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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2004

The Spectrum of the Cosmic X-ray Background Observed by RTXE/PCA

We have analyzed a large set of Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer/Proportional Counter Array (RXTE/PCA) scanning and slewing observations performed between April 1996 and March 1999. We obtained the 3-20 keV spectrum of the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) by subtracting Earth-occulted observations from observations of the X-ray sky at high galactic latitude and far away from sources. The sky coverage is approximately 22.6 x 10(exp 3) square degrees. The PCA spectrum of CXB in 3-20 keV energy band is adequately approximated by a single power law with photon index GAMMA approximately 1.4 and normalization at 1 keV approximately 9.5 phot/s/square centimeter/keV/sr. Instrumental background uncertainty precludes accurate RXTE/PCA measurements of the spectrum of cosmic X-ray background at energies above 15 keV and therefore we cannot detect the high energy cutoff observed by the High Energy Astronomical Observatory (HEAO)-1 A2 experiment. Deep observations of the 6 high latitude points used to model the PCA background provide a coarse measure of the spatial variation of the CXB. The CXB variations are consistent with a fixed spectral shape and variable normalization characterized by a fractional rms amplitude of approximately 7% on angular scales of approximately 1 square deg.

Revnivtsev, M.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Experimental differential and integral electron impact cross sections for the B /1-Sigma-u +/ state of H2 in the intermediate-energy region

Utilizing a crossed electron-beam-molecular-beam scattering technique, differential electron impact cross sections (DCS) for the excitation of the nu prime = 2 vibrational band of the B (1-Sigma-u +) state of H2 have been measured and are presented for the first time. These measurements were made at electron impact energies of 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 eV. At each energy, DCS between scattering angles of 10 and 135 deg were determined. They were then extrapolated to 0 and 180 deg scattering angles to obtain the integral cross sections. These integral cross sections and the Frank-Condon factor for the nu prime = 2 band were used to calculate the total cross sections for the excitation of the B (1-Sigma-u +).

Srivastava, S. K.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Comparing Regional Energy Consumption for Direct Drone and Truck Deliveries

Drone delivery, once thought of as fictitious, is becoming a reality with the efforts of both forward-looking enterprises and supportive government policies. This emerging mode of e-commerce delivery raises many concerns. One important concern is the energy efficiency of direct delivery drones compared with conventional delivery trucks at a regional systems level. Here, in this study, we develop and apply methods to quantify the regional energy impacts of drone delivery, then we assess these impacts and compare them with the impacts of truck delivery. To study this problem, we develop an optimization model that determines an optimal set of fulfillment centers (FCs) with variable service capacities that allow drones to make direct e-commerce deliveries. We adopt two drone delivery energy estimation models from the literature and use them as inputs to demonstrate the potential range of energy needs. We also develop another optimization model to account for the energy consumption of diesel trucks (DTs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). We test the models using validated simulation data for the Chicago metropolitan area in the U.S. to quantify the energy implications of these three delivery modes. For drone delivery, we further extend our analyses by considering the impact of wind speed and flight patterns. Our results show that direct delivery drones require 15.8% more energy than BEVs on an average windy day, and they need 15% more energy than DTs on a very windy day. We provide essential parameter values for reproducibility and list relevant open problems.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Extreme Longitudinal Compression of Optimized Beams for MEV Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (Final Technical Report)

We worked out the design of a high repetition rate MeV energy ultrafast electron diffraction instrument based on the existing Cornell photoinjector, which can readily be applied to the presented findings. This example is a blueprint of other similarly arranged UED setups. Using particle tracking simulations in conjunction with multiobjective genetic algorithm optimization, we explored the smallest bunch lengths, emittance, and probe spot sizes achievable. As two limits, we defined stroboscopic conditions (with single electrons per pulse) and operation with 10 5 electrons per bunch which may be suitable for single-shot diffraction images. In the stroboscopic case, the flexibility provided by the many cavity bunching and acceleration allows for longitudinal phase space linearization without a higher harmonic field, providing sub-fs bunch lengths at the sample. Given low emittance photoemission conditions, these small bunch lengths can be maintained with probe transverse sizes at the single micron (1 μm) scale and below. In the case of 10 5 electrons per pulse, we simulated state-of-the-art 5D brightness conditions: rms bunch lengths of 10 fs with 3-nm normalized emittances, while permitting repetition rates as high as 1.3 GHz. We showed that in conjunction with collimating apertures, a novel focusing scheme achieves very high-quality emittance compensation for the central core of the beam composing 40% of particles, for a resulting beam size of 5 μm (rms). Finally, to aid in the design of new SRF-based ultrafast electron diffraction machines, we simulated the trade-off between the number of cavities used and achievable bunch length and emittance. In the longitudinal dimension, we made use of the fact that MeV UED requires much lower energy than the 15-MeV maxi mum energy of Cornell’s CBETA injector, and we may therefore use several of the SRF cavities for bunch length compression. In practice, we used a genetic optimization algorithm to choose the phases and amplitudes of the cavities appropriately for optimal bunching. In the zero space charge case, we found that bunching and acceleration are distributed across the six cavities in a way that produces a linearizing effect. And we showed that the ultimate bunch length can be limited by time-of-flight differences arising from transverse size and transverse momentum spread. The space charge code developed and used for this development is now permanent part of the Bmad accelerator simulation code and has already contributed to other developments, e.g., for the EIC electron cooler design.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Next-Level Energy Management in Manufacturing: Facility-Level Energy Digital Twin Framework Based on Machine Learning and Automated Data Collection

This research introduces an energy prediction framework at the facility level supported by automated data collection and machine learning models. It investigates whether reducing the prediction time scale allows for applying more complex machine learning techniques and if those techniques improve the prediction accuracy. The primary advantages of this framework lie in its automation of the energy prediction process and its provision of real-time energy data suitable for use in energy dashboards or digital twins. A sitewide dataset was created by combining 15 min energy and daily production data of five shops—assembly, battery, body (electric), body (gas), and paint—from a globally recognized electric vehicle manufacturer. Various machine learning models were evaluated on daily, weekly, and monthly datasets, including, in increasingly complex order: naïve, simple linear regression, net regularized generalized linear regression, principal component regression, k-nearest neighbor, random forest, and Bayesian regularized neural network. Compared to the current state-of-the-art energy consumption prediction for the industrial facility level, this research investigates more complex models and smaller time intervals for higher accuracy. The findings revealed that the more complex monthly models require a minimum of a year and a half of data to operate, while weekly models demand a year of data to achieve improved accuracy. Daily models can operate with only six months of data but exhibit poor performance due to reduced prediction accuracy of production. Key challenges identified include access to reliable, high-quality energy and production data and the initial demand for human labor.

digital twin↗
NASA NTRS1975

Measurements on the development of cascades in a tungsten-scintillator ionization spectrometer

The response of a tungsten-scintillator ionization spectrometer to accelerated particle beams has been investigated. Results obtained from exposure of the approx. 1000 g/sq cm apparatus to 5, 10, and 15 GeV/c electrons and pions as well as to 2.1 GeV/nucleon C-12 and O-16 ions are presented. These results include cascade-development curves, fractions of the primary energy measured by the spectrometer, and resolutions of the apparatus for measuring the primary energies. For 15 GeV/c electrons, an average of about 82% of the incident energy is measured by the apparatus with resolution (normal standard deviation) of about 6%. For 15 GeV/c pions, an average of about 65% of the incident energy is measured with resolution of about 18%. The energy resolution improves with increasing energy and with increasing depth of the spectrometer.

Cheshire, D. L.↗
DOE OSTI2023

350 mJ electro-optically Q-switched 2.79 µm Cr:Er:YSGG MOPA

We report on developing three flashlamp-pumped electro-optically Q-switched Cr:Er:YSGG lasers with the Q-switch based on a La 3 Ga 5 SiO 14 crystal. The “short” laser cavity was optimized for high peak power applications. In this cavity, 300 mJ output energy in 15 ns pulses at a 3 Hz repetition rate was demonstrated with pump energy below 52 J. However, several applications, such as Fe:ZnSe pumping in a gain-switched regime, require longer (∼ 100 ns) pump pulse duration. We developed a 2.9 m long laser cavity that delivers 190 mJ of output energy in 85 ns pulses for these applications. We also demonstrated the Cr:Er:YSGG MOPA system producing 350 mJ output energy at 90 ns pulse duration and 47.5 J of pumping, corresponding to an amplification factor of 3.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS1977

Direct measurement of the ionization states of energetic carbon and oxygen emitted by the sun

The ionization states of carbon and oxygen accelerated in nine solar-flare particle events have been measured for energies between 15 keV per nucleon and 600 keV per nucleon, using the electrostatic energy-charge analyzer aboard the IMP 8 earth-orbiting spacecraft. The ionization states are found to be remarkably constant from flare to flare, despite great variations in other event parameters. The mean ionic charge for carbon is 5.7, and that for oxygen is 6.2; these values show no statistically significant variation with energy over the range of measurements. The observed states are similar to the respective ionization states in the solar wind. The measured ionization charge states of C and O are shown to be consistent with charge equilibrium established with an electron gas at a temperature of about 1.5 million K, the temperature of the quiet corona. This implies either that the charge states are 'frozen-in' and are not changed by subsequent acceleration and propagation, or that the ions are trapped in the quiet corona after acceleration.

Sciambi, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Electron scattering by highly polar molecules. II - LiF

The crossed electron-beam - molecular-beam scattering technique has been used to measure relative values of differential 'elastic' scattering cross sections at electron impact energies of 5.4 and 20 eV for the angular range from 20 to 130 deg. The absolute values of these cross sections have been obtained by normalization to the classical perturbation theory of Dickinson (1977) at a scattering angle of 40 deg. These differential cross sections have then been used to calculate the integral and momentum-transfer cross sections. An energy-loss spectrum at 100 eV electron impact energy and 15 deg scattering angle has also been obtained. Two weak features at the energy losses of 6.74 and 8.82 eV appear. Their energy positions are compared with the recent calculations of Kahn et al. (1974).

Vuskovic, L.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Solar Flare Physics

During the past year we have been working with the HESSI (High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager) team in preparation for launch in early 2001. HESSI has as its primary scientific goal photometric imaging and spectroscopy of solar flares in hard X-rays and gamma-rays with an approx. 2 sec angular resolution, approx. keV energy resolution and approx. 2 s time resolution over the 6 keV to 15 MeV energy range. We have performed tests of the imager using a specially designed experiment which exploits the second-harmonic response of HESSI's sub-collimators to an artificial X-ray source at a distance of 1550 cm from its front grids. Figures show the response to X-rays at energies in the range where HESSI is expected to image solar flares. To prepare the team and the solar user community for imaging flares with HESSI, we have written a description of the major imaging concepts. This paper will be submitted for publication in a referred journal.

Schmahl, Edward J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Enhancement of solar heavy nuclei at high energies in the 4 July 1974 event

Relative abundances of energetic nuclei in the 4 July 1974 solar event are presented. The results show a marked enhancement of abundances that systematically increase with nuclear charge numbers in the range of the observation, 6 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 26 for energies above 15 MeV/nucleon. While such enhancements are commonly seen below 10 MeV/nucleon, most observations at higher energies are found to be consistent with solar system abundances. The energy spectrum of oxygen is observed to be significantly steeper than most other solar events studied in this energy region. It is proposed that these observations are characteristic of particle populations at energies approximately 1 MeV/nucleon, and that the anomalous features observed here may be the result of the high energy extension of such a population that is commonly masked by other processes or populations that might occur in larger solar events.

Bertsch, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Enhancement of solar heavy nuclei at high energies in the 4 July 1974 event

Relative abundances of energetic nuclei in the July 4, 1974, solar event are presented. The results show a marked enhancement of abundances that systematically increase with nuclear charge numbers in the range of the observation (Z between 6 and 26) for energies above 15 MeV/nucl. While such enhancements are commonly seen below 10 MeV/nucl, most observations at higher energies are found to be consistent with solar-system abundances. The energy spectrum of oxygen is observed to be significantly steeper than most other solar events studied in this energy region. It is proposed that these observations are characteristic of particle populations at energies of the order of 1 MeV/nucl and that the anomalous features observed may be the result of the high-energy extension of such a population that is commonly masked by other processes or populations that might occur in larger solar events.

Bertsch, D. L.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Determination of the titanium spectral function from ($e,e'p$) data

The E12-14-012 experiment, performed in Jefferson Lab Hall A, has measured the (e, e'p) cross section in parallel kinematics using a natural titanium target. In this paper, we report the analysis of the dataset obtained in different kinematics for our solid natural titanium target. Data were obtained in a range of missing momentum and missing energy between 15 ≲ p m ≲ 250 MeV / c and 12 ≲ E m ≲ 80 MeV, respectively, and using an electron beam energy of 2.2 GeV. We measured the reduced cross section with ~7% accuracy as a function of both missing momentum and missing energy. Furthermore, our Monte Carlo simulation, including both a model spectral function and the effects of final-state interactions, satisfactorily reproduces the data.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Cross section of neutrons from the H 2 ( n , 2 n ) reaction at E n = 15 MeV

In this work, the double-differential cross section of the deuteron breakup reaction 2 H(n, 2n) has been studied experimentally with a neutron beam energy of 15 MeV. Special attention has been devoted to estimation of background condition and multiple scattering effect in the scattering sample. Experimental data have been compared with models based on phase-space approximation used in the ENDF/B-VIII.0 data library and in the MCNP neutron transport code, as well as with rigorous model based on Faddeev equations used for cross section evaluations in JENDL data library. It was found that experimental data are better reproduced by Faddeev model, however, the model overestimates data in the low-energy region of the neutron spectrum (<4 MeV)

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

ResStock Dataset 2024.1 Documentation

Public ResStock datasets provide credible, relevant, and accessible information on energy use and related non-energy metrics to a variety of stakeholders in the residential buildings space. The current public datasets include baseline building characteristics, timeseries (15-minute) energy consumption, and timeseries carbon emissions for the baseline (existing) U.S. housing stock and the U.S. housing stock with 10 "what-if" energy measure packages applied. This report documents a new public ResStock dataset to complement and build upon the existing public datasets. This dataset is specifically intended to be a resource for state and local decision-makers considering options for energy retrofits for their housing stock to reduce carbon emissions, energy use, and/or utility bills. These data consist of housing stock characteristics and modeled full-year energy consumption, carbon emission, energy bill, and energy burden data for the baseline U.S. housing stock as well as the U.S. housing stock with 260 "what-if" energy measure packages applied. These measure packages include measures related to the building envelope, appliances, pools and spas, lighting, water heating, and HVAC (including efficiency improvements and fuel switching with equipment at a range of performance levels) in a variety of combinations. This report provides methodology information on the generation of this dataset and serves as a key part of the dataset's public documentation.

buildings↗
NASA NTRS1984

s-wave threshold in electron attachment - Results in 2-C4F6 and CFCl3 at ultra-low electron energies

Electron attachment lineshapes and cross sections are reported for the processes 2-C4F6(-)/2-C4F6 and Cl(-)/CFCl3 at electron energies of 0-120 and 0-140 meV, and at resolutions of 6 and 7 meV (FWHM), respectively. As in previous measurements in CCl4 and SF6, the results show resolution-limited narrow structure in the cross section at electron energies below 15 meV. This structure arises from the divergence of the s-wave cross section in the limit of zero electron energy. Comparisons are given with swarm-measured results, and with collisional ionization (high-Rydberg attachment) data in this energy range.

Chutjian, A.↗