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Results for “Alternating Gradient Synchrotron”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2001

Relative effectiveness of HZE iron-56 particles for the induction of cytogenetic damage in vivo

One of the risks of prolonged manned space flight is the exposure of astronauts to radiation from galactic cosmic rays, which contain heavy ions such as (56)Fe. To study the effects of such exposures, experiments were conducted at the Brookhaven National Laboratory by exposing Wistar rats to high-mass, high-Z, high-energy (HZE) particles using the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS). The biological effectiveness of (56)Fe ions (1000 MeV/nucleon) relative to low-LET gamma rays and high-LET alpha particles for the induction of chromosome damage and micronuclei was determined. The mitotic index and the frequency of chromosome aberrations were evaluated in bone marrow cells, and the frequency of micronuclei was measured in cells isolated from the trachea and the deep lung. A marked delay in the entry of cells into mitosis was induced in the bone marrow cells that decreased as a function of time after the exposure. The frequencies of chromatid aberrations and micronuclei increased as linear functions of dose. The frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by HZE particles was about 3.2 times higher than that observed after exposure to (60)Co gamma rays. The frequency of micronuclei in rat lung fibroblasts, lung epithelial cells, and tracheal epithelial cells increased linearly, with slopes of 7 x 10(-4), 12 x 10(-4), and 11 x 10(-4) micronuclei/binucleated cell cGy(-1), respectively. When genetic damage induced by radiation from (56)Fe ions was compared to that from exposure to (60)Co gamma rays, (56)Fe-ion radiation was between 0.9 and 3.3 times more effective than (60)Co gamma rays. However, the HZE-particle exposures were only 10-20% as effective as radon in producing micronuclei in either deep lung or tracheal epithelial cells. Using microdosimetric techniques, we estimated that 32 cells were hit by delta rays for each cell that was traversed by the primary HZE (56)Fe particle. These calculations and the observed low relative effectiveness of the exposure to HZE particles suggest that at least part of the cytogenetic damage measured was caused by the delta rays. Much of the energy deposited by the primary HZE particles may result in cell killing and may therefore be "wasted" as far as production of detectable micronuclei is concerned. The role of wasted energy in studies of cancer induction may be important in risk estimates for exposure to HZE particles.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS2004

Comparison of Genotoxic Damage in Monolayer Cell Cultures and Three-Dimensional Tissue-Like Cell Assemblies

Assessing the biological risks associated with exposure to the high-energy charged particles encountered in space is essential for the success of long-term space exploration. Although prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell models developed in our laboratory and others have advanced our understanding of many aspects of genotoxicity, in vitro models are needed to assess the risk to humans from space radiation insults. Such models must be representative of the cellular interactions present in tissues and capable of quantifying I genotoxic damage. Toward this overall goal, the objectives of this study were to examine the effect of the localized microenvironment of cells, cultured as either 2-dimensional (2D) monolayers or 3-dimensional (3D) aggregates, on the rate and type of genotoxic damage resulting from exposure to iron charged particles, a significant portion of space radiation. We used rodent transgenic cell lines containing 50-70 copies of a LacI transgene to provide the enhanced sensitivity required to quantify mutational frequency and type in the 1,100-bp LacI target as well as assessment of DNA,damage to the entire 45-kbp construct. Cultured cells were exposed to high-ener~ir on charged particles at Brookhaven National Laboratory s Alternating Gradient Synchrotron facility for a total dose of 0, 0.1, 0.25,0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 Gy and allowed to recover for 0, 1, or 7 days, after which mutational type and frequency were evaluated. The mutational frequency was found to be higher in 3D samples than in 2D samples at all radiation doses. Mutational frequency also was higher at 7 days after irradiation than immediately after exposure. DNA sequencing of the mutant targets revealed that deletional mutations contributed an increasingly high percentage (up to 27%) of all mutations in cells as the dose was increased from 0.5 to 2 Gy. Several mutants also showed large and complex deletions in multiple locations within the Lac1 target. However, no differences in mutational type were found between the 2D and the 3D samples. These 3D tissue-like model systems can reduce the uncertainty involved in extrapolating risk between in vitro cellular and in vivo models.

Behravesh, E.↗
NASA NTRS2006

The Zero-Degree Detector System

We will report on a detector system used for accelerator measurement of nuclear fragmentation cross sections. This system consists of two detector planes, each carrying a ring of 8 detectors. Each detector has 64 pads. These two detector planes are arranged facing each other so that the matching detector pads on each plane form a two element charged particle telescope. Each of these telescopes is capable of determining the elemental identity of nuclear fragments passing through it. The system is used to measure light fragment production in the presence of heavier fragments. We will present a detailed discussion of the 64-pad detector design, the substrate design. The front-end electronics used to read out the signals is based on a custom VLSI chip developed for the Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter experiment which has been flown successfully twice in Antarctica. Each of these chips has 16 channels and each channel consists of a charge-sensitive preamplifier followed by a shaping amplifier and a track-and-hold circuit. The track-and-hold circuits are connected via a multiplexer to an output line driver. This allows the held signals to be presented, one-by-one via a common data line to a analog-to-digital converter. Because the output line driver can be placed in a high input impedance state when not in use, it is possible to daisy-change many chips on the same common data line. The front-end electronics and data readout scheme will be discussed in detail. The Zero Degree Detector has been used in several accelerator experiments conducted at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory and the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory as well as at the HIMAC accelerator in Japan. We will show examples of data taken at these accelerator runs to demonstrate how the system works.

Adams, James H.↗
DOE OSTI2011

The RHIC and RHIC pre-injectors controls systems: status and plans

For the past twelve years experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) have recorded data from collisions of heavy ions and polarized protons, leading to important discoveries in nuclear physics and the spin dynamics of quarks and gluons. BNL is the site of one of the first and still operating alternating gradient synchrotrons, the AGS, which first operated in 1960. The accelerator controls systems for these instruments span multiple generations of technologies. In this report we will describe the current status of the Collider-Accelerator Department controls systems, which are used to control seven different accelerator facilities and multiple science programs (high energy nuclear physics, high energy polarized proton physics, NASA programs, isotope production, and multiple accelerator research and development projects). We will describe the status of current projects, such as the just completed Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS), our R&D programs in superconducting RF and an Energy Recovery LINAC (ERL), innovations in feedback systems and bunched beam stochastic cooling at RHIC, and plans for future controls system developments.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Effects of grids in drift tubes

In 2011, we upgraded a 201 MHz buncher in the proton injector for the alternating gradient synchrotron (AGS) - relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC) complex. In the buncher we installed four grids made of tungsten to improve the transit time factor. The grid installed drift tubes have 32 mm of inner diameter and the each grid consists of four quadrants. The quadrants were cut out precisely from 1mm thick tungsten plates by a computerized numerically controlled (CNC) wire cutting electrical discharge machining (EDM). The 3D electric field of the grid was simulated.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Rematching AGS Booster synchrotron injection lattice for smaller transverse beam emittances

The polarized proton beam is injected into the booster via the charge-exchange (H- to H+) scheme. The emittance growth due to scattering at the stripping foil is proportional to the beta functions at the foil. It was demonstrated that the current scheme of reducing the beta functions at the stripping foil preserves the emittance better; however the betatron tunes are above but very close to half integer. Due to concern of space charge and half integer in general, options of lattice designs aimed towards reducing the beta functions at the stripping foil with tunes at more favorable places are explored.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

The AGS synchrotron with four helical magnets

The idea of using two partial helical magnets was applied successfully to the AGS synchrotron to preserve the proton beam polarization. In this paper we explore in details the idea of using four helical magnets placed symmetrically in the AGS ring. The placement of four helical magnets in the AGS ring provides many advantages over the present setup of the AGS which uses two partial helical magnets. First, the symmetric placement of the four helical magnets allows for a better control of the AGS optics with reduced values of the beta functions especially near beam injection, second, the vertical spin direction during beam injection and extraction is closer to vertical, and third, it provides for a larger 'spin tune gap', which allows the vertical and horizontal tunes to be placed, and prevent the horizontal and vertical intrinsic spin resonances of the AGS to occur during the acceleration cycle. Although the same spin gap can be obtained with a single or two partial helices, the required high field strength of a single helix makes its use impractical, and that of the double helix rather difficult. In this paper we will provide results on the spin tune and on the optics of the AGS with four partial helical magnets, and compare these results with the present setup of the AGS that uses two partial helical magnets.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

FFA BEAM TRANSPORT DEMONSTRATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CEBAF 22 GeV UPGRADE

Jefferson Lab is planning an upgrade of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) to deliver highly polarized electron beams up to 22 GeV using Fixed- Field Alternating-gradient (FFA) magnets. As the application of FFA technology in the 10–22 GeV energy range is unprecedented, experimental validation is required prior to full-scale implementation. To support this effort, a dedicated FFA test insert is proposed within the existing CEBAF infrastructure, with candidate locations in the Beam Switchyard (BSY) dump line or the Hall C beamline. The testbed will consist of a half or full FFA cell using combined-function permanent magnets and will enable systematic studies of beam transport, field quality, alignment, and magnet performance under realistic conditions. Operation with polarized beams in the 5–11 GeV range will closely replicate the energy scaling of the full upgrade. This paper presents the current design status and layout options for the proposed FFA beam transport test line.

Ogur, S. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Fa↗
DOE OSTI2012

Zgoubi-ing AGS : spin motion with snakes and jump-quads, Gγ = 43.5 → Gγ = 46.5 and beyond

This Note reports on the first, and successful, simulations of particle and spin dynamics in the AGS in presence of the two helical snakes and of the tune-jump quadrupoles, using the ray-tracing code Zgoubi. It includes DA tracking in the absence or in the presence of the two helical snakes, simulation of particle and spin motion in the snakes using their magnetic field maps, spin flipping at integer resonances in the 36+Qy depolarizing resonance region, with and without tune-jump quadrupole gymnastics. It also includes details on the setting-up of Zgoubi input data files and on the various numerical methods of concern in and available from Zgoubi.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Simulations of Merging and Squeezing Bunches in Booster and AGS

During the 2012 RHIC run, uranium, gold, and copper ions from EBIS were accelerated in Booster and AGS and delivered to RHIC for the physics program. In order to achieve the desired number of ions per bunch in RHIC, it was necessary to merge bunches in both Booster and AGS. After the bunches are merged in AGS, they need to be squeezed into harmonic 12 buckets for subsequent acceleration. In this note we carry out simulations of bunch merging and squeezing in Booster and AGS. These are meant to serve as benchmarks for what can be achieved in practice. In Booster the total longitudinal emittance of the 4 bunches to be merged is taken to be 0.15 eV s per nucleon. In AGS the total for each group of 4 bunches to be merged is taken to be 0.60 eV s per nucleon. The simulations show that the RF voltages currently available in Booster and AGS are sufficient for merging and holding the merged bunches in RF buckets. The voltages available in AGS are not sufficient for completely squeezing the merged bunches into harmonic 12 buckets. The merging of bunches is treated in sections 9 through 12. The required squeezing into harmonic 12 buckets is treated in sections 13 and 14. Debunching and rebunching beam as an alternative to merging bunches in Booster is treated in section 15. For completeness, sections 1 through 8 give a derivation of the turn-by-turn equations of longitudinal motion at constant magnetic field. The derivation is based on the work of MacLachlan. The reader may wish to skip over these sections and start with section 9.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2013

An online application to measue the dispersion function in AGS

The measurement of the AGS dispersion function is one of the requirements for the development of an accurate online model of the AGS. Currently the zgoubi and the MADX online models of the AGS are employed as online models to set up and view the beam optics of the AGS using the model viewer. In this technical note we describe the method we employ to measure the numerical values of the dispersion function of the AGS at the location of the Beam Position Monitors (BPM’s) and we explain in detail the automatic process to measure experimentally the dispersion function of AGS at the location of the BPM’s. This automatic method of measuring the dispersion of the AGS not only reduces dramatically the time required to collect and analyze the experimental data to calculate the dispersion of the AGS, but also minimizes the possible human error that may occur in the process of the dispersion measurement.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Where are the AGS snakes?

A series of questions have arisen, in preparation to the polarized protons RHIC Run 13, and of future polarized helion runs, regarding the field settings as well as the spin precession angles in the AGS warm and cryogenic helical partial snakes. This is the main reason for the present studies, which consist essentially in re-visiting and clarifying various parameters of the snakes, and assessing their optimum settings. This work also led to a re-assessment of the periodic stable spin precession axis in the AGS at extraction, and of its transport to RHIC; this is briefly reported here and will be subject to a detailed companion Tech.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Simulation of Scraping on the AGS Beam Dump

The AGS beam dump is described in reference [1]. Because there is no fast dipole magnet to kick the beam into the dump, the dump is used as a beam scraper into which circulating beam is moved over a period of many turns around the machine. To get a better understanding of what happens during scraping, a relatively simple model and computer code have been developed to simulate the process. We report here on the simulation results for protons at the nominal extraction kinetic energy of 22.874 GeV and for gold ions (Au77+) at the nominal extraction kinetic energy of 8.86 GeV per nucleon.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

The AGS Ggamma Meter and Calibrating the Gauss Clock

During AGS Polarized Proton acceleration periods, one output from the AGS Ggamma Meter, namely the energy (or Ggamma) calculated from the magnetic field in the AGS main magnets and the beam radius- both measured in particular instant, is used to figure out the times in the AGS magnet acceleration cycle when the beam passes through a particular set of depolarizing resonances. The resonance set occur whenever a particle’s Ggamma (energy*(G/m) becomes nearly equal to n*Qx (i.e. any integer multiplied by the horizontal betatron tune). This deliverable is why the machinery is referred to as the ''Ggamma Meter'' rather than the AGS energy meter. The Ggamma Meter takes as inputs a set of measurements of frequency (F(t)), radius (r(t)), and gauss clock counts (GCC(t)). The other energy (GgammaBr) assumes the field when the gauss clock starts counting is known. The change in field to time t is given by the measured accumulated gauss clock counts multiplied by the gauss clock calibration (gauss/GCC). In order to deal with experimental data, this calibration factor gets an added ad hoc complication, namely a correction dependent on the rate of change the counting rate. The Ggamma meter takes GCC(t) and together with the past history for this cycle calculates B(t).

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Simulations of Merging Helion Bunches on the AGS Injection Porch

During the setup of helions for the FY2014 RHIC run it was discovered that the standard scheme for merging bunches on the AGS injection porch required an injection kicker pulse shorter than what was available. To overcome this difficulty, K. Zeno proposed and developed an interesting and unusual alternative which uses RF harmonic numbers 12, 4, 2 (rather than the standard 8, 4, 2) to merge 8 helion bunches into 2. In this note we carry out simulations that illustrate how the alternative scheme works and how it compares with the standard scheme. This is done in Sections 13 and 14. A scheme in which 6 bunches are merged into 1 is simulated in Section 15. This may be useful if more helions per merged bunch are needed in future runs. General formulae for the simulations are given in Sections 9 through 12. For completeness, Sections 1 through 8 give a derivation of the turn-by-turn equations of longitudinal motion at constant magnetic field. The derivation is based on the work of MacLachlan. The reader may wish to skip over these Sections and start with Section 9.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Comments on Injector Proton Beam Study in Run 2014

During the entire period of injector proton study in run 2014, it seems that the beam transverse emittance out of Booster is larger than that in run 2013. The emittance measured at the BtA transfer line and also the transmission from Booster late to AGS late are presented for this argument. In addition to this problem, it seems that the multiturn Booster injection, which defines the transverse emittance, needs more attention. Moreover, for high intensity operations, the space charge effect may be already relevant in RHIC polarized proton runs. With the RHIC proton intensity improvement in the next several years, higher Booster input intensity is needed, therefore, the space charge effect at the Booster injection and early ramp may become a new limiting factor.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Pressure distribution along the AGS vacuum chambers with new types of pump out conduits

The AGS HEBT and ring vacuum system is monitored by the discharge current of the magnet ion pumps, which is proportional to the pressure at the inlet port of these ion pumps. The discharge current is measured and suitably calibrated to indicate the ion pump pressure. In order to calculate the vacuum chamber pressure from the ion pump pressure, a detailed analysis is essential to compute their difference in different scenarios. Such analysis has been carried out numerically in the past for the system with the older type of pump out conduits, and similar analysis using FEM in ANSYS is presented in this paper with the newer type of pump out conduit.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Run 16, eIPM Summary

Three problems with the eIPMs were corrected during the 2015 summer shutdown. These involved ac coupling and 'negative profiles', detector 'dead zone' created by biasing, and gain control on ramp. With respect to Run 16, problems dealt with included gain depletion on horizontal MCP and rf pickup on profile signals; it was found that the MCP was severely damaged over part of the aperture. Various corrective measures were applied. Some results of these measured obtained during Run 16 are shown. At the end of Run 16 there was a three-­day beam run to study polarized proton beams in the AGS. Attempts to minimize beam injection errors which increase emittance by using the eIPMs to measure the contribution of injection mismatch to the AGS output beam emittance are recounted. .

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗