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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 523 records · Page 29

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NASA NTRS1985

Surface effects of corrosive media on hardness, friction, and wear of materials

Hardness, friction, and wear experiments were conducted with magnesium oxide exposed to various corrosive media and also with elemental iron and nickel exposed to water and NaOH. Chlorides such as MgCl2 and sodium containing films were formed on cleaved magnesium oxide surfaces. The MgCl2 films softened the magnesium oxide surfaces and caused high friction and great deformation. Hardness was strongly influenced by the pH value of the HCl-containing solution. The lower the pH, the lower the microhardness. Neither the pH value of nor the immersion time in NaOH containing, NaCl containing, and HNO3 containing solutions influenced the microhardness of magnesium oxide. NaOH formed a protective and low friction film on iron surfaces. The coefficient of friction and the wear for iron were low at concentrations of NaOH higher than 0.01 N. An increase in NaOH concentration resulted in a decrease in the concentration of ferric oxide on the iron surface. It took less NaOH to form a protective, low friction film on nickel than on iron.

Miyoshi, K.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Development of media for dynamic latent heat storage for the low-temperature range. Part 1: Thermal analyses of selected salt hydrate systems

Phase change temperatures and phase change enthalpies of seventeen salt hydrates, three double salts, and four eutectics were measured thermodynamically and the results reported herein. Good results were obtained, especially for congruently melting salt hydrates. Incongruently melting salt hydrates appear less suitable for heat storage applications. The influence of the second phase - water, acid and hydroxide - to the latent heat is described. From these results, basic values of the working temperatures and storage capabilities of various storage media compositions may be derived.

Kanwischer, H.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Measurement of ultrasonic fields in transparent media using a scanning differential interferometer

An experimental system for the detection of three dimensional acoustic fields in optically transparent media using a dual beam differential interferometer is described. In this system, two coherent, parallel, focused laser beams are passed through the specimen and the interference fringe pattern which results when these beams are combined shifts linearly by an amount which is related to the optical pathlength difference between the two beams. It is shown that for small signals, the detector output is directly proportional to the amplitude of the acoustic field integrated along the optical beam path through the specimen. A water tank and motorized optical platform were constructed to allow these dual beams to be scanned through an ultrasonic field generated by a piezoelectric transducer at various distances from the transducer. Scan data for the near, Fresnel, and far zones of a uniform, circular transducer are presented and an algorithm for constructing the radial field profile from this integrated optical data, assuming cylindrical symmetry, is described.

Dockery, G. D.↗

NASA NTRS1984

A new interpretation of internal heat transfer coefficients of porous media

The results of laser anemometer and flow visualization based fluid mechanics studies of porous media are used to obtain heat transfer coefficients for porous materials. Average pore flow Re ranging from 0.16-700 were examined. Darcy, inertial steady laminar, unsteady laminar and turbulent flow regimes were detected. A passage length model was devised to derive the heat transfer coefficient. Sample data from flows through porous metals composed of powders and fibers validated the passage length for Darcy and inertial flow regimes. Unsteady laminar and turbulent flow coefficients require the identification of new parameters.

Dybbs, A.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Hypervelocity particle capture: Some considerations regarding suitable target media

Hypervelocity particles colliding with passive capture media will be traversed by shock waves; depending on the stress amplitude, the particle may remain solid or it may melt or vaporize. Any capture mechanism considered for cosmic dust collection in low Earth-orbit must be designed such that sample alteration and hence loss of scientific information is minimized. Capture of pristine particles is fundamentally difficult, because the specific heat of melting and even vaporization is exceeded upon impact at typical, geocentric encounter velocities. From the results of calculated and observed melting behaviors it is concluded that shock stresses in excess of 50 GPA should be avoided during hypervelocity particle capture on board Space Station and that stresses 20 GPa, even at 15 km/s collision velocities, should constitute desirable instrument design goals. Some principal characteristics of the capture medium that may satisfy these requirements are identified.

Horz, F.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Surface effects of corrosive media on hardness, friction, and wear of materials

Miyoshi, K.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Stopping of relativistic heavy ions in various media

The residual ranges of (900 + or - 3)-MeV/amu gold nuclei accelerated at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevalac have been measured in several different media. The energy of the beam of nuclei was measured directly using a new time-of-flight system. The ranges were measured by absorption in linear wedges of polyethylene, carbon, aluminum, copper, tin, and lead and in circular wedges of polystyrene, aluminum, and gold, and by total absorption in nuclear emulsion. The measured ranges were significantly different from those calculated from the best available theoretical estimates of the energy loss of highly charged nuclei. It is concluded that at present energy losses and residual ranges of relativistic heavy ions in an arbitrary medium cannot be predicted with better than an approximately 2 percent accuracy.

Waddington, C. J.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Combined conduction and radiation heat transfer in concentric cylindrical media

The exact radiative transfer expressions for gray and nongray gases which are absorbing, emitting and nonscattering, contained between infinitely long concentric cylinders with black surfaces, are given in local thermodynamic equilibrium. Resulting energy equations due to the combination of conduction and radiation modes of heat transfer, under steady state conditions for gray and nongray media, are solved numerically using the undetermined parameters method. A single 4.3-micron band of CO2 is considered for the nongray problems. The present solutions for gray and nongray gases obtained in the plane-parallel limit (radius ratio approaches to one) are compared with the plane-parallel results reported in the literature.

Pandey, D. K.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Media independent interface

The work done on the Media Independent Interface (MII) Interface Control Document (ICD) program is described and recommendations based on it were made. Explanations and rationale for the content of the ICD itself are presented.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1987

VLA and low-frequency VLBI observations of the radio source 0503 + 467 - Austere constraints on interstellar scattering in two media

The radio source 0503 + 467 lies near the Galactic plane (l = 161.0 deg, b = 3.7 deg) and at the edge of the supernova remnant (SNR) HB 9. The VLA observations show that it has a spectrum typical of a compact extragalactic radio source. The resultant small angular size of the source makes it an excellent probe of turbulence in two media: the diffuse, or 'type A', component of interstellar turbulence and a hypothesized region of hydromagnetic turbulence upstream of the supernova remnant. An eight-station VLBI experiment at 326 MHz indicates that the source is less than about 20 milliarcseconds (mas) in angular diameter. A value of 16 mas is most appropriate as an upper limit to the interstellar scattering contribution to the measured angular size. The implications of this upper limit are twofold. First, the galactocentric radial scale to the type-A turbulence is probably less than or equal to about 6 kpc. Second, no evidence is seen for shock-associated turbulence upstream of HB 9. The measurements make it possible to constrain a parameter which is a function of the rms density fluctuation in the upstream region, the outer scale to the density turbulence, and the thickness of SNR foreshock region.

Spangler, Steven R.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Problems related to the determination of land surface parameters and fluxes over heterogeneous media from satellite data

Problems encountered in the definition of relevant parameters which can describe heterogeneous media as a whole are discussed. A procedure to extend the definition of parameters from local to regional scales via inversion of appropriate models is tentatively proposed. The adequacy of these models for describing physical processes at the earth/atmosphere interface as observed with satellite systems is addressed.

Becker, F.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Perfluorobutyl iodides as gain media for a solar-pumped iodine laser amplifier

The effectiveness of t-C4F9I and n-C4F9I as gain media for a space-based solar-pumped iodine photodissociation laser is investigated experimentally. The optically coupled flashlamp/amplifier-tube apparatus described by Hwang et al. (1986) is employed, driving the amplifier with 4-microsec 4.2-mJ TEM(00) pulses from a flashlamp-pumped laser oscillator; the variation of amplification with energy-extraction time was monitored by inserting a delay of up to 1 msec between the firing of the two flashlamps and measuring the delay between the optical pulses. The results are presented graphically and briefly characterized. The performance of t-C4F9I is found to be better than that of n-C4F9I (or n-C3F7I), with an absorption band shifted toward the visible (for improved utilization of solar radiation), higher gain (by a factor of 2) at all delay times, and better chemical reversibility. The gain did not depend significantly on temperature in any of the iodides.

Tabibi, Bagher M.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Perfluorobutyl iodides as gain media for a solar-pumped laser amplifier

Perfluorobutyl iodides were studied as media for an iodine photodissociation laser amplifier, and photoabsorption cross sections were measured. The results indicate superior performance for t-C4F9I compared to that for n-C4F9I. The gain of n-C4F9I is found to be equal to that of n-C3F7I. The implications of these findings for space-based solar-pumped lasers are discussed.

Lee, Ja H.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Finite element discrete ordinates method for radiative transfer in non-rotationally invariant scattering media - Application to the leaf canopy problem

A finite element discrete ordinates method for solving the radiative transfer equation in nonrotationally invariant scattering media has been applied to the lead-canopy problem, and results are presented on the cross sections and the reflection functions. The method is based on a unique implementation of the Galerkin integral law formulation of the transport equation. For both near-normal and grazing incidences, the transfer functions of leaf canopies are found to be strongly anisotropic, with relatively more scattered flux in the vertical directions. It is suggested that the assumption of isotropic scattering in leaf canopies is not valid.

Myneni, Ranga B.↗

NASA NTRS1988

An intelligent multi-media human-computer dialogue system

Sophisticated computer systems are being developed to assist in the human decision-making process for very complex tasks performed under stressful conditions. The human-computer interface is a critical factor in these systems. The human-computer interface should be simple and natural to use, require a minimal learning period, assist the user in accomplishing his task(s) with a minimum of distraction, present output in a form that best conveys information to the user, and reduce cognitive load for the user. In pursuit of this ideal, the Intelligent Multi-Media Interfaces project is devoted to the development of interface technology that integrates speech, natural language text, graphics, and pointing gestures for human-computer dialogues. The objective of the project is to develop interface technology that uses the media/modalities intelligently in a flexible, context-sensitive, and highly integrated manner modelled after the manner in which humans converse in simultaneous coordinated multiple modalities. As part of the project, a knowledge-based interface system, called CUBRICON (CUBRC Intelligent CONversationalist) is being developed as a research prototype. The application domain being used to drive the research is that of military tactical air control.

Neal, J. G.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Experiments with metallic and ceramic porous media

Work in the area of mechano-caloric phenomena was initiated during 1988 with startup in the Summer 1988 period. The ideal system utilizing He-II super-phenomena is modeled readily, within the frame of thermodynamics energetics, using the concept of an ideal superleak. The real system however uses porous media of non-ideal pore-grain ingredients. The early phase of experimental and related modeling studies is outlined for the time period from Summer 1988 to the end of 1988.

Frederking, T. H. K.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Slip effects associated with Knudsen transport phenomena in porous media

Porous media used in phase separators and thermomechanical pumps have been the subject of characterization efforts based on the Darcy permeability of laminar continuum flow. The latter is not always observed at low speed, in particular at permeabilities below 10 to the -9th/squared cm. The present experimental and theoretical studies address questions of slip effects associated with long mean free paths of gas flow at room temperature. Data obtained are in good agreement, within data uncertainty, with a simplified asymptotic Knudsen equation proposed for porous plugs on the basis of Knudsen's classical flow equation for long mean free paths.

Frederking, T. H. K.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Sub transitional and supersonic travelling field response in nonlinear viscoelastic media

This paper considers the problem of traveling fields in nonlinearly elastic and viscoelastic media. By introducing the appropriate hierarchical partitioning, the governing equations of motion are shown to be a continuum analogy of Duffing's equation. Through the use of a constrained perturbation procedure, the response behavior is obtained in sub, transitional as well as supersonic ranges of disturbance speed. Due to the generality of the approach taken, the effects of damping can be handled. To quantify the effects of material nonlinearity, strain softening and hardening are considered. Such behavior is quantified in general example problems.

Padovan, Joe↗