standing waves

A metallic structure in its initial stage of failure involves plastic deformation or environmental degradation that changes the elastic modulus and density. This work presents the detection of change in wave velocity (a function of elastic modulus and density) as a system identification problem. A physics-informed neural network (PINN) is proposed to solve the system identification problem. The PINN takes the spatial coordinates of scanning locations and time as inputs and provides the displacement and wave velocity as outputs. The governing partial differential equation of standing waves in a rod is incorporated into the neural network as physics in the form of a loss function. The wave velocity vector is randomly initiated. During the training of the network, physics is used to determine and update the wave velocity target vector from the network’s displacement predictions. The measured data, comprising sparse displacement response on the rod structure, are used to train the PINN. The wave velocity at the sparse locations on the rod is learned from the predicted displacements during the training. Using the predictions of the trained network, the response of free vibration or material property variation can be reconstructed at unscanned locations on the structure to obtain high-resolution maps for full-field imaging to detect and localize the changes caused by plastic deformation. The PINN’s sparse scanning and simultaneous prediction capability during training can lead to high scanning and data-processing speeds. This capability yields a nondestructive evaluation system that can predict the presence of degraded material locations as the structural vibrations are scanned and processed in real time.

Rathod, Vivek↗
DOE OSTI2021

The 3D printing and modeling of functionally graded Kelvin foams for controlling crushing performance

Mechanical impact protection is an important consideration in many applications, ranging from product transportation to sports. Cellular materials are typically used due to their desirable energy absorption properties and light weight. However, their large deformation and rate dependent responses (especially of polymer foams) are challenging to consider in design. Additionally, the use of foams with uniform properties, such as uniform density and uniform stiffness, often restricts the designed foams to only be suitable for a narrow range of mechanical impact conditions whereas real applications commonly face unpredictable situations. 3D printing offers fabrication flexibility and thus opens the door to create foams with tailored properties. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of using 3D printing for functionally graded foams (FGFs) that are optimal over a broad range of mechanical environments. The foams are fabricated by the recently developed grayscale digital light processing (g-DLP) method which can print parts with locally designed properties. These foams are tested under drop test conditions and with slower displacement control. We also model the large deformation behavior of FGFs using finite element analysis in which we account for the different viscoelastic behaviors of the distinct grayscale regions. We then use the model to examine the impact mitigation capabilities of FGFs in different loading scenarios. Finally, we show how FGFs can be used to satisfy real-world design goals using the case study of a motorcycle helmet. In contrast to prior work, we investigate continuous, functionally graded foams of a single density that differ in their viscoelastic responses. This work provides further insight into the benefits of viscoelastic properties and modulus graded foams and presents a manufacturing approach that can be used to produce the next generation of flexible lattice foams as mechanical absorbers.

3D printing↗