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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1978

Summary of airborne chlorine and hydrogen chloride gas measurements for August 20 and September 5, 1977 Voyager launches at Air Force Eastern Test Range, Florida

Airborne chlorine and hydrogen chloride measurements were made in the tropospheric ground cloud following the Voyager launches of August 20 and September 5, 1977. The maximum observed hydrogen chloride concentration for both launches was about 25 to 30 parts per million (ppm) occurring typically 2 to 6 minutes after launch. By completion of the sampling mission (1-1/2 hours for August, 4-1/2 hours for September), the maximum in-cloud concentration decayed to about 1 to 2 ppm. Maximum observed chlorine concentrations were about 40 to 55 parts per billion (ppb) about 2 to 8 minutes after launch; by about 15 minutes after launch, chlorine concentrations were less than 10 ppb (detection limit). In-cloud chlorine concentrations were well below 1 percent of hydrogen chloride concentrations. The appendix of the report discusses the chlorine instrument and the laboratory evaluation of the detector.

Gregory, G. L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Adsorption of hydrogen chloride on microcrystalline silica

The interaction of hydrogen chloride with quartz was studied to determine the extent to which silica can irreversibly remove hydrogen chloride from the atmosphere. Adsorption isotherms were measured at 30 C for hydrogen chloride on silica outgassed between 100 C and 400 C. Readsorption isotherms were also measured. The silica surface was characterized further by infrared spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and immersional calorimetry. Ground debris samples obtained from the Kennedy Space Center, were likewise examined.

Kang, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Reflectance measurements of cotton leaf senescence altered by mepiquat chloride

Spectrophotometric reflectance measurements were made on plant-attached leaves to evaluate growth chamber-grown cotton leaf (Gossypium hirsutum L.) senescence (chlorophyll degradation as criterion) that was delayed by mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethylpiperidinium chloride) rates of 0, 10, 40, 70, and 100 g a.i./ha. Mepiquat chloride (MC increased both chlorophyll and leaf water contents as compared with that of untreated leaves. Reflectance was inversely and linearly correlated (r = -0.873**) with eater content at the 1.65 micrometer wavelength and was inversely correlated (r = -0.812**) with chlorophyll concentration at the 0.55 micrometer wavelength but best fit a quadratic equation. Either wavelength measurement might be useful to remotely detect cotton leaf senescence or fields of MC-treated cotton plants.

Gausman, H. W.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Investigation into the role of sodium chloride deposited on oxide and metal substrates in the initiation of hot corrosion

Sodium chloride is deposited on the surface of alumina substrates and exposed to air containing 1% SO2 at temperatures between 500 C and 700 C. In all cases the sodium chloride was converted to sodium sulfate. The volatilization of sodium chloride from the original salt particles was responsible for the development of a uniform coating of sodium sulfate on the alumina substrate. At temperatures above 625 C, a liquid NaCl-Na2SO4 autectic was formed on the substrate. The mechanisms for these reactions are given. One of the main roles of NaCl in low temperature hot corrosion lies in enabling a corrosive liquid to form.

Birks, N.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Optimization of the lithium/thionyl chloride battery

A 1-D math model for the lithium/thionyl chloride primary cell is used in conjunction with a parameter estimation technique in order to estimate the electro-kinetic parameters of this electrochemical system. The electro-kinetic parameters include the anodic transfer coefficient and exchange current density of the lithium oxidation, alpha sub a,1 and i sub o,i,ref, the cathodic transfer coefficient and the effective exchange current density of the thionyl chloride reduction, alpha sub c,2 and a sup o i sub o,2,ref, and a morphology parameter, Xi. The parameter estimation is performed on simulated data first in order to gain confidence in the method. Data, reported in the literature, for a high rate discharge of an experimental lithium/thionyl chloride cell is used for an analysis.

White, Ralph E.↗
NASA NTRS1987

A mathematical model of a lithium/thionyl chloride primary cell

A 1-D mathematical model for the lithium/thionyl chloride primary cell was developed to investigate methods of improving its performance and safety. The model includes many of the components of a typical lithium/thionyl chloride cell such as the porous lithium chloride film which forms on the lithium anode surface. The governing equations are formulated from fundamental conservation laws using porous electrode theory and concentrated solution theory. The model is used to predict 1-D, time dependent profiles of concentration, porosity, current, and potential as well as cell temperature and voltage. When a certain discharge rate is required, the model can be used to determine the design criteria and operating variables which yield high cell capacities. Model predictions can be used to establish operational and design limits within which the thermal runaway problem, inherent in these cells, can be avoided.

Evans, T. I.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Copper Chloride Cathode For Liquid-Sodium Cell

Rechargeable liquid-sodium cell with copper chloride cathode offers substantial increase in energy density over cells made with other cathode materials. Unit has theoretical maximum energy density of 1135 W.h/kg. Generates electricity by electrochemical reaction of molten sodium and solid copper chloride immersed in molten electrolyte, sodium tetrachloroaluminate at temperature of equal to or greater than 200 degrees C. Wall of alumina tube separates molten electrolyte from molten sodium anode. Copper chloride cathode embedded in pores of sintered nickel cylinder or directly sintered.

Bugga, Ratnakumar V.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Metal chloride cathode for a battery

A method of fabricating a rechargeable battery is disclosed which includes a positive electrode which contains a chloride of a selected metal when the electrode is in its active state. The improvement comprises fabricating the positive electrode by: providing a porous matrix composed of a metal; providing a solution of the chloride of the selected metal; and impregnating the matrix with the chloride from the solution.

Bugga, Ratnakumar V.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Alternate cathodes for sodium-metal chloride batteries

Various metal chlorides were tested as possible cathode materials for sodium-metal batteries (in addition to Fe and Ni chlorides, which have been already developed to a stage of commercialization), using an electrochemical cell consisting of a pyrex tube, heated to 250 C, with the metal wire as working electrode, concentric Ni foil as counterelectrode, and high-purity Al as reference electrode. In particular, the aim of this study was to identify metal chlorides insoluble even in neutral melts, possible at the interface during overcharge, in order to eliminate the failure mode of the cell through a cationic exchange of the dissolved metal ions with sodium beta-double-prime alumina solid electrolyte. Results indicate that Mo and Co are likely alternatives to FeCl2 and NiCl2 cathodes in sodium batteries. The open circuit voltages of Na/CoCl(x) and Na/MoCl(x) cells at 250 C would be 2.55 V and 2.64 V, respectively.

Ratnakumar, B. V.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Making Positive Electrodes For Sodium/Metal Chloride Cells

High coulombic yields provided by sodium/metal chloride battery in which cathode formed by impregnating sintered nickel plaque with saturated solution of nickel chloride. Charge/discharge cycling of nickel chloride electrode results in very little loss of capacity. Used in spacecraft, electric land vehicles, and other applications in which high-energy-density power systems required.

Bugga, Ratnakumar V.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Fabrication Of Metal Chloride Cathodes By Sintering

Transition-metal chloride cathodes for use in high-temperature rechargeable sodium batteries prepared by sintering transition-metal powders mixed with sodium chloride. Need for difficult and dangerous chlorination process eliminated. Proportions of transition metal and sodium chloride in mixture adjusted to suit specific requirements. Cathodes integral to sodium/metal-chloride batteries, which have advantages over sodium/sulfur batteries including energy densities, increased safety, reduced material and thermal-management problems, and ease of operation and assembly. Being evaluated for supplying electrical power during peak demand and electric vehicles.

Bugga, Ratnakumar V.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Detecting Airborne Mercury by Use of Palladium Chloride

Palladium chloride films have been found to be useful as alternatives to the gold films heretofore used to detect airborne elemental mercury at concentrations of the order of parts per billion (ppb). Somewhat more specifically, when suitably prepared palladium chloride films are exposed to parts-per-billion or larger concentrations of airborne mercury, their electrical resistances change by amounts large enough to be easily measurable. Because airborne mercury adversely affects health, it is desirable to be able to detect it with high sensitivity, especially in enclosed environments in which there is a risk of leakage of mercury from lamps or other equipment. The detection of mercury by use of gold films involves the formation of gold/mercury amalgam. Gold films offer adequate sensitivity for detection of airborne mercury and could easily be integrated into an electronic-nose system designed to operate in the temperature range of 23 to 28 C. Unfortunately, in order to regenerate a gold-film mercury sensor, one must heat it to a temperature of 200 C for several minutes in clean flowing air. In preparation for an experiment to demonstrate the present sensor concept, palladium chloride was deposited from an aqueous solution onto sets of gold electrodes and sintered in air to form a film. Then while using the gold electrodes to measure the electrical resistance of the films, the films were exposed, at a temperature of 25 C, to humidified air containing mercury at various concentrations from 0 to 35 ppb (see figure). The results of this and other experiments have been interpreted as signifying that sensors of this type can detect mercury in room-temperature air at concentrations of at least 2.5 ppb and can readily be regenerated at temperatures <40 C.

Ryan, Margaret↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Multiscale Modeling of the Uptake of Hydrogen Chloride on Anodized Aluminum in Relevance to Spacecraft Fire Safety

Fire safety is a critical component of space missions. An electrical fire within the spacecraft often produces gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) from the smoldering of wire insulation. These gases tend to stick to the interior materials of the spacecraft, which is often comprised of treated aluminum. Determining the rate of uptake for HCl by aluminum helps the safe design of the spacecraft to reduce catastrophic mission risk. Our previous studies showed that a one-step global reaction model for adsorption of HCl on aluminum is incapable of predicting the experimentally measured HCl uptake of anodized aluminum, compared to other treatments with thinner oxide layers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that aluminum chloride is found deep in the oxide layer of the anodized aluminum, implying that the transport of HCl within the oxide layer covering the aluminum surface must be considered. This work uses a multiscale modeling approach to predict the uptake of HCl. A pore model is developed wherein the HCl reacts with the aluminum oxide pore walls to create an aluminum chloride layer. The HCl then diffuses through that layer for further reaction, until the diffusion resistance grows too large, and the surface is said to be saturated. The pore model is then coupled with the reactor-scale model to predict overall HCl uptake. Results show that this new multiscale approach predicts the uptake of HCl far more accurately than previously used single-scale models.

Modeling↗
NASA NTRS1971

Solute rejection by porous glass membranes. I - Hyperfiltration of sodium chloride and urea feed solutions.

Hyperfiltration of sodium chloride and urea was studied with porous glass membranes in closed-end capillary form, to determine the effect of pressure, temperature, and concentration variations, and lifetime rejection and flux characteristics. Rejection data for sodium chloride were consistent with the functioning of the porous glass as a low-capacity ion-exchange membrane.

Ballou, E. V.↗
NASA NTRS1971

On the occurrence of ferrous chloride in the clouds of Venus.

Examination of the observational basis for Kuiper's (1969) conclusion that the upper cloud layers of Venus are composed of dihydrated ferrous chloride particles. Using new spectrophotometric observations of Venus, it is found that there is no strong evidence for the Fe(2+) electronic band near 1 micron as deduced by Kuiper from the photometry of Venus by Irvine et al. (1968). Evidence for an absorption band on Venus near 0.5 micron is found to be valid, but nondefinitive in terms of the identification of ferrous iron. An absorption band near 0.39 micron appearing in the Venus photometric data of Irvine et al. (1968) is judged to be unreliable as an indicator of chemical composition, because of time-dependent variations in the violet and ultraviolet clouds and spectrum of Venus. In conclusion, it is found that the evidence for dihydrated ferrous chloride in the atmosphere of Venus is inconclusive.

Cruikshank, D. P.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Radiolytic preparation of anhydrous tin (2) chloride

Anhydrous tin (2) chloride (SnCl2) is prepared by radiolysis with high energy electrons of a tin (4) chloride (SnCl4) solution in heptane. The SnCl4 is reduced to insoluble SNCl2. The energy yield, G(SnCl2), molecules of SnCl2, produced per 100 eV, increases with SnCl4 concentration from 1.6 at 0.15 M SnCl4 to 3.1 at 3.0 M SnCl4. Other parameters such as temperature total dose and beam current have little influence on G(SnCl2). The method may be used to prepare other metal halides if the higher valence, more covalent metal halide is soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons and the lower more ionic metal halide is insoluble. The reaction mechanism is discussed; the radiolysis of both heptane and SnCl4 is involved. At high SnCl4 concentration G(SnCl2) appears to be limited by the yield of SnC13 radicals.

Philipp, W. H.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Hydrochloric acid aerosol formation by the interaction of hydrogen chloride with humid air

The conditions in which hydrochloric acid aerosol is predicted by the interaction of hydrogen chloride gas with the water vapor in humid air are analyzed. The liquid gas phase equilibrium for the HCL-H2O system is expressed in terms of relative humidity and hydrogen chloride concentration as parts per million, units commonly used in pollution studies. Presented are the concentration (wt %) of HC1 in the aerosol and the concentration of aerosol (ppm) predicted.

Rhein, R. A.↗