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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Improved receiver noise calibration for ADMX axion search: 4.54 to 5.41 μeV

Axions are a well-motivated candidate for dark matter. The preeminent method to search for axion dark matter is known as the axion haloscope, which makes use of the conversion of axions to photons in a large magnetic field. Because of the weak coupling of axions to photons, however, the expected signal strength is exceptionally small. To increase signal strength, many haloscopes make use of resonant enhancement and high gain amplifiers, while also taking measures to keep receiver noise as low as possible such as the use of dilution refrigerators and ultra-low-noise electronics. In this paper, we derive the theoretical noise model based on the sources of noise found within a typical axion haloscope receiver chain, using the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) as a case study. We present examples of different noise calibration measurements at 1280 MHz taken during ADMX’s most recent data-taking run. These new results shed light on a previously unidentified interaction between the cavity and Josephson Parametric Amplifier as well as provide a better understanding of the systematic uncertainty on the system noise temperature used in the axion search analysis for this data-taking run. Finally, the consistency between the measurements and the detailed model provide suggestions for future improvements within ADMX and other axion haloscopes to reach a lower noise temperature.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Temperature Dependence of Low‐Frequency Noise Characteristics of NiO x /β‐Ga 2 O 3 p–n Heterojunction Diodes

Temperature dependence of the low-frequency electronic noise in NiO x /β-Ga 2 O 3 p–n heterojunction diodes is reported. The noise spectral density is of the 1/f-type near room temperature but shows signatures of Lorentzian components at elevated temperatures and at higher current levels (f is the frequency). It is observed that there is an intriguing non-monotonic dependence of the noise on temperature near T = 380 K. The Raman spectroscopy of the device structure suggests material changes, which results in reduced noise above this temperature. The normalized noise spectral density in such diodes is determined to be on the order of 10 −14 cm 2 Hz −1 (f = 10 Hz) at 0.1 A cm −2 current density. In terms of the noise level, NiO x /β-Ga 2 O 3 p–n diodes perform excellently for new technology and occupy an intermediate position among devices of various designs implemented with different ultra-wide-bandgap semiconductors. The obtained results are important for understanding the electronic properties of NiO x /β-Ga 2 O 3 heterojunctions and contribute to the development of noise spectroscopy as the quality assessment tool for new electronic materials and device technologies.

1/f noise↗
DOE OSTI2021

Analog pile-up circuit technique using a single capacitor for the readout of Skipper-CCD detectors

With Skipper-CCD detectors it is possible to take multiple samples of the charge packet collected on each pixel. After averaging the samples, the noise can be extremely reduced allowing the exact counting of electrons per pixel. In this work we present an analog circuit that, with a minimum number of components, applies a double slope integration (DSI) and at the same time averages the multiple samples, producing at its output the pixel value with sub-electron noise. For this purpose, we introduce the technique of using the DSI integrator capacitor to add the skipper samples. An experimental verification using discrete components is presented, together with an analysis of its noise sources and limitations. After averaging 400 samples it was possible to reach a readout noise of 0.18 e- rms/pix, comparable to other available readout systems. Due to its simplicity and significant reduction of the sampling requirements, this circuit technique is of particular interest in particle experiments and cameras with a high density of Skipper-CCDs.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Low-frequency noise in β-(Al x Ga1 −x )2O3 Schottky barrier diodes

We report on the low-frequency electronic noise in β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 Schottky barrier diodes. The noise spectral density reveals 1/f dependence, characteristic of the flicker noise, with superimposed Lorentzian bulges at the intermediate current levels (f is the frequency). The normalized noise spectral density in such diodes was determined to be on the order of 10−12 cm2/Hz (f = 10 Hz) at 1 A/cm2 current density. At the intermediate current regime, we observed the random telegraph signal noise, correlated with the appearance of Lorentzian bulges in the noise spectrum. The random telegraph signal noise was attributed to the defects near the Schottky barrier. The defects can affect the local electric field and the potential barrier and, correspondingly, impact the electric current. The obtained results help in understanding the noise in Schottky barrier diodes made of ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors and can be used for the material and device quality assessment.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sixteen multiple-amplifier sensing charge-coupled devices and characterization techniques targeting the next generation of astronomical instruments

We present a candidate sensor for future spectroscopic applications, such as a Stage-5 Spectroscopic Survey Experiment or the Habitable Worlds Observatory. This type of charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor features multiple in-line amplifiers at its output stage allowing multiple measurements of the same charge packet, either in each amplifier or in the different amplifiers. Recently, the operation of an eight-amplifier sensor has been experimentally demonstrated, and we present the operation of a 16-amplifier sensor. This new sensor enables a noise level of ∼1 erms− with a single sample per amplifier. In addition, it is shown that sub-electron noise can be achieved using multiple samples per amplifier. In addition to demonstrating the performance of the 16-amplifier sensor, we aim to create a framework for future analysis and performance optimization of this type of detectors. New models and techniques are presented to characterize specific parameters, which are absent in conventional CCDs and Skipper CCDs: charge transfer between amplifiers and independent and common noise in the amplifiers and their processing.

16 multiple-amplifer sensing CCD (MAS-CCD)↗
NASA NTRS2002

Optical Displacement Sensor (ODS), a LISA's inertial reference sensor candidate.

We propose here an optical displacement sensor (ODS) as a supplemental or backup sensor for the LISA inertial reference sensor concept. This simple ODS consists of a laser diode and a quad-cell photodiode (both commercially available). The inertial mass’ reflective surface directs the laser beam onto the quad-cell photodiode. Changes in the inertial mass’ position and orientation are then extracted from ratios of the differences and sums of the quad-cell photodiode outputs. A simpler proto-type using a 200 microns wide slit has demonstrated a resolution of 10 nm/√Hz at 1 mHz and 1 nm/√Hz above 5 mHz. The electronics noise was 1 nm/√Hz at and above 1 mHz with simple and off the shelf electronics components. Although this ODs’ current performance does not meet the LISA’s system requirement’ of 1 nm/ at 1 mHz, we think that is achievable in the near future

Abramocivi, Alex↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Majorana Demonstrator readout electronics system

The M AJORANA D EMONSTRATOR comprises two arrays of high-purity germanium detectors constructed to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 76 Ge and other physics beyond the Standard Model. Its readout electronics were designed to have low electronic noise, and radioactive backgrounds were minimized by using low-mass components and low-radioactivity materials near the detectors. This paper provides a description of all components of the M AJORANA D EMONSTRATOR readout electronics, spanning the front-end electronics and internal cabling, back-end electronics, digitizer, and power supplies, along with the grounding scheme. The spectroscopic performance achieved with these readout electronics is also demonstrated.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Single-Shot Readout and Weak Measurement of a Tin-Vacancy Qubit in Diamond

The negatively charged tin-vacancy center in diamond (SnV − ) is an emerging platform for building the next generation of long-distance quantum networks. This is due to the SnV − ’s favorable optical and spin properties including bright emission, insensitivity to electronic noise, and long spin coherence times at temperatures above 1 K. Here, we demonstrate measurement of a single SnV − electronic spin with a single-shot readout fidelity of 87.4%, which can be further improved to 98.5% by conditioning on multiple readouts. In the process, we develop understanding of the relationship between strain, magnetic field, spin readout, and microwave spin control. We show that high-fidelity readout is compatible with rapid microwave spin control, demonstrating a favorable parameter regime for use of the SnV − center as a high-quality spin-photon interface. Finally, we use weak quantum measurement to study measurement-induced dephasing; this illuminates the fundamental interplay between measurement and decoherence in quantum mechanics, and provides a universal method to characterize the efficiency of color-center spin readout. Taken together, these results overcome an important hurdle in the development of the SnV − -based quantum technologies and, in the process, develop techniques and understanding broadly applicable to the study of solid-state quantum emitters.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Initial in-orbit operation of the soft X-ray spectrometer Resolve onboard the X-ray imaging and spectroscopy mission satellite

The X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission satellite was launched on September 6, 2023 (UT). Its Resolve instrument is a high-resolution X-ray spectrometer enabled by a microcalorimeter array thermally anchored to a 50-mK heat sink. Many sensitive, critical sub-systems comprise Resolve, including a multistage cryogenic cooling system, thin-film aperture filters, low-noise electronics, on-board signal processing, and several sources of X-rays for calibration. We summarize the initial on-orbit power-on and checkout of Resolve that commenced immediately after launch. Soon after launch, the cryocoolers were activated, and their operation was successfully established. On October 9, 2023, the first cycle of the adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator was carried out, bringing the sensors to their steady-state operational temperatures. Following this, the energy resolution at 5.9 keV was successfully measured. The energy scale of the system is highly sensitive to the thermal environment surrounding both the sensors and their analog electronics. Gain correction was performed using reference X-ray lines from onboard calibration sources. To optimize cooler frequency settings, noise spectra were collected across a range of frequencies, and the most suitable frequency pair was selected based on the in-orbit environment. During the final phase of the checkout, an attempt was made to open the gate valve, which is designed to protect the Dewar’s interior from external pressure during ground operations and launch. Unfortunately, this attempt was unsuccessful. As a result, the checkout process was temporarily paused, and a stable operational strategy was subsequently developed to enable Resolve to function effectively with the gate valve remaining closed.

X-ray micro-calorimeter↗
NASA NTRS1992

Optical motion sensor for resonant-bar gravitational wave antennas

An experiment is described in which an optical method was used to measure fluctuations in the separation between two mirrors of a Fabry-Perot sensor cavity. Noise measurements were made to determine the sensitivity of this device to vibration amplitudes in the frequency range 1.1-2.1 kHz, which is of interest for resonant-bar gravitational wave antennas. The rms spectral noise density for length fluctuations in this range was sq rt 3.7 x 10 exp -15 m/Hz and can be related to electronic noise of the circuitry plus vibrational noise from the environment. The cavity finesse was relatively low at 117, and the power dissipated in the mirrors was estimated to be 1.9 micro-W. On a multimode gravitational wave detector, the sensor cavity would be formed by one reference mirror and by one mirror mounted on the last resonator. For a 1200-kg bar, 1.2-g last resonator system operating at 1600 Hz the sensor described here would exhibit a noise temperature of 18 micro-K; the resolution in h in the case of negligible thermal noise from the mechanical system would be sq rt 3.7 x 10 exp -18/Hz. Improvements in the sensitivity in a quiet antenna-like environment should be possible with higher finesse mirrors.

Richard, J.-P.↗
DOE OSTI2020

The ProtoDUNE-SP LArTPC electronics production, commissioning, and performance

The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a large-scale prototype of the Single-Phase (SP) Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) design proposed for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). 15,360 LArTPC wires are instrumented with low electronic noise pre-amplifier and digitization ASICs integrated into Front End Motherboards (FEMBs) operating at cryogenic temperature within the cryostat. The large number of electronics channels and high performance specifications required a large-scale production electronics quality control effort, careful installation into Anode Plane Assemblies (APAs), and rigorous detector commissioning. This successful collaboration-wide effort achieved a working LArTPC electronics channel percentage of 99.7% (15,318 of 15,360 channels in total), whose operating performance exceeded expectations. We summarize the ProtoDUNE-SP cold electronics design and quality control, installation, and commissioning efforts that enabled this excellent electronics performance.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS2001

A Summary of the Status of the EOS Terra Mission Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Attendant Data Product Development After One Year of On-Orbit Performance

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is well. The signal-to-noise (S/N) performance meets or exceeds specifications, band-to-band registration meets specifications, and geodetic registration of observations is near or at 50 meters (one sigma). Some problems with electronic noise, optical leaks, etc. have been identified and solutions to compensate or eliminate these effects have been successful. All approximately 40 data products are at 'Beta' status. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.

Salomonson, V. V.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Optical multiple access techniques for on-board routing

The purpose of this research contract was to design and analyze an optical multiple access system, based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) techniques, for on board routing applications on a future communication satellite. The optical multiple access system was to effect the functions of a circuit switch under the control of an autonomous network controller and to serve eight (8) concurrent users at a point to point (port to port) data rate of 180 Mb/s. (At the start of this program, the bit error rate requirement (BER) was undefined, so it was treated as a design variable during the contract effort.) CDMA was selected over other multiple access techniques because it lends itself to bursty, asynchronous, concurrent communication and potentially can be implemented with off the shelf, reliable optical transceivers compatible with long term unattended operations. Temporal, temporal/spatial hybrids and single pulse per row (SPR, sometimes termed 'sonar matrices') matrix types of CDMA designs were considered. The design, analysis, and trade offs required by the statement of work selected a temporal/spatial CDMA scheme which has SPR properties as the preferred solution. This selected design can be implemented for feasibility demonstration with off the shelf components (which are identified in the bill of materials of the contract Final Report). The photonic network architecture of the selected design is based on M(8,4,4) matrix codes. The network requires eight multimode laser transmitters with laser pulses of 0.93 ns operating at 180 Mb/s and 9-13 dBm peak power, and 8 PIN diode receivers with sensitivity of -27 dBm for the 0.93 ns pulses. The wavelength is not critical, but 830 nm technology readily meets the requirements. The passive optical components of the photonic network are all multimode and off the shelf. Bit error rate (BER) computations, based on both electronic noise and intercode crosstalk, predict a raw BER of (10 exp -3) when all eight users are communicating concurrently. If better BER performance is required, then error correction codes (ECC) using near term electronic technology can be used. For example, the M(8,4,4) optical code together with Reed-Solomon (54,38,8) encoding provides a BER of better than (10 exp -11). The optical transceiver must then operate at 256 Mb/s with pulses of 0.65 ns because the 'bits' are now channel symbols.

Mendez, Antonio J.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Perovskite Electronic Ratchets for Energy Harvesting

Electronic ratchets are energy-harvesting devices that can utilize spatially asymmetric potential distributions to convert nondirectional/random sources of energy into direct current. The potential asymmetry can be generated in a number of ways, but one purported mechanism is to redistribute ions directly within the active material. Utilizing the known propensity for ion migration in lead-halide perovskites (LHP), the first LHP flashing electronic ratchet is demonstrated by using a voltage stress to intentionally redistribute halide ions within a prototypical 2D perovskite. The resulting asymmetric potential distribution across the 2D perovskite allows for conversion of both electronic noise and unbiased square-wave potentials into current. Furthermore, simultaneous application of light illumination and voltage stress enhances the asymmetric potential distribution, enabling higher current than the nonilluminated device. This work presents an electronic ratchet system that exploits facile ion migration, which can be modified by both electrical and optical stimuli, providing a model system with the potential to test outstanding mechanistic questions for electronic ratchets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electron Ion Collider Strong Hadron Cooling design Summary

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) requires a high-energy cooler to maintain excellent beam quality and achieve high luminosity throughout long collision stores. To meet this requirement, the EIC project has adopted a novel approach known as Coherent Electron Cooling (CeC)—referred to as Strong Hadron Cooling (SHC)—which can provide rapid cooling rates at high energies. The SHC relies on an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) to provide the intense, high-quality, and low-noise electron beam essential for the cooling process. This paper summarizes the design progress of the Strong Hadron Cooler for the EIC. We discuss key aspects of the project, including cooling physics modeling, luminosity evolution during collisions, the ERL design, risk mitigation strategies, remaining challenges, and ongoing R&D efforts.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Large-area low-noise flexible organic photodiodes for detecting faint visible light

Silicon photodiodes are the foundation of light-detection technology; yet their rigid structure and limited area scaling at low cost hamper their use in several emerging applications. A detailed methodology for the characterization of organic photodiodes based on polymeric bulk heterojunctions reveals the influence that charge-collecting electrodes have on the electronic noise at low frequency. The performance of optimized organic photodiodes is found to rival that of low-noise silicon photodiodes in all metrics within the visible spectral range, except response time, which is still video-rate compatible. Solution-processed organic photodiodes offer several design opportunities exemplified in a biometric monitoring application that uses ring-shaped, large-area, flexible, organic photodiodes with silicon-level performance.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS2002

An Overview of the Earth Observing System MODIS Instrument and Associated Data Systems Performance

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra Mission began to produce data in February 2000. Now a little over 2 years from that time, the instrument continues to produce good data and products for land, oceans, and atmospheres studies are reaching or achieved maturity for science and applications studies. All subsystems of the instrument are performing as expected: the signal-to-noise (S/N) performance meets or exceeds specifications, band-to-band registration meets specifications, geodetic registration of observations is nearing 50 meters (one sigma) and the spectral bands are located where they were intended to be pre-launch and attendant gains and offsets are stable to date. Some problems with electronic noise, optical leaks, etc. have been identified and solutions to compensate or eliminate these effects have been successful. The data systems have produced a complete year or more for all data products extending from November 2000. Efforts are underway to provide data sets for the greater Earth science community and to improve access to these products at the various Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAAC's). The MODIS instrument on the EOS Aqua mission should also be expected to be in orbit and functioning in the Spring of 2002.

Salomonson, Vincent V.↗