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Syntheses, crystal structures, and optical properties of Pb{sub 6}B{sub 3}O{sub 10}X (X=F, Cl, Br)

A series of lead-containing halogen oxyborates, Pb{sub 6}B{sub 3}O{sub 10}X (X=F, Cl, Br), have been grown by high-temperature solution method and their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. They are isostructural and crystallize in the space group Pbcm of the orthorhombic crystal system. The crystal structures are dominated by one-dimensional {sub ∞}[(Pb{sub 4}O)(BO{sub 3}){sub 3}] “Zig-Zag”-chains, while the remaining Pb atoms and X (X=F, Cl, Br) atoms are filled to balance the charge. Compared with the previously reported compound Pb{sub 4}O(BO{sub 3}){sub 2} (the molecular formula Pb{sub 4}O(BO{sub 3}){sub 2} can be regarded as Pb{sub 6}B{sub 3}O{sub 10.5}) with the space group Aba2, the structures of Pb{sub 6}B{sub 3}O{sub 10}X (X=F, Cl, Br) are completely different from that of Pb{sub 4}O(BO{sub 3}){sub 2}. IR spectroscopy, UV–vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and theoretical calculations were also performed on the reported materials. Highlights: • A new family of lead-containing halogen oxyborates, Pb{sub 6}B{sub 3}O{sub 10}X (X=F, Cl, Br), have been grown by high-temperature solution method. • Owing to the introduction of X atoms into Pb{sub 4}O(BO{sub 3}){sub 2}, the structures of Pb{sub 6}B{sub 3}O{sub 10}X are completely different. • The crystal structures are dominated by one-dimensional {sub ∞}[(Pb{sub 4}O)(BO{sub 3}){sub 3}] “Zig-Zag”-chains.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

A new layered kagome strip structure Na 2 Co 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 (OH) 2 : static and dynamic magnetic properties

One-dimensional kagome strip chains share much of the same frustrated structural motif as two-dimensional kagome antiferromagnets, making them valuable for deepening our understanding of kagome lattice magnetism. In this paper, we report the hydrothermal synthesis and detailed structural and property characterization of Na 2 Co 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 (OH) 2 , a striped kagome system. The crystal structure was characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction which reveals that Na 2 Co 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 (OH) 2 crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system C2/m. The structure features a one-dimensional kagome strip lattice built from Co 2+ ions and undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at T N = 14 K. The magnetic ground state at zero field was characterized using neutron powder diffraction. Below the magnetic transition, Na 2 Co 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 (OH) 2 orders into an antiferromagnetic structure with a k-vector (0.5, 0.5, 0.5). In the proposed model, the Co1 moment is predominantly confined to the ac-plane while the Co2 moment is primarily aligned along the b-axis. Two flat bands were observed in the inelastic neutron spectra below the magnetic transition, 5 and 10 meV. Inelastic neutron spectra were modeled with a Heisenberg Hamiltonian including three nearest-neighbor exchange interactions (J 1 , J 2 , J 3 ) and strong single-ion anisotropy to stabilize the observed magnetic structure. Our study highlights the complexity of Co 2+ -based kagome strip magnetic lattice compound Na 2 Co 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 (OH) 2 which provides an excellent platform to broaden our understanding of the frustrated kagome magnetic lattice space.

Liurukara, Duminda S. [Oak Ridge National Laborato↗

Compact spaceflight solution crystal-growth system

A versatile, miniaturized, stand alone, crystal solution growth chamber design is presented which is based on fiber optics, diode lasers, and holographic optical elements in conjunction with knowledge gained from previous Spacelab work. Diagnostics instrumentation is based on a crystal growth monitor, a growth/dissolution monitor with feedback, solution diagnostics, multiple wavelength holography, and single wavelength or color Schlieren with video recording.

Trolinger, James D.↗

Synthesis, crystal growth and characterization of nonlinear optical organic crystal: p-Toluidinium p-toluenesulphonate

Graphical abstract: p-Toluidinium p-toluenesulphonate (p-TTS) an organic nonlinear optical crystal has been grown from the aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that p-TTS crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system. p-TTS single crystal belongs to negative birefringence crystal. Second harmonic conversion efficiency of p-TTS has been found to be 1.3 times higher than that of KDP. Multiple shot surface laser damage threshold is determined to be 0.30 GW/cm{sup 2} at 1064 nm laser radiation. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer It deals with the synthesis, growth and characterization of p-TTS an organic NLO crystal. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Wide optical transparency window between 280 nm and 1100 nm. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Negative birefringence crystal and dispersion of birefringence is negligibly small. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Thermal study reveals that the grown crystal is stable up to 210 Degree-Sign C. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Multiple shot surface laser damage threshold is 0.30 GW/cm{sup 2} at 1064 nm laser radiation. -- Abstract: p-Toluidinium p-toluenesulphonate (p-TTS) an organic nonlinear optical crystal has been grown from the aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that p-TTS crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system. The structural perfection of the grown p-TTS single crystal has been analyzed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction rocking curve measurements. Fourier transform infrared spectral studies have been performed to identify the functional groups. The optical transmittance window and the lower cutoff wavelength of the grown crystals have been identified by UV-vis-IR studies. Birefringence of p-TTS crystal has been studied using channel spectrum measurement. The laser damage threshold value was measured using Nd:YAG laser. The second harmonic conversion efficiency of p-TTS has been determined using Kurtz powder technique. Thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analyses were used to study its thermal properties. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss and AC conductivity of the grown p-TTS single crystal has been studied.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Upgraded high time-resolved x-ray imaging crystal spectroscopy system for J-TEXT ohmic plasmas

This paper presents the upgraded x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer (XICS) system on Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak (J-TEXT) tokamak and the latest experimental results obtained in last campaign. With 500 Hz frame rate of the new Pilatus detector and 5 cm × 10 cm spherically bent crystal, the XICS system can provide core electron temperature (T{sub e}), core ion temperature (T{sub i}), and plasma toroidal rotation (V{sub Φ}) with a maximum temporal resolution of 2 ms for J-TEXT pure ohmic plasmas. These parameters with high temporal resolution are very useful in tokamak plasma research, especially for rapidly changed physical processes. The experimental results from the upgraded XICS system are presented.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Synthesis and Structural Features of [4,4'-Diisopropoxyester-2,2'-bipyridine], [Dichloro(4,4'-diisopropoxyester-2,2'-bi-pyridine)-platinum(ii)] and Its Dichloromethane Solvated Pseudo-Polymorph: Versatile Supramolecular Interactions

We report that the organic ligand 4,4'-diisopropoxyester-2,2'-bipyridine, C 18 H 20 N 2 O 4 (1), crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system P-1 and the molecule occupies a special position in the unit cell. In the crystal, molecules form stacks with partial overlapping of the pyridine rings. The Pt(II) dichloro complex of 1 crystallizes from a mixture of ethanol/hexane and from dichloromethane to form orange and yellow crystals, respectively. The orange non-solvated crystals of the (bipyridine)(dichloro)platinum(II) complex C 18 H 20 N 2 O 4 PtCl 2 (2) crystallize in the triclinic crystal system P-1 as well with two independent molecules in the unit cell. In the crystal packing, molecules form two types of dimers with Pt1 ··· Pt1A and Pt2···Pt2A distances of 3.478 and 5.186 angstrom respectively. The yellow crystals, as a solvated pseudo-polymorph C 18 H 20 N 2 O 4 PtCl 2 ·1.5 CH 2 Cl 2 (3) also crystallize in the triclinic crystal system P-1 with two independent molecules in the unit cell. In the crystal packing, molecules form Pt2 ···Pt1 ···Pt1A ···Pt2A intermolecular contacts with alternating distances 3.501 and 3.431 angstrom, respectively, forming infinite chains. Graphical Abstract The dichloro(bipyridine)platinum complex, dichloro(4,4'-diisopropoxyester-2,2'-bipyridine)platinum(II), forms single crystals as a stable non-solvated form and a solvated polymorph with dramatically different supramolecular structure and short contacts.

2 '-bipyridine)-platinum(II)] Supramolecular inter↗

Development of improved amorphous materials for laser systems

Crystallization calculations were performed in order to determine the possibility of forming a particular type of laser glass with the avoidance of devitrification in an outer space laboratory. It was demonstrated that under the homogenuous nucleating conditions obtainable in a zero gravity laboratory this laser glass may be easily quenched to a virtually crystal-free product. Experimental evidence is provided that use of this material as a host in a neodymium glass laser would result in more than a 10 percent increase in efficiency when compared to laser glass rods of a similar composition currently commercially available. Differential thermal analysis, thermal gradient oven, X-ray diffraction, and liquidus determination experiments were carried out to determine the basics of the crystallization behavior of the glass, and small-angle X-ray scattering and splat-cooling experiments were performed in order to provide additional evidence for the feasibility of producing this laser glass material, crystal free, in an outer space environment.

Neilson, G. F.↗

Collimating Montel mirror as part of a multi-crystal analyzer system for resonant inelastic X-ray scattering

Advances in resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) have come in lockstep with improvements in energy resolution. Currently, the best energy resolution at the Ir L 3 -edge stands at ~25 meV, which is achieved using a diced Si(844) spherical crystal analyzer. However, spherical analyzers are limited by their intrinsic reflection width. A novel analyzer system using multiple flat crystals provides a promising way to overcome this limitation. For the present design, an energy resolution at or below 10 meV was selected. Recognizing that the angular acceptance of flat crystals is severely limited, a collimating element is essential to achieve the necessary solid-angle acceptance. For this purpose, a laterally graded, parabolic, multilayer Montel mirror was designed for use at the Ir L 3 -absorption edge. It provides an acceptance larger than 10 mrad, collimating the reflected X-ray beam to smaller than 100 µrad, in both vertical and horizontal directions. The performance of this mirror was studied at beamline 27-ID at the Advanced Photon Source. X-rays from a diamond (111) monochromator illuminated a scattering source of diameter 5 µm, generating an incident beam on the mirror with a well determined divergence of 40 mrad. A flat Si(111) crystal after the mirror served as the divergence analyzer. From X-ray measurements, ray-tracing simulations and optical metrology results, it was established that the Montel mirror satisfied the specifications of angular acceptance and collimation quality necessary for a high-resolution RIXS multi-crystal analyzer system.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Random forest prediction of crystal structure from electron diffraction patterns incorporating multiple scattering

Diffraction is the most common method to solve for unknown or partially known crystal structures. However, it remains a challenge to determine the crystal structure of a new material that may have nanoscale size or heterogeneities. Here, in this study, we train an architecture of hierarchical random forest models capable of predicting the crystal system, space group, and lattice parameters from one or more unknown two-dimensional electron diffraction patterns. Our initial model correctly identifies the crystal system of a simulated electron diffraction pattern from a 20-nm-thick specimen of arbitrary orientation 67% of the time. We achieve a topline accuracy of 79% when aggregating predictions from ten patterns of the same material but different zone axes. The space group and lattice predictions range from 70% to 90% accuracy and median errors of 0.01-0.5Å, respectively, for cubic, hexagonal, trigonal, and tetragonal crystal systems while being less reliable on orthorhombic and monoclinic systems. We apply this architecture to a four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy scan of gold nanoparticles, where it accurately predicts the crystal structure and lattice constants. These random forest models can be used to significantly accelerate the analysis of electron diffraction patterns, particularly in the case of unknown crystal structures. Additionally, due to the speed of inference, these models could be integrated into live transmission electron microscopy experiments, allowing real-Time labeling of a specimen.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Residual Gases in Crystal Growth Systems

Residual gases present in closed ampoules may affect different crystal growth processes. That seems to be particularly true under microgravity conditions where, due to weightlessness of the melt, the gases may lead to detached solidification and/or formation of voids and bubbles, as observed in the past. For that reason a good understanding and control of formation of residual gases is important for an optimum design and meaningful interpretation of crystal growth experiments. Our extensive experimental and theoretical studies of the subject, summarized in this paper, include degassing of silica glass and generation of gases from different source materials. Different materials processing conditions, like outgassing under vacuum, annealing in hydrogen, resublimation, different material preparation procedures, multiple annealings, different processing times, and others were applied and their effect on the amount and composition of gas were analyzed. The experimental results were interpreted based on theoretical calculations on diffusion in silica glass and source materials and thermochemistry of the system. Procedures for a reduction of the amount of gas are also discussed.

Palosz, W.↗

Liquid crystal devices especially for use in liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer systems

Liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer (LCPDI) systems that can provide real-time, phase-shifting interferograms that are useful in the characterization of static optical properties (wavefront aberrations, lensing, or wedge) in optical elements or dynamic, time-resolved events (temperature fluctuations and gradients, motion) in physical systems use improved LCPDI cells that employ a "structured" substrate or substrates in which the structural features are produced by thin film deposition or photo resist processing to provide a diffractive element that is an integral part of the cell substrate(s). The LC material used in the device may be doped with a "contrast-compensated" mixture of positive and negative dichroic dyes.

Marshall, Kenneth L.↗

Petrology and mineralogy of Type II, FeO-rich chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0) - Origin by closed-system fractional crystallization, with evidence for supercooling

The petrology of type II porphyritic olivine chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0) has been studied in detail. Olivines in these chondrules are euhedral, Fe-rich, and are strongly zoned from cores to rims of grains in FeO (Fa10-30), Cr2O3 (0.2-0.6 wt pct), MnO (0.2-0.7 wt pct), and CaO (0.1-0.4 wt pct). Interstitial mesostasis is rich in Si, Al, and Ca and is glassy with abundant microcrystallites. Minor minerals include troilite, Fe,Ni metal, and chromite. Some olivine grains contain euhedral, fayalite-rich cores that are probably produced during initial supercooling of the chondrule melt. Rare relict grains of forsteritic olivine have compositions very similar to olivines in type IA chondrules in Semarkona and may result from disaggregation of such chondrules. Apart from these relics, all properties of type II chondrules can be described by closed-system fractional crystallization of droplets which were essentially entirely molten. Type IA chondrules may have formed from type II chondrules by loss of Fe and volatiles. Alternatively, the two chondrule types may have formed in regions of considerable diversity in the solar nebula from precursor materials with different Fe/Mg ratios.

Jones, Rhian H.↗

Towards first-principles molecular design of liquid crystal-based chemoresponsive systems

Nematic liquid crystals make promising chemoresponsive systems, but their development is currently limited by extensive experimental screening. Here we report a computational model to understand and predict orientational changes of surface-anchored nematic liquid crystals in response to chemical stimuli. In particular, we use first-principles calculations to evaluate the binding energies of benzonitrile, a model for 4'-pentyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile, and dimethyl methylphosphonate to metal cation models representing the substrate chemical sensing surface. We find a correlation between these quantities and the experimental response time useful for predicting the response time of cation–liquid crystal combinations. Consideration of charge donation from chemical species in the surface environment is critical for obtaining agreement between theory and experiment. Our model may be extended to the design of improved chemoresponsive liquid crystals for selectively detecting other chemicals of practical interest by choosing appropriate combinations of metal cations with liquid crystals of suitable molecular structure.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

A simplified method for determining the number of independent slip systems in crystals

A novel method for determining the number of independent slip systems for any family or a combination of families of slip systems is proposed, which is more direct than previous approaches. This technique makes it possible to easily determine, from the known operative slip systems, if the material is slip-system-deficient. The method also makes it possible to determine if twinning may contribute additional deformation modes.

Cotton, J. D.↗

Syntheses, crystal structures, and optical properties of CsBa{sub 5}Ti{sub 2}Se{sub 9}Cl and CsBa{sub 2}Cl{sub 5}

The mixed-cation compounds CsBa{sub 5}Ti{sub 2}Se{sub 9}Cl and CsBa{sub 2}Cl{sub 5} were synthesized in the same solid-state reaction at 1173 K. CsBa{sub 5}Ti{sub 2}Se{sub 9}Cl adopts the Cs{sub 3}CoCl{sub 5} structure type in the tetragonal crystal system whereas CsBa{sub 2}Cl{sub 5} crystallizes in the PbU{sub 2}Se{sub 5} structure type in the monoclinic crystal system. The CsBa{sub 5}Ti{sub 2}Se{sub 9}Cl structure displays both Cs/Ba and Se/Cl disorder. From optical absorption measurements CsBa{sub 5}Ti{sub 2}Se{sub 9}Cl is an indirect wide-gap semiconductor. From theoretical calculations CsBa{sub 2}Cl{sub 5} has a large band gap of 6.4 eV. - Graphical abstract: General view of the crystal structure of CsBa{sub 5}Ti{sub 2}Se{sub 9}Cl. Display Omitted - Highlights: • CsBa{sub 5}Ti{sub 2}Se{sub 9}Cl is an indirect wide-gap semiconductor. • Red crystals of CsBa{sub 5}Ti{sub 2}Se{sub 9}Cl show an absorption transition at 2.00(2) eV. • As expected, DFT calculations indicate CsBa{sub 2}Cl{sub 5} has a large band gap of 6.4 eV. • Unexpectedly, crystals of CsBa{sub 2}Cl{sub 5} are pink, perhaps from minimal Ti impurities.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Mathematical model for the Bridgman-Stockbarger crystal growing system

In a major technical breakthrough, a computer model for Bridgman-Stockbarger crystal growth was developed. The model includes melt convection, solute effects, thermal conduction in the ampule, melt, and crystal, and the determination of the curved moving crystal-melt interface. The key to the numerical method is the use of a nonuniform computational mesh which moves with the interface, so that the interface is a mesh surface. In addition, implicit methods are used for advection and diffusion of heat, concentration, and vorticity, for interface movement, and for internal gracity waves. This allows large time-steps without loss of stability or accuracy. Numerical results are presented for the interface shape, temperature distribution, and concentration distribution, in steady-state crystl growth. Solutions are presented for two test cases using water, with two different salts in solution. The two diffusivities differ by a factor of ten, and the concentrations differ by a factor of twenty.

Roberts, G. O.↗

Data analysis for lidar and quartz crystal microbalance systems

Results are presented of the analysis of data taken on the stratospheric aerosol, using lidar, Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM), and the SAGE and SAM II satellite systems. The main objective of the work reported has been to use the data, taken with the NASA-LaRC instruments to study the stratospheric effects of volcanic eruptions during the period between the launch of the SAGE and SAM II satellite systems and October 1980. Four significant volcanic eruptions, for which data are available, occurred during this period--Soufriere, Sierra Negra, Mt. St. Helens, and Ulawun. Data on these have been analyzed to determine the changes in stratospheric mass loading produced by the eruptions, and to study the dispersion of the newly injected material.

Kent, G. S.↗