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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

A numerical examination of the effect of sulfide dissolution on silicate weathering

Silicate weathering regulates climate on geological time scales as a net, climate-sensitive sink of atmospheric CO 2 . On the other hand, sulfuric acid produced through sulfide dissolution affects silicate weathering, diminishing its effectiveness as a climate regulator based on evidence from river chemistry. This study takes a theoretical approach to quantitatively examine the effect of sulfide dissolution, coupling a one-dimensional model of pyrite weathering to that of albite transformation to kaolinite. The coupled model reveals that when the reaction front of sulfide is deeper than that of silicates reacting with CO 2 , the silicate-weathering feedback on climate is not directly affected by sulfide dissolution, but only indirectly through oceanic processes such as reverse weathering and carbonate deposition. In turn, when sulfide dissolution occurs within zones of CO 2 -silicate reactions close to the surface, the feedback between climate and silicate weathering can be significantly weakened because sulfuric acid competes effectively with carbonic acid in mineral dissolution. As the depth of the sulfide reaction front can be changed by variations in water table depth, the latter feedback weakening could have occurred in concert with climate-change-driven water table fluctuations, amplifying atmospheric CO 2 variations during the Phanerozoic.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ab Initio Structures and Energetics of Hydrated Flat and Terrace-Step Surfaces of Forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 )

Forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ), a model divalent metal silicate mineral, has been extensively studied in the context of mineral carbonation. Although dissolution is a key step in this process, the mechanisms by which forsterite dissolves under high CO 2 conditions remain poorly understood. Atomistic simulations could aid in exploring these mechanisms, but it is essential first to understand the structures and energetics of the relevant forsterite surfaces. We present an ab initio study of the structure and surface energy at 0 K of the flat $(010), (110), (001), (111), (021), (101)$ and $(120)$ faces of forsterite using the density functional PBE Hamiltonian and a plane-wave basis set. Dry surfaces became stabilized upon hydration through the formation of bonds between surface Mg and O from water, as well as by the formation of hydrogen bonds. According to surface energy values, the stability order of the hydrated forsterite faces was found to be $(120) < (101) < (021) < (111) < (001) < (110) < (010)$. We also investigated the energetics of the terrace-step $(0\bar{41})$ surface as a model site for forsterite dissolution. Among all the facets, the $(0\bar{41})$ surface is the least stable termination in water. Hydration of Mg atoms on the $(0\bar{41})$ surface increases their susceptibility to dissolution. The presence of a step and its hydration destabilizes the terraces, making step retreat more likely than a dissolution front advancing along the [010] direction. This research will support future simulations to investigate forsterite dissolution in water under CO 2 -rich conditions.

PBE Hamiltonian↗
DOE OSTI2023

Root exudates induced coupled carbon and phosphorus cycling in a soil with low phosphorus availability

The amount and type of root exudates can influence P availability in the rhizosphere directly by desorption or dissolution of soil minerals, or indirectly by decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). Here this study aimed to determine the mechanisms by which specific root exudates influence the distribution and availability of P in soils with low P availability. Water, glucose, alanine, and oxalate were delivered through a simulated root into soils for 15 days. Zymography and planar optodes were used to image potential phosphatase activity, and O2 and pH distribution, respectively. Soils were analyzed for resin extractable inorganic P (Pi), dissolved organic C (DOC), water soluble Fe, and Al, and microbial community structure. Characterization of SOM and P were conducted using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry and 31P solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. The addition of oxalate resulted in the greatest resin extractable Pi, DOC, and water-soluble Fe, and Al compared to the other exudates suggesting destabilization of mineral associated organic matter (MAOM) and release of organic P (Po). Both 31P solution NMR and ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry analysis provided evidence of mineralization of Po released from the destabilization of MAOM. The study demonstrates the important role microbial and plant-derived metal chelating ligands play in destabilizing MAOM, releasing SOM and importantly Po, that when mineralized may contribute to increasing Pi availability in soils with low P availability.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Formation of Zeolites Responsible for Waste Glass Rate Acceleration: An Experimental and Computational Study for Understanding Thermodynamic and Kinetic Processes

Before nuclear waste glasses can be disposed at geological disposal facilities, a performance assessment (PA) must be conducted to provide confidence to the regulators and public that the release rates of radioisotopes and hazardous materials into the environment are below the regulatory limits. Because the release rate of radionuclides is directly related to the dissolution rate of the radionuclide-containing glass, the corrosion behavior of the glass must be well understood for the disposal site lifetime. For simplicity, glass dissolution in static conditions has been categorized into three different stages, referred to as initial rate (Stage I), residual rate (Stage II) and, depending upon the secondary phases formed, a possible delayed resumption in the alteration rate (Stage III). The last of these stages is the least understood and has the possibility to drive radionuclide release rates above regulatory thresholds.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Methods and systems for producing a metal chloride or the like

Systems and methods for producing metal chloride M ICl x from metal M I without the use of HCl and/or Cl 2 gases, including: a bath vessel holding conductive fluid; an anode disposed in the conductive fluid, the anode including metal M.sup.I; a cathode assembly disposed in the conductive fluid, the cathode assembly including a cathode vessel including porous and non-porous portions, the non-porous portion holding sacrificial metal chloride M IICl y substantially separate from metal chloride M ICl x , wherein the cathode assembly includes a center lead disposed within the cathode vessel operable for delivering charge to sacrificial metal chloride M IICl y ; and a power supply coupling the anode and the cathode assembly, the power supply polarized to produce current flow in a direction that causes anodic dissolution of metal M.sup.I into the conductive fluid and deposition of metal M.sup.II within the cathode vessel. The systems and methods apply equally to producing metal halide M IX x .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Irradiation Impact on Uranium Recovery Under Direct Extraction Conditions

Reducing the quantity of high-level radioactive waste is essential for minimizing environmental impact and improving efficiency of using natural resources for nuclear power. The current standard, Plutonium Uranium Solvent EXtraction (PUREX), uses tributyl phosphate (TBP) ligands to extract complexes of uranium and plutonium from a nitric acid (HNO3) phase. Although this method is effective, large volumes of HNO3 and the non-incinerable phosphate ligands increase the amount of hazardous waste produced. Alternative extractants and flowsheets have been proposed that allow for more selective extraction of radioactive metals, reduced nitric acid use, and easier incineration by only containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON). One candidate, N,N-di(2-ethylhexyl)-isobutyramide (DEHiBA) exhibits promising properties for direct extraction. A HNO3 pre-equilibrated DEHiBA phase selectively extracts U(VI), leaving plutonium, transuranics, and fission products behind as precipitate and reducing the volume of radioactive HNO3 produced.

38 - RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCL↗
DOE OSTI2026

Solvation-guided inhibition of manganese dissolution of lithium- and manganese- rich cathode via cyclic carbonate molecular engineering

Lithium and manganese-rich (LMR) layered oxides represent a leading class of high-energy cathode materials, but their practical realization is fundamentally limited by severe manganese (Mn) dissolution, a process that triggers structural degradation and rapid capacity fade. While mitigation efforts have predominantly focused on interfacial engineering, the intrinsic contribution of bulk electrolyte solvation to this degradation pathway remains largely unexplored, primarily due to the difficulty of deconvolving its effects from concurrent cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) formation. Here, we report an experimental design to isolate the role of solvation. We systematically varied the electrolyte solvent solvation power by substituting the strongly coordinating ethylene carbonate (EC) with its weaker coordinating fluorinated derivatives, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and trans-4,5-Difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (DFEC), while maintaining a consistent interfacial chemistry. Remarkably, the electrolyte formulated with the weakest solvent, DFEC, exhibits superior cycling stability, suppressing Mn dissolution by up to 63% relative to the conventional EC-based system. Post-mortem analysis unequivocally attributes this performance enhancement to the preservation of the LMR cathode's structural integrity, a direct consequence of mitigated Mn dissolution. This work provides conclusive evidence that modulating bulk electrolyte solvation is a potent and direct strategy for stabilizing LMR cathodes, establishing a vital design principle for next-generation battery systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Metallurgical Analysis of the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Carrier Lifting Bails (Rev.1)

The dissolution rates of the aluminum alloys in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) element carriers and the Material Test Reactor (MTR) L-bundles in the H-Canyon facility have been identified as the possible cause of extended dissolutions that result in significant time and financial expenditures. A study, carried out by Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) to determine relationships between the dissolution rates and the metallurgical properties of the aluminum alloy materials of construction of the HFIR carriers and the L-bundles, considered the dissolution rates of aluminum alloy (AA) series 1100, 6061, and 6063. The study determined that the aluminum alloy compositions played a principal role in the dissolution rate of the carrier/bundle components. Higher dissolution rates were correlated with lower concentrations of the minor element additions in the alloys and with specific element concentrations. Aluminum alloys 1100 and 6063 were found to have similar dissolution rates that were approximately two orders of magnitude (100X) greater than those of AA6061. Based on the results of the dissolution behavior study, a Technical Assistance Request (TAR) was first issued to determine if the replacement of AA6061-T6 with AA6063-T6 is feasible for the HFIR carrier lifting bails. A Technical Task Request was then issued to consider AA6063-T5 as well as other alloys to improve possible supply chain issues. The metallurgical properties of the L-bundle (specifically the end caps) were not evaluated in this report because L-Bundle drawings already allow for the use of AA6063-T6 in all structural components. The HFIR carriers are composed of thin-walled components with significant surface areas that allow for relatively quick overall dissolution times. Conversely, the carrier lifting bails and the supporting constituents are composed of solid bars and thick plate regions with relatively small surface areas that experience longer overall dissolution times. While the MTR L-bundle design includes allowances for the materials of construction to be either AA6061-T6 or AA6063-T6, the HFIR carriers are specified to be constructed fully with AA6061-T6 alloy. This report analyzes the recommendations of the dissolution behavior study to replace the materials of construction of the HFIR carrier lifting bails. The analysis considers the operational requirements of the lifting bail and its supporting structures. To decrease dissolution times, the analysis considers direct replacement of the material as well as reductions in the thicknesses of the components to decrease the mass of the elements. Material reductions are considered on options for using either AA6061 and/or AA6063. The calculations are based on specifications from the American Society of Mechanical Engineer (ASME) and The Aluminum Association, Inc. design codes. The analysis finds that direct replacement of the lifting bail material of construction with AA6063-T6, and AA6063-T5 as well as reductions in the dimensions of the lifting bail components are acceptable. Note that this study considers the structural suitability of the alloys. It does not consider their dissolution rates in the dissolvers.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Unraveling the Dissolution-Mediated Reaction Mechanism of α-MnO 2 Cathodes for Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries

Aqueous Zn/α-MnO 2 batteries have attracted immense interest owing to their high energy density, low cost, and safety, making them desirable for future large-scale energy application. Despite these merits, the comprehensive understanding of their reaction mechanism has been elusive due to the limitations of standard bulk characterization. Here, via transmission electron microscopy, the dissolution-mediated reaction mechanism of a Zn/α-MnO 2 system is discovered and explored in full scope to involve reversible formation of Zn 4 SO 4 (OH) 6 · x H 2 O and “birnessite-like” Zn-MnO x phase upon cycling. Overall, α-MnO 2 acts primarily as a source for cell activation through dissolution and thus is not directly involved in the Zn redox chemistry. Overall, this microscopic study offers a unique knowledge on the unconventional reaction chemistry of Zn/α-MnO 2 batteries.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

In Vivo Entombment of Bacteria and Fungi during Calcium Oxalate, Brushite, and Struvite Urolithiasis

Human kidney stones form via repeated events of mineral precipitation, partial dissolution, and reprecipitation, which are directly analogous to similar processes in other natural and manmade environments, where resident microbiomes strongly influence biomineralization. High-resolution microscopy and high-fidelity metagenomic (microscopy-to-omics) analyses, applicable to all forms of biomineralization, have been applied to assemble definitive evidence of in vivo microbiome entombment during urolithiasis. Stone fragments were collected from a randomly chosen cohort of 20 patients using standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that 18 of these patients were calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formers, whereas one patient formed each formed brushite and struvite stones. This apportionment is consistent with global stone mineralogy distributions. Stone fragments from seven of these 20 patients (five CaOx, one brushite, and one struvite) were thin sectioned and analyzed using brightfield (BF), polarization (POL), confocal, super-resolution autofluorescence (SRAF), and Raman techniques. DNA from remaining fragments, grouped according to each of the 20 patients, were analyzed with amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA gene sequences (V1–V3, V3–V5) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, ITS2) regions. Bulk-entombed DNA was sequenced from stone fragments in 11 of the 18 patients who formed CaOx stones, and the patients who formed brushite and struvite stones. These analyses confirmed the presence of an entombed low-diversity community of bacteria and fungi, including Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Aspergillus niger. Bacterial cells approximately 1 μm in diameter were also optically observed to be entombed and well preserved in amorphous hydroxyapatite spherules and fans of needle-like crystals of brushite and struvite. In conclusion, these results indicate a microbiome is entombed during in vivo CaOx stone formation. Similar processes are implied for brushite and struvite stones. This evidence lays the groundwork for future in vitro and in vivo experimentation to determine how the microbiome may actively and/or passively influence kidney stone biomineralization.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effect of grain dissolution on sloping ground

The static and dynamic stability of natural or constructed slopes can be affected by dissolution or dissolution-like phenomena. Their underlying mechanisms, however, remain unclear. New experimental results and discrete element simulations provide particle-level and macroscale information on the consequences of mineral dissolution on slope behavior. At the microscale, load-carrying grain arches develop around dissolving particles, the porosity increases, and contact force chains evolve to form a honeycomb topology. At the macroscale, while vertical settlements are the prevailing deformation pattern, lateral granular movements that create mass wasting are prominent in sloping ground, even under the quasi-static granular loss. Horizontal grain displacement is maximum at the surface and decreases linearly with the distance from the slope surface to become zero at the bottom boundaries, much like vertical granular displacement along the depth. Sediments with smaller friction angles and steeper slopes experience greater displacement, both vertically and horizontally. Slopes become flatter after dissolution, with the reduction in slope angle directly related to the loss in ground elevation, ΔH/H o . Yet, because of the porous fabric that results from dissolution, vertical shortening is less than the upper bound, estimated from the loss in the solid mass fraction, ΔH/H o ≈SF. Under water-saturated conditions, the post-dissolution fabric may lead to sudden undrained shear and slope slide.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1999

Evaluation of Factors Affecting Powdered Drug Reconstitution in Microgravity

Owing to the high cost of transporting mass into space, and the small volume available for equipment in the Space Shuttle Orbiter and the International Space Station, refrigeration space is extremely limited. For this reason, there exists strong motivation for transporting certain drugs in powdered form so that they do not require refrigeration. When needed, the powdered drug will be mixed with saline to obtain a liquid form that may be injected intravenously. While this is a relatively simple task in a 1-G environment, there are some difficulties that may be encountered in 0-G. In non-accelerated spaceflight, gravitational and inertial forces are eliminated allowing other smaller forces, such as capillary forces and surface tension, to dominate the behavior of fluids. For instance, water slowly ejected from a straw will tend to form a sphere, while fluid in a container will tend to wet the inside surface forming a highly rounded meniscus. Initial attempts at mixing powdered drugs with saline in microgravity have shown a tendency toward forming foamy emulsions instead of the desired homogeneous solution. The predominance of adhesive forces between the drug particles and the interface tensions at the gas/liquid and solid/liquid interfaces drastically reduce the rate of deaggregation of the drug powder and also reduce the rate of absorption of saline by the powder mass. In addition, the capillary forces cause the saline to wet the inside of the container, thus trapping air bubbles within the liquid. The rate of dissolution of a powder drug is directly proportional to the amount of surface area of the solid that is exposed to liquid solvent. The surface area of drug that is in contact with the liquid is greatly reduced in microgravity and, as a result, the dissolution rate is reduced as well. The KC-135 research described here was aimed at evaluating the extent to which it is possible to perform drug reconstitution in the weightlessness of parabolic flight using standard pharmacological supplies. The experiment included a parametric assessment of possible factors affecting the reconstitution process. The specific questions that we wished to answer were: (1) Is it possible to reconstitute powdered drugs in weightlessness using standard pharmacological equipment? (2) What are the differences between drug reconstitution in a 1-G and a 0-G environment? (3) What techniques of mixing the drug powder and diluent are more successful? (4) What physical and chemical factors play a role in determining the success of mixing and dissolution? (5) Is it necessary to employ crewmember and equipment restraints during the reconstitution process?

Schaffner, Grant↗
DOE OSTI2020

AX Farm and A Farm Third Retrieval Technology Chemical Dissolution Options Evaluation

In response to DOE-ORP direction to prepare a Practicability Evaluation for Waste Tank AX-102, and to address the Washington State Department of Ecology recommendation to evaluate the use of acid reagents for chemical dissolution, an Integrated Project Team (IPT) consisting of retrieval, process chemistry, corrosion, closure and laboratory subject matter experts was assembled to evaluate chemical dissolution options. This document provides a summary of these efforts and is intended to aid in the evaluation and third retrieval technology decision process not only for AX-102, but for all the AX and A Farm tanks, since the tanks contain similar waste and are flat-bottomed with uneven bottom plates.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Unraveling Anisotropic and Pulsating Etching of ZnO Nanorods in Hydrochloric Acid via Correlative Electron Microscopy

Despite much technical progress achieved so far, the exact surface and shape evolution during wet chemical etching is less unraveled, especially in ionically bonded ceramics. Herein, by using in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy, a repeated two-stage anisotropic and pulsating periodic etching dynamic is discovered during the pencil shape evolution of a single crystal ZnO nanorod in aqueous hydrochloric acid. Specifically, the nanopencil tip shrinks at a slower rate along [0001̅] than that along the $\langle$101̅0$\rangle$ directions, resulting in a sharper ZnO pencil tip. Afterward, rapid tip dissolution happens due to accelerated etching rates along various crystal directions. Concurrently, the vicinal base region of the original nanopencil tip emerges as a new tip followed by the repeated sequence of tip shrinking and removal. The high-index surfaces, such as {101̅m} (m = 0, 1, 2, or 3) and {21̅1̅n} (n = 0, 1, 2, or 3), are found to preferentially expose in different ratios. Our 3D electron tomography, convergent beam electron diffraction, middle-angle bright-field STEM, and XPS results indicate the dissociative Cl – species were bound to the Zn-terminated tip surfaces. Furthermore, DFT calculation suggests the preferential Cl – passivation over the {101̅1} and (0001) surfaces of lower energy than others, leading to preferential surface exposures and the oscillatory variation of different facet etching rates. The boosted reactivity due to high-index nanoscale surface exposures is confirmed by comparatively enhanced chemical sensing and CO 2 hydrogenation activity. In conclusion, these findings provide an in-depth understanding of anisotropic wet chemical etching of ionic nanocrystals and offer a design strategy for advanced functional materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Quantitative temporally and spatially resolved X-ray fluorescence microprobe characterization of the manganese dissolution-deposition mechanism in aqueous Zn/α-MnO 2 batteries

Rechargeable aqueous Zn/α-MnO 2 batteries are a possible alternative to lithium ion batteries for scalable stationary energy storage applications due to their low cost, safety and environmentally benign components. A critical need for advancement of this battery system is a full understanding of the electrochemical reaction mechanisms, which remain unclear. In this report, operando , spatiotemporal resolved synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping measurements on a custom aqueous Zn/α-MnO 2 cell provided direct evidence of a Mn dissolution-deposition faradaic mechanism that governs the electrochemistry. Simultaneous visualization and quantification of the Mn distribution in the electrolyte revealed the formation of aqueous Mn species during discharge and depletion on charge. The findings are supported by ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction, Mn K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. The elucidated mechanism is fundamentally different from the previously proposed Zn 2+ insertion or conversion reactions. These findings provide a foundation for developing dissolution- deposition chemistries suitable for scalable stationary energy storage with aqueous electrolyte.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Metal dissolution from first principles: Potential-dependent kinetics and charge transfer

Metal dissolution and its inverse process are integral to both corrosion and electrodeposition; however, many mechanistic details regarding the dissolution process are challenging to decipher. These include how ion dissolution kinetics and charge transfer are influenced by the competition between metal and solvent interactions under an electrode potential. Here, in this work, we introduce a computational framework based on density functional theory with grand-canonical treatment of electrons to directly predict the potential energy landscape for metal dissolution at a constant potential. Using aluminum as an example, we demonstrate that dissolution kinetics is governed by competing kinetics between two physical processes associated with metal–metal bond breaking and ion-migration within the electrical double layer, respectively. We identify a kinetic transition between regimes dominated by each of these processes and show that this transition depends on the operating electrode potential, among other key factors. It is further found that kinetics and thermodynamics of these processes can be described with a simple, one-parameter Marcus-theory-type model. Beyond offering new understanding of charge transfer during dissolution, our simulation protocol provides a recipe for directly predicting other important quantities in electrochemical reactions from first principles that are difficult to measure, such as the symmetry factor.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

In-situ thermodynamics measurements at metal oxides-solution interfaces using Flow Adsorption Microcalorimetry.

Mineral-fluid interfaces are the principal sites of geochemical processes near Earth’s surface, hosting chemical reactions that play a fundamental role in (bio)geochemical cycles and in the fate and transport of anthropogenic contaminants, and that effectively control the compositions of soil and water environments. These complex interfaces are critical for our energy and environmental future. The mineral-fluid interface has been studied in an unprecedented level of detail with both experimental and computational approaches, separately and in combination. However, conspicuously missing from studies of the mineral-fluid interface are direct measurements of the energies of ion sorption and exchange. The literature on energetics and enthalpies of exchange, adsorption, dissolution, precipitation, and surface protonation reactions, especially those directly supported by experimental data, remains scarce despite their fundamental nature. The overarching goal of this project is to complete a systematic study of the thermodynamics properties of interfacial reactions at four MO surfaces (Rutile (α-TiO2), Quartz (SiO2), boehmite (γ-AlOOH) and goethite (α-FeOOH)) through the application and construction of novel flow adsorption microcalorimetry techniques and instrumentations. These unique and specialized microcalorimeters will operate at various temperatures and solution chemical compositions allowing for in-situ measurements across metal oxides and ligands of various characteristics. The overall research goal will be accomplished by completing the following three specific objectives (O): O1) Determine the energetics of surface protonation and deprotonation, ion exchange and ligand sorption reactions; O2) Investigate the surface charge thermodynamic properties under a range of temperature and solution chemical compositions; and O3) Develop predictive trends of the interplay between MO structure, surface coverage and surface reactivity. In addition to key thermodynamics parameters, calorimetric measurements provide a wealth of mechanistic information about reactions energetics and kinetics, surface charge characteristics, and structure-reactivity or selectivity relationships, all obtained in-situ and in real-time. This report includes science highlights from various projects completed over the performance period of the project. Also listed are dissemination opportunities, people supported on the grant and the impact on available physical resources and the discipline as a whole.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗