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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Zero Voltage Switching AC-DC Converter Based on Zero State Modulation (ZSM)

In this paper, a half-bridge building block that can achieve soft switching across the complete operating range while operating under fixed frequency is proposed. In addition, dead-beat model predictive controls to control the same are also proposed. The proposed converter, referred to as zero-state modulated (ZSM) converter, uses a zero state, enabled by a small auxiliary switch, to achieve soft-switching. The approach allows lower switching loss, controlled dv/dt, small filter inductor, fixed frequency operation allowing interleaving to reduce filter capacitor. A single half-bridge building block can used to realize a ZVS DC-DC converter or multiple of these building blocks can be used to achieve soft switching 1-phase or 3-phase AC-DC converters.

Kandula, Prasad↗
DOE OSTI2012

Sub-Doppler Spectra of Infrared Hyperfine Transitions of Nitric Oxide Using a Pulse Modulated Quantum Cascade Laser: Rapid Passage, Free Induction Decay and the AC Stark Effect

Using a low power, rapid (nsec) pulse-modulated quantum cascade (QC) laser, collective coherent effects in the 5 {micro}m spectrum of nitric oxide have been demonstrated by the observation of sub-Doppler hyperfine splitting and also Autler-Townes splitting of Doppler broadened lines. For nitrous oxide, experiments and model calculations have demonstrated that two main effects occur with ulsemodulated (chirped) quantum cascade lasers: free induction decay signals, and signals induced by rapid passage during the laser chirp. In the open shell molecule, NO, in which both {Lambda}-doubling splitting and hyperfine structure occur, laser field-induced coupling between the hyperfine levels of the two {Lambda}-doublet components can induce a large AC Stark effect. This may be observed as sub-Doppler structure, field-induced splittings, or Autler-Townes splitting of a Doppler broadened line. These represent an extension of the types of behaviour observed in the closed shell molecule nitrous oxide, using the same apparatus, when probed with an 8 {micro}m QC laser.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2011

Recent Upgrade of the Klystron Modulator at SLAC

The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory employs 244 klystron modulators on its two-mile-long linear accelerator that has been operational since the early days of the SLAC establishment in the sixties. Each of these original modulators was designed to provide 250 kV, 262 A and 3.5 {mu}S at up to 360 pps using an inductance-capacitance resonant charging system, a modified type-E pulse-forming network (PFN), and a pulse transformer. The modulator internal control comprised of large step-start resistor-contactors, vacuum-tube amplifiers, and 120 Vac relays for logical signals. A major, power-component-only upgrade, which began in 1983 to accommodate the required beam energy of the SLAC Linear Collider (SLC) project, raised the modulator peak output capacity to 360 kV, 420 A and 5.0 {mu}S at a reduced pulse repetition rate of 120 pps. In an effort to improve safety, performance, reliability and maintainability of the modulator, this recent upgrade focuses on the remaining three-phase AC power input and modulator controls. The upgrade includes the utilization of primary SCR phase control rectifiers, integrated fault protection and voltage regulation circuitries, and programmable logic controllers (PLC) -- with an emphasis on component physical layouts for safety and maintainability concerns. In this paper, we will describe the design and implementation of each upgraded component in the modulator control system. We will also report the testing and present status of the modified modulators.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Lightweight PV Inverters: Dual Bi-Directional IGBTs Modules Enables Breakthrough PV Inverter Using Current Modulation Topology

Solar ADEPT Project: PV inverters convert DC power generated by modules into usable AC power. IPC’s initial 30kW 94lb. PV inverter reduces the weight of comparable 30kW PV inverters by 90%—reducing the cost of materials, manufacturing, shipping, and installation. With ARPA-E support, new bi-directional silicon power switches will be developed, commercialized, and utilized in IPC’s next-generation PV inverter. With these components, IPC will produce 100kW inverters that weight less than 100lb., reducing the weight of conventional 3,000lb. 100kW inverters by more than 95%. The new power switches will cut IPC’s $/W manufacturing cost in half, as well as further reduce indirect shipping and installation costs.

ARPA-E↗
DOE OSTI2014

Spin force and the generation of sustained spin current in time-dependent Rashba and Dresselhaus systems

The generation of spin current and spin polarization in a two-dimensional electron gas structure is studied in the presence of Dresselhaus and Rashba spin-orbit couplings (SOC), the strength of the latter being modulated in time by an ac gate voltage. By means of the non-Abelian gauge field approach, we established the relation between the Lorentz spin force and the spin current in the SOC system, and showed that the longitudinal component of the spin force induces a transverse spin current. For a constant (time-invariant) Rashba system, we recover the universal spin Hall conductivity of e/(8π) , derived previously via the Berry phase and semi-classical methods. In the case of a time-dependent SOC system, the spin current is sustained even under strong impurity scattering. We evaluated the ac spin current generated by a time-modulated Rashba SOC in the absence of any dc electric field. The magnitude of the spin current reaches a maximum when the modulation frequency matches the Larmor frequency of the electrons.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Analytical Analysis of Ac and Dc Side Harmonics of Three-level Active Neutral Point Clamped Inverter with Space Vector Modulation

This paper presents a comprehensive analytical analysis of the ac and dc side harmonics of the three-level active neutral point clamped (ANPC) inverter with space vector modulation (SVM) scheme. An analytical model to calculate the harmonics of a three-level converter with SVM is developed. The ac side output voltage harmonics and dc side current harmonics characteristics are calculated and analyzed. With the developed models, the impact of interleaving on both sides harmonics are studied which considers the modulation index, interleaving angle, and power factor. The analysis provides guideline for interleaving angle optimization to reduce the ac side power filter and dc side dc-link capacitor. The relationship between electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter corner frequency and switching frequency is also analytically derived which provides guideline for switching frequency and EMI filter design optimization. Two paralleled three-level ANPC inverters are constructed and experimental results are presented to verify the analytical analysis.

Chen, Ruirui↗
DOE OSTI2012

Methods, systems and apparatus for controlling operation of two alternating current (AC) machines

A system is provided for controlling two AC machines. The system comprises a DC input voltage source that provides a DC input voltage, a voltage boost command control module (VBCCM), a five-phase PWM inverter module coupled to the two AC machines, and a boost converter coupled to the inverter module and the DC input voltage source. The boost converter is designed to supply a new DC input voltage to the inverter module having a value that is greater than or equal to a value of the DC input voltage. The VBCCM generates a boost command signal (BCS) based on modulation indexes from the two AC machines. The BCS controls the boost converter such that the boost converter generates the new DC input voltage in response to the BCS. When the two AC machines require additional voltage that exceeds the DC input voltage required to meet a combined target mechanical power required by the two AC machines, the BCS controls the boost converter to drive the new DC input voltage generated by the boost converter to a value greater than the DC input voltage.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2019

On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout

Frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of large arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each TES in a multiplexing module has a unique AC voltage bias that is selected by a resonant filter. This scheme provides for the operation and readout of multiple bolometers on a single pair of wires, reducing thermal loading onto sub-Kelvin stages. The current receiver on the South Pole Telescope, SPT-3G, uses a 68x fMux system to operate its large-format camera of ~16,000 TES bolometers. We present here the successful implementation and performance of the SPT-3G readout as measured on-sky. Characterization of the noise reveals a median pair-differenced 1/f knee frequency of 33 mHz, indicating that low-frequency noise in the readout will not limit SPT-3G’s measurements of sky power on large angular scales. Measurements further show that the median readout white noise level in each of the SPT-3G observing bands is below the expectation for photon noise, demonstrating that SPT-3G is operating in the photon-noise-dominated regime.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Three-phase differential mode converter

A system for charging a battery includes three sub-modules, each receiving a respective phase of a three-phase alternating current (AC) signal. The three sub-modules cooperate to transform the respective phases of the three-phase AC signal to a direct current (DC) signal by passing the respective phases of the three-phase AC signal through a respective semiconductor device configured to discontinuously modulate the respective phase of the three-phase AC signal to convert it to a DC signal provided to the battery to charge the battery.

Mazumder, Sudip K.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Three-phase differential mode converter

A system for charging a battery includes three sub-modules, each receiving a respective phase of a three-phase alternating current (AC) signal. The three sub-modules cooperate to transform the respective phases of the three-phase AC signal to a direct current (DC) signal by passing the respective phases of the three-phase AC signal through a respective semiconductor device configured to discontinuously modulate the respective phase of the three-phase AC signal to convert it to a DC signal provided to the battery to charge the battery.

Mazumder, Sudip K.↗
DOE OSTI2012

Methods, systems and apparatus for synchronous current regulation of a five-phase machine

Methods, systems and apparatus are provided for controlling operation of and regulating current provided to a five-phase machine when one or more phases has experienced a fault or has failed. In one implementation, the disclosed embodiments can be used to synchronously regulate current in a vector controlled motor drive system that includes a five-phase AC machine, a five-phase inverter module coupled to the five-phase AC machine, and a synchronous current regulator.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Designing an Intrusion Proof Adjustable Speed Drive System Controlling a Critical Process

In this paper, an intrusion proof adjustable speed drive system controlling a critical process in an industrial control system is detailed. In such a system, should the motor speed sensor signal data be compromised and/or altered via a cyber-attack, the system can potentially be unregulated, over speed and/or malfunction thereby disrupting the critical process. The proposed active detection scheme detailed in this paper introduces a private (secret) random signal termed as "watermark" into the inverter control signal that determines the PWM gating signals of the DC-AC inverter powering the motor. The watermarking signal introduced into the PWM modulation for the DC-AC inverter is shown to propagates its unique signature, which appears in all sensors signals at the inverter output such as voltage/current/speed used to control the motor. Now employing the measured data (from sensors), two statistical variance tests are conducted to identify anomalies if any in the presence of the watermarking signal. It is shown when an intrusion occurs to manipulate the sensor data to disturb and/or destabilize the process, the proposed tests immediately display a high value indicating a compromise in sensor data. It is shown that the proposed system is capable of immediate detection of a sophisticated attacks such as record/reply attack in which the actual speed sensor is disconnected and a prerecorded speed signal from the past of the same magnitude is played back to the controller. Several types of cyber-attacks such as speed reduction/increase including vibration have been tested. Extensive simulation results verify the proposed concepts. Experimental results will be discussed in the conference presentation.

Alotaibi, Faris↗
DOE OSTI2012

Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity Benchmark Testing of the Chevrolet Volt Onboard Charger

The Chevrolet Volt onboard charge module, which converts alternating current (AC) power into direct current (DC) power to charge the vehicle’s onboard energy storage system, was benchmark tested for AC to DC efficiency by the Idaho National Laboratory as part of its conduct of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity. Charging with Level 2 electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) at 208 VAC input (60 Hz), the Volt onboard charge module was calculated to be 91.7% efficient while operating between 3.0 AC kW and 3.3 AC kW. Charging with Level 1 EVSE at 120 VAC input (60 Hz) the Volt onboard charge module was calculated to be 90.6% efficient while operating near 1.3 AC kW. Given that most Level 2 EVSE are greater than 99% efficient1 when operating above 3.0 AC kW (Level 2) and a Level 1 EVSE was measured to be 98% efficient2 when operating above 1.25 AC kW (120VAC), the average overall AC to DC charging efficiency for the Chevrolet Volt connected to an EVSE (from the AC grid through the EVSE and the Volt’s onboard charge module OBCM) is 90.8% for Level 2 and 88.8% for Level 1.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Quinone-induced protein handling changes: Implications for major protein handling systems in quinone-mediated toxicity

Para-quinones such as 1,4-Benzoquinone (BQ) and menadione (MD) and ortho-quinones including the oxidation products of catecholamines, are derived from xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules. The effects of quinones on major protein handling systems in cells; the 20/26S proteasome, the ER stress response, autophagy, chaperone proteins and aggresome formation, have not been investigated in a systematic manner. Both BQ and aminochrome (AC) inhibited proteasomal activity and activated the ER stress response and autophagy in rat dopaminergic N27 cells. AC also induced aggresome formation while MD had little effect on any protein handling systems in N27 cells. The effect of NQO1 on quinone induced protein handling changes and toxicity was examined using N27 cells stably transfected with NQO1 to generate an isogenic NQO1-overexpressing line. NQO1 protected against BQ–induced apoptosis but led to a potentiation of AC- and MD-induced apoptosis. Modulation of quinone-induced apoptosis in N27 and NQO1-overexpressing cells correlated only with changes in the ER stress response and not with changes in other protein handling systems. These data suggested that NQO1 modulated the ER stress response to potentiate toxicity of AC and MD, but protected against BQ toxicity. We further demonstrated that NQO1 mediated reduction to unstable hydroquinones and subsequent redox cycling was important for the activation of the ER stress response and toxicity for both AC and MD. In summary, our data demonstrate that quinone-specific changes in protein handling are evident in N27 cells and the induction of the ER stress response is associated with quinone-mediated toxicity. - Highlights: • Unstable hydroquinones contributed to quinone-induced ER stress and toxicity.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Measurement of elastoresistivity at finite frequency by amplitude demodulation

Elastoresistivity, the relation between resistivity and strain, can elucidate subtle properties of the electronic structure of a material and is an increasingly important tool for the study of strongly correlated materials. To date, elastoresistivity measurements have been predominantly performed with quasi-static (DC) strain. In this work, we demonstrate a method for using AC strain in elastoresistivity measurements. A sample experiencing AC strain has a time-dependent resistivity, which modulates the voltage produced by an AC current; this effect produces time-dependent variations in resisitivity that are directly proportional to the elastoresistivity, and which can be measured more quickly, with less strain on the sample, and with less stringent requirements for temperature stability than the previous DC technique. Example measurements between 10 Hz and 3 kHz are performed on a material with a large, well-characterized and temperature dependent elastoresistivity: the representative iron-based superconductor BaFe 1:975 Co 0:025 As 2 . These measurements yield a frequency independent elastoresistivity and reproduce results from previous DC elastoresistivity methods to within experimental accuracy. We emphasize that the dynamic (AC) elastoresistivity is a distinct material-speci c property that has not previously been considered.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

System and method for determining stator winding resistance in an AC motor using motor drives

A system and method for determining the stator winding resistance of AC motors is provided. The system includes an AC motor drive having an input connectable to an AC source and an output connectable to an input terminal of an AC motor, a pulse width modulation (PWM) converter having switches therein to control current flow and terminal voltages in the AC motor, and a control system connected to the PWM converter. The control system generates a command signal to cause the PWM converter to control an output of the AC motor drive corresponding to an input to the AC motor, selectively generates a modified command signal to cause the PWM converter to inject a DC signal into the output of the AC motor drive, and determines a stator winding resistance of the AC motor based on the DC signal of at least one of the voltage and current.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2013

Quantum-ring spin interference device tuned by quantum point contacts

We introduce a spin-interference device that comprises a quantum ring (QR) with three embedded quantum point contacts (QPCs) and study theoretically its spin transport properties in the presence of Rashba spin-orbit interaction. Two of the QPCs conform the lead-to-ring junctions while a third one is placed symmetrically in the upper arm of the QR. Using an appropriate scattering model for the QPCs and the S-matrix scattering approach, we analyze the role of the QPCs on the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) and Aharonov-Casher (AC) conductance oscillations of the QR-device. Exact formulas are obtained for the spin-resolved conductances of the QR-device as a function of the confinement of the QPCs and the AB/AC phases. Conditions for the appearance of resonances and anti-resonances in the spin-conductance are derived and discussed. We predict very distinctive variations of the QR-conductance oscillations not seen in previous QR proposals. In particular, we find that the interference pattern in the QR can be manipulated to a large extend by varying electrically the lead-to-ring topological parameters. The latter can be used to modulate the AB and AC phases by applying gate voltage only. We have shown also that the conductance oscillations exhibits a crossover to well-defined resonances as the lateral QPC confinement strength is increased, mapping the eigenenergies of the QR. In addition, unique features of the conductance arise by varying the aperture of the upper-arm QPC and the Rashba spin-orbit coupling. Our results may be of relevance for promising spin-orbitronics devices based on quantum interference mechanisms.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗