A large-scale storage and transfer system for distribution of liquid helium as a refrigerant medium.
Large-scale liquid helium storage and transfer system for ground prechill of Centaur engine components
REFRIGERATING EQUIPMENT↗
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Results for “Distributed Storage System”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Silver Ion Biocide Delivery System for Water Disinfection
U.S. space exploration missions have long considered returning to the Moon and exploration of Mars that challenge life support systems. For these long duration missions, there is interest in replacing the iodine water treatment system with ionic silver, a proven biocide. For long duration exploration missions, it is imperative that an effective biocide be used that prevents microbial growth, biofilm formation, and microbially induced corrosion in the water storage and distribution systems while minimizing logistical supply requirements associated with the biocide delivery system. Two biocide delivery systems have been developed that electrochemically produce silver ions for disinfecting water throughout the water storage and distribution system. One system uses a newly developed hybrid micro-filtration and ion-exchange membrane to produce an abundance of silver ions at the 1000 ppb level upstream in the water distribution system to prevent biofilm growth. This is followed by a downstream collection module that electrochemically removes these silver ions before the water is discharged. Another approach uses a membraneless reactor to produce a 1000 ppb silver ion concentration level that also has a mechanically driven electrode cleaning mechanism that removes oxide films ensuring long life operation. By maintaining a sufficiently high level of silver ions throughout the water storage and distribution system, biofilm formation is suppressed. This approach overcomes present concerns where spurious silver deposition occurs on the container and flow line surfaces thus lowering the silver ion concentration to unsatisfactory disinfection levels.
Slote, Benjamin M.↗
EOSDIS Petabyte Archives: Tenth Anniversary
One of the world s largest scientific data systems, NASA'S Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) has stored over three petabytes of earth science data in a geographically distributed mass storage system. Design for this system began in the early 1990s and included a presentation of the design of the mass storage system at this conference in 1995. Many changes have occurred in the ten years since that presentation, much of it performed while the system was operational. In its first operational year (2000), the EOSDIS system had increased NASA's collection of earth science data holdings eight-fold. Today, EOSDIS collects over 7,000 gigabytes of data per week, almost 60 times more than the Hubble Space Telescope. This load represents major challenges for ingest into the mass storage system, as well as for timely and balanced data distribution out of the mass storage system. This paper discusses the evolution of the EOSDIS focusing primarily on the mass storage system component of the archive. We present the lessons that were learned over the years and some directions that we are taking for the future.
Behnke, Jeanne↗
Impacts of Control, Penetration, and Distribution of Embedded Storage Network in Bulk Power System
The current shift in generation mix from fossil fuel plants towards variable and intermittent renewable energy sources is poised to create a future grid with reduced physical inertia and mismatch between generation and demand. Embedded storage, which is a concept of a coordinated network of storage units sited at the interface between the transmission and distribution system, is proposed as a mechanism to provide a buffer between generation and demand. This paper proposes an automated framework to model and integrate embedded storage in large-scale power systems with industry-grade grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) control technologies. More importantly, the developed framework is used to explore the impacts of embedded storage control, penetration, location, and capacity in providing fast frequency response to the grid under contingency events such as generator trips and faults. The framework and study are conducted using the transient-stability simulation tool PSS/E and a realistic model of the Puerto Rico grid as a chosen test system. The simulation results show that GFL and GFM embedded storage, distributed throughout the system, with sufficient penetration and capacity, can effectively improve primary frequency response of the system under the studied contingency events.
Battery Energy Storage, embedded storage, grid-for↗
Power System Concepts for the Lunar Outpost: A Review of the Power Generation, Energy Storage, Power Management and Distribution (PMAD) System Requirements and Potential Technologies for Development of the Lunar Outpost
This paper will review potential power system concepts for the development of the lunar outpost including power generation, energy storage, and power management and distribution (PMAD). In particular, the requirements of the initial robotic missions will be discussed and the technologies considered will include cryogenics and regenerative fuel cells (RFC), AC and DC transmission line technology, high voltage and low voltage power transmission, conductor materials of construction and power beaming concepts for transmitting power to difficult to access locations such as at the bottom of craters. Operating conditions, component characteristics, reliability, maintainability, constructability, system safety, technology gaps/risk and adaptability for future lunar missions will be discussed for the technologies considered.
Khan, Z.↗
Redox flow cell energy storage systems
The redox flow cell energy storage system being developed by NASA for use in remote power systems and distributed storage installations for electric utilities is presented. The system under consideration is an electrochemical storage device which utilizes the oxidation and reduction of two fully soluble redox couples (acidified chloride solutions of chromium and iron) as active electrode materials separated by a highly selective ion exchange membrane. The reactants are contained in large storage tanks and pumped through a stack of redox flow cells where the electrochemical reactions take place at porous carbon felt electrodes. Redox equipment has allowed the incorporation of state of charge readout, stack voltage control and system capacity maintenance (rebalance) devices to regulate cells in a stack jointly. A 200 W, 12 V system with a capacity of about 400 Wh has been constructed, and a 2 kW, 10kWh system is planned.
Thaller, L. H.↗
The Thermal Response of a Packed Bed Thermal Energy Storage System upon Saturated Steam Injection Using Distributed Temperature Sensing
The effectiveness of a thermal energy storage (TES) system is typically characterized with the help of thermal stratification or temperature gradients along the direction of heat injection, which is typically the flow direction of heat transfer fluid. The steepness of temperature gradients are a direct indicator of the effectiveness or efficiency of the heat storage or dispatch process. The temperature gradient evolution along the packed bed of ceramic particles upon saturated steam injection is presented in this work. Distributed temperature sensing based on optical frequency domain reflectometry was deployed in a packed bed of ceramic particles to capture the thermal front evolution in the axial direction. The physical processes accompanying steam injection in packed beds are complex due to phase change, transitioning two-phase flow, and changes in condensate accumulation. Therefore, the variation of thermal response of the TES system for various steam injection flow rates was experimentally studied using a high-resolution distributed temperature sensing system in a chemically inert alumina particle-packed bed. Distinct zones of different heat transfer modes were observed during the steam injection experiments. A distinct conduction zone, evident from diffuse thermal fronts, was observed at low flow rates, and these thermal gradients became sharper as the flow rate increased. The diffuse thermal fronts in the heat storage media suggest a low exergy efficiency of the TES system, as energy losses started initiating before a significant fraction of the bed was saturated with steam.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Experiences From NASA/Langley's DMSS Project
There is a trend in institutions with high performance computing and data management requirements to explore mass storage systems with peripherals directly attached to a high speed network. The Distributed Mass Storage System (DMSS) Project at the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has placed such a system into production use. This paper will present the experiences, both good and bad, we have had with this system since putting it into production usage. The system is comprised of: 1) National Storage Laboratory (NSL)/UniTree 2.1, 2) IBM 9570 HIPPI attached disk arrays (both RAID 3 and RAID 5), 3) IBM RS6000 server, 4) HIPPI/IPI3 third party transfers between the disk array systems and the supercomputer clients, a CRAY Y-MP and a CRAY 2, 5) a "warm spare" file server, 6) transition software to convert from CRAY's Data Migration Facility (DMF) based system to DMSS, 7) an NSC PS32 HIPPI switch, and 8) a STK 4490 robotic library accessed from the IBM RS6000 block mux interface. This paper will cover: the performance of the DMSS in the following areas: file transfer rates, migration and recall, and file manipulation (listing, deleting, etc.); the appropriateness of a workstation class of file server for NSL/UniTree with LaRC's present storage requirements in mind the role of the third party transfers between the supercomputers and the DMSS disk array systems in DMSS; a detailed comparison (both in performance and functionality) between the DMF and DMSS systems LaRC's enhancements to the NSL/UniTree system administration environment the mechanism for DMSS to provide file server redundancy the statistics on the availability of DMSS the design and experiences with the locally developed transparent transition software which allowed us to make over 1.5 million DMF files available to NSL/UniTree with minimal system outage
Source record↗
Systems and methods for randomized energy draw or supply requests
The present disclosure can provide a distributed and anonymous approach to demand response of an electricity system. The approach can conceptualize energy consumption and production of distributed-energy resources (DERs) via discrete energy packets that are coordinated by a cyber computing entity that grants or denies energy packet requests from the DERs. The approach leverages a condition of a DER, which is particularly useful for (1) thermostatically-controlled loads, (2) non-thermostatic conditionally-controlled loads, and (3) bi-directional distributed energy storage systems, among others. In a first aspect of the present approach, each DER independently requests the authority to switch on for a fixed amount of time (i.e., packet duration). The coordinator determines whether to grant or deny each request based electric grid and/or energy or power market conditions. In a second aspect, bi-directional DERs, such as distributed-energy storage systems (DESSs) are further able to request to supply energy to the grid.
Frolik, Jeff↗
Coupled diffusion-deformation-damage model for polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure
The soft materials used in the infrastructure of hydrogen storage and distribution systems are vulnerable because exposure to high-pressure hydrogen can lead to mechanical damage and property degradation. Some materials, such as polymers, can undergo mechanical failure due to a phenomenon wherein hydrogen gas diffuses through the polymer chains and occupies preexisting cavities or voids inside the polymer material. If the hydrogen gas pressure is reduced more quickly than hydrogen can diffuse back out of the polymer which is necessary for some applications, the trapped hydrogen gas instead escapes by rupturing the material, causing surface blistering or permanent damage. In this study, a continuum mechanics-based fully coupled diffusion-deformation model with damage is developed to predict the stress distribution and damage propagation while the polymer undergoes rapid decompression failure. The hyperelastic material model, along with the maximum principal strain failure theory, was chosen for this study as it represents the nonlinear material response with brittle failure observed in uniaxial tensile tests perfectly. EPDM polymer was chosen for this study because of its commercial availability and common use in hydrogen storage and distribution system. It has superior mechanical properties, high and low temperature resistance, and certain compounds work well in hydrogen gas. This work is useful for design engineers to alter the parameters while manufacturing polymer composites to increase their performance in a high-pressure hydrogen environment.
Kulkarni, Shank S.↗
Proposal for massively parallel data storage system
An architecture for integrating large numbers of data storage units (drives) to form a distributed mass storage system is proposed. The network of interconnected units consists of nodes and links. At each node there resides a controller board, a data storage unit and, possibly, a local/remote user-terminal. The links (twisted-pair wires, coax cables, or fiber-optic channels) provide the communications backbone of the network. There is no central controller for the system as a whole; all decisions regarding allocation of resources, routing of messages and data-blocks, creation and distribution of redundant data-blocks throughout the system (for protection against possible failures), frequency of backup operations, etc., are made locally at individual nodes. The system can handle as many user-terminals as there are nodes in the network. Various users compete for resources by sending their requests to the local controller-board and receiving allocations of time and storage space. In principle, each user can have access to the entire system, and all drives can be running in parallel to service the requests for one or more users. The system is expandable up to a maximum number of nodes, determined by the number of routing-buffers built into the controller boards. Additional drives, controller-boards, user-terminals, and links can be simply plugged into an existing system in order to expand its capacity.
Mansuripur, M.↗
NASA's Preparations for ESA's L3 Gravitational Wave Mission
Telescope Subsystem - Jeff Livas (GSFC): Demonstrate pathlength stability, straylight and manufacturability. Phase Measurement System - Bill Klipstein (JPL): Key measurement functions demonstrated. Incorporate full flight functionality. Laser Subsystem - Jordan Camp (GSFC): ECL master oscillator, phase noise of fiber power amplifier, demonstrate end-to-end performance in integrated system, lifetime. Micronewton Thrusters - John Ziemer (JPL): Propellant storage and distribution, system robustness, manufacturing yield, lifetime. Arm-locking Demonstration - Kirk McKenzie (JPL): Studying a demonstration of laser frequency stabilization with GRACE Follow-On. Torsion Pendulum - John Conklin (UF): Develop U.S. capability with GRS and torsion pendulum test bed. Multi-Axis Heterodyne Interferometry - Ira Thorpe (GSFC): Investigate test mass/optical bench interface. UV LEDs - John Conklin+ (UF): Flight qualify UV LEDs to replace mercury lamps in discharging system. Optical Bench - Guido Mueller (UF): Investigate alternate designs and fabrication processes to ease manufacturability. LISA researchers at JPL are leading the Laser Ranging Interferometer instrument on the GRACE Follow-On mission.
Midterm Assessment↗
Optimizing mixed cool thermal storage systems across a connected community
A high level of electric demand flexibility must be integrated into our building infrastructure to enable greater renewable energy penetration in the grid. In the U.S., 9% of electricity generated is used to cool buildings in a periodic manner, making this end-use an ideal target for active management through cool thermal energy storage (CTES) technologies. Historic uses for CTES are designed around central chilled water plants, but these systems cool less than 25% of U.S. commercial floorspace. Emerging technologies are under development to serve the many smaller distributed cooling systems, such as rooftop units (RTUs), and have the potential to add CTES to an additional 66% of cooled commercial floorspace. However, these unitary thermal storage systems (UTSS) lack the modeling and analysis tools to evaluate them in the future interactive grid context. Here, this study develops the modeling and optimization tools necessary to simultaneously examine central and distributed ice storage systems within the multi-building, connected community context. An integrated simulation-optimization workflow is created to allow for rapid customized analysis. Results demonstrate the energy and flexibility tradeoffs of various implementations.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Unleashing the Frequency: Multi-Megawatt Demonstration of 100% Renewable Power Systems with Decentralized Communication-Less Control Scheme
Power systems, which range in size from small microgrids to island systems to large regional grids, are typically managed by a central controller that requires complex communication methods and can be unreliable and pose cyber security risks in certain applications, especially when controlling a larger number of nodes. We propose an inherently robust, scalable method of integration using multiple energy storage systems and distributed energy resources, which does not require any means of dedicated communication. This method moves beyond the paradigm of controlling grid frequency at a fixed value (e.g., 60 Hz), instead allowing the frequency to fluctuate within certain limits (e.g., 59.6-60.4 Hz). With a greater operating range, the frequency can carry necessary information from energy storage systems to highly variable distributed energy resources like photovoltaics, wind, hydro, etc.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Defining Safe and Efficient Interconnection Policies for Energy Storage and Solar + Storage to Improve Integration and Reduce Costs
Energy storage has a unique and pivotal role to play in the transition to a low-carbon economy because it can help the electric grid accommodate more renewable energy. However, a number of barriers currently impede the process of connecting energy storage systems to the distribution grid. The Toolkit and Guidance for the Interconnection of Energy Storage and Solar-Plus-Storage (the “BATRIES Toolkit”), which is the publication subject to this Final Technical / Scientific Report, provides vetted solutions to eight regulatory and technical barriers to the interconnection of standalone storage and solar-plus-storage systems (referred to as “energy storage”) to the distribution grid. These recommendations are based on over a year of research and analysis by utility and industry experts. The BATRIES Toolkit also includes model language that utilities and utility regulators can use to update state interconnection rules to reduce the costs and time to safely interconnect energy storage and solar-plus-storage systems. The solutions are nationally applicable and can be applied in diverse states and markets across the U.S.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Hydrogen fueled-hydrogen transport rail system - A NASA proposal
The technical possibility of fueling motive power equipment with hydrogen as an alternative to petroleum is studied, and the economics of operating hydrogen-fueled systems are evaluated. Technical considerations include the areas of fuel storage and distribution systems, engine design changes, and a test and evaluation program. A conversion methodology, which conforms to the scheme of high-pressure injection of hydrogen directly into the cylinder late in the compresssion stroke and injection of pilot diesel fuel for ignition, is illustrated with detailed diagrams.
Bain, A. L.↗
UnifyFS: A User-level Shared File System for Unified Access to Distributed Local Storage
We introduce UnifyFS, a user-level file system that aggregates node-local storage tiers available on high performance computing (HPC) systems and makes them available to HPC applications under a unified namespace. UnifyFS employs transparent I/O interception, so it does not require changes to application code and is compatible with commonly used HPC I/O libraries. The design of UnifyFS supports the predominant HPC I/O workloads and is optimized for bulk-synchronous I/O patterns. Furthermore, UnifyFS provides customizable file system semantics to flexibly adapt its behavior for diverse I/O workloads and storage devices. In this paper, we discuss the unique design goals and architecture of UnifyFS and evaluate its performance on a leadership-class HPC system. In our experimental results, we demonstrate that UnifyFS exhibits excellent scaling performance for write operations and can improve the performance of application checkpoint operations by as much as 3× versus a tuned configuration.
Brim, Michael↗
Investigation of Silver Biocide as a Disinfection Technology for Spacecraft-An Early Literature Review
An ideal spacecraft water disinfection system should prevent or control microbial growth, inhibit or prevent biofilm formation, and prevent microbial-induced corrosion. In addition, the selected biocide system should be chemically compatible with materials used in the water storage and distribution system, have minimal maintenance requirements, especially for long-duration missions, and should be safe for crew consumption at levels appropriate for biocidal control. Silver ion is a proven broad spectrum biocide. There has been an increased interest in the biocidal function of silver, both due to its potential to control biocide resistant species and due to advances in silver and nanosilver biocide technologies. NASA is considering silver as the future biocide for exploration over the iodine biocide system. In order to select and design a successful silver biocide delivery system to meet NASA's requirements, it is essential to understand the advantages and disadvantages of moving to a silver disinfection system. To enhance the knowledge base for the application of silver biocides in spacecraft water systems, this paper provides a first compilation of review data related to: (1) Silver as a biocide technology, (2) Options and concepts for silver biocide delivery, and (3) Silver biocide compatibility studies for spacecraft systems.
Li, Wenyan↗