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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

A Tertiary Carbon–Iron Bond as an Fe I Cl Synthon and the Reductive Alkylation of Diphosphine-Supported Iron(II) Chloride Complexes to Low-Valent Iron

We explored ligand-induced reduction of ferrous alkyl complexes via homolytic cleavage of the alkyl fragment with simple chelating diphosphines. The reactivities of the sodium salts of diphenylmethane, phenyl(trimethylsilyl)methane, or diphenyl(trimethylsilyl)methane were explored in their reactivity with (py) 4 FeCl 2 . Furthermore, we prepared a series of monoalkylated salts of the type (py) 2 FeRCl and characterized from the addition of 1 equiv of the corresponding alkyl sodium species. These complexes are isostructural and have similar magnetic properties. The double alkylation of (py) 4 FeCl 2 resulted in the formation of tetrahedral high-spin iron complexes with the sodium salts of diphenylmethane and phenyl(trimethylsilyl)methane that readily decomposed. A bis(cyclohexadienyl) sandwich complex was formed with the addition of 2 equiv of the tertiary alkyl species sodium diphenyl(trimethylsilyl)methane. The addition of chelating phosphines to (py) 2 FeRCl resulted in the overall transfer of Fe(I) chloride concurrent with loss of pyridine and alkyl radical. (dmpe) 2 FeCl was synthesized via addition of 1 equiv of sodium diphenyl(trimethylsilyl)methane, whereas the addition of 2 equiv of the sodium compound to (dmpe) 2 FeCl 2 gave the reduced Fe(0) nitrogen complex (dmpe) 2 Fe(N 2 ). Our results demonstrate that iron–alkyl homolysis can be used to afford clean, low-valent iron complexes without the use of alkali metals.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Mechanism of Phenol Alkylation in Zeolite H-BEA Using In Situ Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Alkylation of phenolic compounds in the liquid phase is of fundamental and practical importance to the conversion of biomass-derived feedstocks into fuels and chemicals. In this work, the reaction mechanism for phenol alkylation with cyclohexanol and cyclohexene has been investigated on a commercial HBEA zeolite by in situ 13C MAS NMR, using decalin as the solvent. From the variable temperature 13C MAS NMR measurements of phenol and cyclohexanol adsorption on HBEA from decalin solutions, it is shown that the two molecules have similar adsorption strength in the HBEA pore. Phenol alkylation with cyclohexanol, however, becomes significantly measurable only after cyclohexanol is largely converted to cyclohexene via dehydration. This is in contrast to the initially rapid alkylation of phenol when using cyclohexene as the co-reactant. 13C isotope scrambling results demonstrate that the electrophile, presumably cyclohexyl carbenium ion, is directly formed in a protonation step when cyclohexene is the co-reactant, but requires re-adsorption of the alcohol dehydration product, cyclohexene, when cyclohexanol dimer is the dominant surface species (e.g., at 0.5 M cyclohexanol concentration) that is unable to generate carbenium ion. At the initial reaction stage of phenol-cyclohexanol alkylation on HBEA, the presence of the cyclohexanol dimer species hinders the adsorption of cyclohexene at the Brønsted acid site and the subsequent activation of the more potent electrophile (carbenium ion). Isotope scrambling data also show that intramolecular rearrangement of cyclohexyl phenyl ether, the O-alkylation product, does not significantly contribute to the formation of C-alkylation products.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Vapor pressures of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquids with long alkyl chains

This work presents the vapor pressure at several temperatures for the 1,3-dialkylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide series, [C{sub N/2}C{sub N/2}im][NTf{sub 2}] (N = 14, 16, 18, and 20), measured by a Knudsen effusion method combined with a quartz crystal microbalance. The thermodynamic properties of vaporization of the ionic liquids under study are analysed together with the results obtained previously for the shorter alkyl chain length [C{sub N/2}C{sub N/2}im][NTf{sub 2}] (N = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12), in order to evaluate the effect of the alkyl side chains of the cation and to get additional insights concerning the nanostructuration of ionic liquids. The symmetry effect is explored, based on the comparison with the asymmetric imidazolium based ionic liquids, [C{sub N-1}C{sub 1}im][NTf{sub 2}]. A trend shift on the thermodynamic properties of vaporization along the alkyl side chains of the extended symmetric ionic liquids, around [C{sub 6}C{sub 6}im][NTf{sub 2}], was detected. An intensification of the odd-even effect was observed starting from [C{sub 6}C{sub 6}im][NTf{sub 2}], with higher enthalpies and entropies of vaporization for the odd numbered ionic liquids, [C{sub 7}C{sub 7}im][NTf{sub 2}] and [C{sub 9}C{sub 9}im][NTf{sub 2}]. Similar, but less pronounced, odd-even effect was found for the symmetric ionic liquids with lower alkyl side chains length, [C{sub N/2}C{sub N/2}im][NTf{sub 2}] (with N = 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12). This effect is related with the predominant orientation of the terminal methyl group of the alkyl chain to the imidazolium ring and their influence in the cation-anion interaction. The same Critical Alkyl length at the hexyl, (C{sub 6}C{sub 1}and C{sub 6}C{sub 6}) was found for both asymmetric and symmetric series indicating that the nanostructuration of the ionic liquids is related with alkyl chain length.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Base-Free Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Alkyl Formates and Organic Esters at Mild Temperature

The pincer-ligated ruthenium complex ( iPr PN H P)Ru(CO)H 2 ( iPr PN H P = ( i Pr 2 PC 2 H 4 ) 2 NH) is an active catalyst for the transfer hydrogenation of alkyl formates (HCO 2 R) and organic esters (RCO 2 R′) to the corresponding alcohols under base-free reaction conditions at mild temperatures. Specifically, a range of alkyl formate esters were reduced to MeOH and the corresponding alcohols in high yields using ( iPr PN H P)Ru(CO)H 2 as the catalyst and isopropanol ( i PrOH) as the hydrogen donor at 30 °C. The first step in the process is the metal-catalyzed transesterification of the alkyl formate with i PrOH to generate isopropyl formate, which is then reduced. The use of i PrOH as the hydrogen donor is crucial. ( iPr PN H P)Ru(CO)H 2 can also catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of a broad range of organic esters, including cyclic, acyclic, heteroatom-substituted, and long-chain bio-derived esters, to the corresponding alcohols in good yields using ethanol (EtOH) as the hydrogen donor at 55 °C. Computational studies were used to elucidate the proposed pathway for alkyl formate reduction and the underlying reasons why i PrOH is the most effective hydrogen donor for alkyl formate reduction, while EtOH is optimal for organic ester reduction. Overall, this work describes a highly active catalyst for alkyl formate and organic ester transfer hydrogenation and provides mechanistic insight into the factors responsible for the strong catalytic performance. Finally, these findings will be valuable for designing catalysts for both transfer hydrogenation and related reactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Alkyl and Aromatic Amines as Digestive Ripening/Size Focusing Agents for Gold Nanoparticles

Both long chain alkyl thiols and alkyl amines behave as size focusing agents for gold nanoparticles, a process that is under thermodynamic control. However, amines do not oxidize surface gold atoms while thiols do oxidize surface gold to gold(I) with evolution of hydrogen gas. Therefore, alkyl amines participate in digestive ripening by a different mechanism. The efficiency of alkyl amines for this process is described and compared, and ultimate gold particle size differences are discussed. Reported herein is a detailed investigation of alkyl chain lengths for alkyl amines, aromatic amines (aniline), and unusually reactive amines (2-phenylethyl amine). Also, two methods of preparation of the crude gold nanoparticles were employed: gold ion reduction/inverse micelle vs. metal vaporization (Solvated Metal Atom Dispersion—SMAD).

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1992

Alkyl phosphonic acids and sulfonic acids in the Murchison meteorite

Homologous series of alkyl phosphonic acids and alkyl sulfonic acids, along with inorganic orthophosphate and sulfate, are identified in water extracts of the Murchison meteorite after conversion to their t-butyl dimethylsilyl derivatives. The methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl compounds are observed in both series. Five of the eight possible alkyl phosphonic acids and seven of the eight possible alkyl sulfonic acids through C4 are identified. Abundances decrease with increasing carbon number as observed of other homologous series indigenous to Murchison. Concentrations range downward from approximately 380 nmol/gram in the alkyl sulfonic acid series, and from 9 nmol/gram in the alkyl phosphonic acid series.

Cooper, George W.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Radical Borylation of Alkyl Bromides by Photoinduced Halogen‐Atom Transfer

Alkyl organoboron compounds are versatile synthons in organic synthesis, enabling rapid access to a variety of carbon─carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. As such, strategies to efficiently access carbon-boron bonds from simple chemical feedstocks are highly desirable. The radical borylation of alkyl bromides presents an attractive approach. However, the activation of alkyl bromides typically requires strong reductants or transition-metal catalysts. Herein, we report a metal-free radical borylation strategy of various alkyl bromides utilizing a photoinduced silyl radical to mediate a halogen-atom transfer process. This method demonstrates broad utility and functional group tolerance among various primary, secondary, and tertiary unactivated alkyl bromides and can facilitate the functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant motifs. Mechanistic and computational studies support a radical-chain pathway involving a silyl radical-mediated halogen-atom transfer.

Alkyls↗
DOE OSTI2020

Alkylation of lignin-derived aromatic oxygenates with cyclic alcohols on acidic zeolites

Moderately strong BAS and spacious microporous environments (i.e., large-pore acidic zeolites HBEA and HY) are important criteria for efficient alkylation of phenols with cyclic alcohols and alkenes, while very strong BAS appear to be responsible for catalyst deactivation. BAS confined in HBEA and HY pores show substantially higher turnover frequencies compared to solids without molecularly sized pore constraints. HBEA favors the formation of mono-alkylates, while enhanced formation of di-alkylates is observed on HY. Dehydration of alcohols always dominates over the alkylation at the onset of the reaction. Carbenium ions, the direct electrophile for aromatic oxygenates, are produced mainly from the adsorption and protonation of olefins. The present study shows that for the alkylation of phenols and cyclic alcohols in apolar liquids, the alcohol concentration should be kept low to avoid the formation of unreactive surface dimers and mitigate their inhibitory effects on olefin adsorption and protonation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Alkyl Chain End Group Engineering of Small Molecule Acceptors for Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells

Alkyl chain engineering is widely used to prepare high-performance donor materials. However, relatively few studies have been focused on the alkyl chain optimization of acceptor materials. Herein, a series of new A-D-A (acceptor-donor-acceptor) type small molecule acceptors (ITBTR-C2, ITBTR-C4, ITBTR-C6, and ITBTR-C8) with indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene (IDTT) as the core, benzothiadiazole (BT) as the π bridge, and ethyl-, butyl-, hexyl-, and octyl-substituted 2-(1,1-dicyanomethylene) rhodanine as the end groups, respectively, are successfully synthesized to systematically investigate the alkyl substituent effects on the physical, chemical, and electronic properties of A-D-A type small molecule acceptors. All molecules exhibit a strong and broad absorption from 600 to 800 nm as well as similar HOMO and LUMO energy levels. ITBTR-C6 with hexyl substitution showed the highest electron mobility and better phase separation morphology after blending with a donor polymer (PBDB-T). Therefore, inverted bulk heterojunction organic solar cells based on ITBTR-C6:PBDB-T blends exhibit the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.26% with an open-circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 0.89 V, a high short-circuit current density ( J SC ) of 15.80 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 58.21%, while the PCEs of ITBTR-C2-, ITBTR-C4-, and ITBTR-C8-based devices are 7.04%, 7.43%, and 7.93%, respectively. After solvent vapor and thermal annealing, both the J SC and FF values of the ITBTR-C6-based device further increased, leading to a PCE of 9.29%. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the alkyl chain substitution of A-D-A type small molecule acceptors is critical, and an appropriate adjustment of the alkyl chains can effectively enhance device performance.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

A Facile Method to Fine‐Tune Polymer Aggregation Properties and Blend Morphology of Polymer Solar Cells Using Donor Polymers with Randomly Distributed Alkyl Chains

Abstract The device performance of polymer solar cells (PSCs) is strongly dependent on the blend morphology. One of the strategies for improving PSC performance is side‐chain engineering, which plays an important role in controlling the aggregation properties of the polymers and thus the domain crystallinity/purity of the donor–acceptor blends. In particular, for a family of high‐performance donor polymers with strong temperature‐dependent aggregation properties, the device performances are very sensitive to the size of alkyl chains, and the best device performance can only be achieved with an optimized odd‐numbered alkyl chain. However, the synthetic route of odd‐numbered alkyl chains is costly and complicated, which makes it difficult for large‐scale synthesis. Here, this study presents a facile method to optimize the aggregation properties and blend morphology by employing donor polymers with a mixture of two even‐numbered, randomly distributed alkyl chains. In a model polymer system, this study suggests that the structural and electronic properties of the random polymers comprising a mixture of 2‐octyldodecyl and 2‐decyltetradecyl alkyl chains can be systematically tuned by varying the mixing ratio, and a high power conversion efficiency (11.1%) can be achieved. This approach promotes the scalability of donor polymers and thus facilitates the commercialization of PSCs.

Yao, Huatong↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Influence of Alkyl Spacers and Molecular Weight on the Charge Transport and Storage Properties of Oxy‐Bithiophene‐Based Conjugated Polymers

Abstract Conjugated polymers (CPs) with polar side chains can conduct electronic and ionic charges simultaneously, making them promising for bioelectronics, electrocatalysis and energy storage. Recent work showed that adding alkyl spacers between CP backbones and polar side chains improved electronic charge carrier mobility, reduced swelling and enhanced stability, without compromising ion transport. However, how alkyl spacers impact polymer backbone conformation and, subsequently, electronic properties remain unclear. In this work, we design two oxy‐bithiophene‐based CP series, each featuring progressively extended alkyl spacer lengths and two distinct molecular weight (MW) distributions. Using operando characterisations, we evaluate the (spectro)electrochemical and swelling properties of the polymer thin films, and their performance in organic field‐effect transistors and organic electrochemical transistors. Surprisingly, alkyl spacers negatively impact the hole mobility of our polymers, with higher MW amplifying this effect. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that it is thermodynamically favourable for adjacent non‐polar alkyl spacers to aggregate in polar electrolytes, leading to backbone twisting. Further spectroscopic measurements corroborate this prediction. Our findings demonstrate the active interactions between side chain structure, MW and electrolyte/solvent polarity in influencing polymer performance, underscoring the importance of considering solvation environment effects on polymer conformation when designing new mixed conducting CPs for electrochemical applications.

Yu, Hang [Department of Physics and Centre for Pro↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Influence of Alkyl Spacers and Molecular Weight on the Charge Transport and Storage Properties of Oxy‐Bithiophene‐Based Conjugated Polymers

Conjugated polymers (CPs) with polar side chains can conduct electronic and ionic charges simultaneously, making them promising for bioelectronics, electrocatalysis and energy storage. Recent work showed that adding alkyl spacers between CP backbones and polar side chains improved electronic charge carrier mobility, reduced swelling and enhanced stability, without compromising ion transport. However, how alkyl spacers impact polymer backbone conformation and, subsequently, electronic properties remain unclear. In this work, we design two oxy-bithiophene-based CP series, each featuring progressively extended alkyl spacer lengths and two distinct molecular weight (MW) distributions. Using operando characterisations, we evaluate the (spectro)electrochemical and swelling properties of the polymer thin films, and their performance in organic field-effect transistors and organic electrochemical transistors. Surprisingly, alkyl spacers negatively impact the hole mobility of our polymers, with higher MW amplifying this effect. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that it is thermodynamically favourable for adjacent non-polar alkyl spacers to aggregate in polar electrolytes, leading to backbone twisting. Further spectroscopic measurements corroborate this prediction. Our findings demonstrate the active interactions between side chain structure, MW and electrolyte/solvent polarity in influencing polymer performance, underscoring the importance of considering solvation environment effects on polymer conformation when designing new mixed conducting CPs for electrochemical applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Manipulating the morphology and textural property of γ-AlOOH by modulating the alkyl chain length of cation in ionic liquid

Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • γ-AlOOH was the only product in all experiments. • Different morphology of γ-AlOOH was obtained according to the alkyl chain length. • The textural property of γ-AlOOH was changed according to the alkyl chain length. • The possible formation mechanisms for hollow sphere and microflower were proposed. - Abstract: We demonstrated that the morphology and textural property of γ-AlOOH can be tuned by modulating the alkyl chain length of cation in [C{sub n}mim]{sup +}Cl{sup −} (n = 4, 8, 16). Using the short alkyl chain length-based [C{sub 4}mim]{sup +}Cl{sup −} as the structure-directed reagent, the morphology of γ-AlOOH was not changed and preserved as the hollow sphere structure in all experiments. The specific area and the number of small meso-pores of γ-AlOOH increased with the increase of [C{sub 4}mim]{sup +}Cl{sup −} dosage. While, using the larger alkyl chain length-based ionic liquids as the soft-template, such as [C{sub 8}mim]{sup +}Cl{sup −} and [C{sub 16}mim]{sup +}Cl{sup −}, the morphologies of γ-AlOOH were changed from initiative hollow spheres into the final microflowers. The specific areas of γ-AlOOH firstly increased then decreased with the increase of their dosage. The samples were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the possible formation mechanisms of γ-AlOOH have been proposed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

How Does the Ionic Liquid Organizational Landscape Change when Nonpolar Cationic Alkyl Groups Are Replaced by Polar Isoelectronic Diethers?

The X-ray scattering experiments and molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the structure of four room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) comprising the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (NTf 2 – ) anion paired with the triethyloctylammonium (N 2228 + ) and triethyloctylphosphonium (P 2228 + ) cations and their isoelectronic diether analogs, the (2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyltriethylammonium (N 222(2O2O2) + ) and (2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyltriethylphosphonium (P 222(2O2O2) + ) cations. Agreement between simulations and experiments is good and permits a clear interpretation of the important topological differences between these systems. The first sharp diffraction peak (or prepeak) in the structure function S(q) that is present in the case of the liquids containing the alkyl-substituted cations is absent in the case of the diether substituted analogs. Using different theoretical partitioning schemes for the X-ray structure function, we show that the prepeak present in the alkyl-substituted ILs arises from polarity alternations between charged groups and nonpolar alkyl tails. In the case of the diether substituted ILs, we find considerable curling of tails. Anions can be found with high probability in two different environments: close to the cationic nitrogen (phosphorus) and also close to the two ether groups. Moreover, for the two diether systems, anions are found in locations from which they are excluded in the alkyl-substituted systems. This removes the longer range (polar/nonpolar) pattern of alternation that gives rise to the prepeak in alkyl-substituted systems.

Kashyap, Hemant K.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Polyimides with pendant alkyl groups

The effect on selected polyimide properties when pendant alkyl groups were attached to the polymer backbone was investigated. A series of polymers were prepared using benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BTDA) and seven different p-alkyl-m,p'-diaminobenzophenone monomers. The alkyl groups varied in length from C(1) (methyl) to C(9) (nonyl). The polyimide prepared from BTDA and m,p'-diaminobenzophenone was included as a control. All polymers were characterized by various chromatographic, spectroscopic, thermal, and mechanical techniques. Increasing the length of the pendant alkyl group resulted in a systematic decrease in glass transition temperature (Tg) for vacuum cured films. A 70 C decrease in Tg to 193 C was observed for the nonyl polymer compared to the Tg for the control. A corresponding systematic increase in Tg indicative of crosslinking, was observed for air cured films. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a slight sacrifice in thermal stability with increasing alkyl length. No improvement in film toughness was observed.

Jensen, B. J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Polyimide characterization studies - Effect of pendant alkyl groups

The effect on selected polyimide properties when pendant alkyl groups were attached to the polymer backbone was investigated. A series of polymers were prepared using benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BTDA) and seven different p-alkyl-m,p'-diaminobenzophenone monomers. The alkyl groups varied in length from C(1) (methyl) to C(9) (nonyl). The polyimide prepared from BTDA and m,p'-diaminobenzophenone was included as a control. All polymers were characterized by various chromatographic, spectroscopic, thermal, and mechanical techniques. Increasing the length of the pendant alkyl group resulted in a systematic decrease in glass transition temperature (Tg) for vacuum cured films. A 70 C decrease in Tg to 193 C was observed for the nonyl polymer compared to the Tg for the control. A corresponding systematic increase in Tg indicative of crosslinking, was observed for air cured films. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a slight sacrifice in thermal stability with increasing alkyl length. No improvement in film toughness was observed.

Jensen, B. J.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Fatty acid derived alkyl ether fuels for compression ignition

A fuel for an internal combustion engine includes a fatty alkyl ether having a formula corresponding to formula (II): wherein x is 1-8, and y is 0 to 3; and the alkyl is an alkyl group having a number of carbon atoms that is less than the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain on the opposite side of the oxygen atom. The fatty alky ether can be used as a neat fuel or blend with biodiesel, diesel, ethanol or other fuels. The fatty alkyl ethers are improved in cetane number and cold flow properties over a biodiesel with fatty acid methyl acid methyl ester compounds. This is particularly valuable for compression ignition engines. A method of combustion in several types of engines is also disclosed.

Monroe, Eric↗
DOE OSTI2012

Role of alkyl alcohol on viscosity of silica-based chemical gels for decontamination of highly radioactive nuclear facilities

Silica-based chemical gel for the decontamination of nuclear facilities was prepared by using fumed silica as a viscosifier, a 0.5 M Ce (IV) solution dissolved in concentrated nitric acid as a chemical decontamination agent, and tripropylene glycol butyl ether (TPGBE) as a co-viscosifier. A new effective strategy for the preparation of the chemical gel was investigated by introducing the alkyl alcohols as organic solvents to effectively dissolve the co-viscosifier. The mixture solution of the co-viscosifier and alkyl alcohols was more effective in the control of viscosity than that of the co-viscosifier only in gel. Here, the alkyl alcohols played a key role as an effective dissolution solvent for the co-viscosifier in the preparation of the chemical gel, resulting in a reducing of the amount of the co-viscosifier and gel time compared with that of the chemical gel prepared without the alkyl alcohols. It was considered that the alkyl alcohols contributed to the effective dissolution of the co-viscosifier as well as the homogeneous mixing in the formation of the gel, while the co-viscosifier in an aqueous media of the chemical decontamination agent solution showed a lower solubility. The decontamination efficiency of the chemical gels prepared in this work using a multi-channel analyzer (MCA) showed a high decontamination efficiency of over ca. 94% and ca. 92% for Co-60 and Cs-137 contaminated on surface of the stainless steel 304, respectively. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗