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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Ultrathin electron and proton-conducting membranes for nanoscale integrated artificial photosystems

Reducing the thickness of separation membranes without compromising their selectivity and robustness is the most effective way of maximizing the areal conductivity. This is especially important for the integration of visible light-driven water oxidation and carbon dioxide (or proton) reduction into a complete artificial photosystem on the shortest possible length scale – the nanoscale – because of the efficiency advantages over macroscale photosystems. In addition to their excellent separation property, ultrathin membranes of 10 nm thickness or less need to exhibit sufficient electrical and proton conductivity in order for the photocatalytic rates to keep up with the photon flux at maximum solar intensity. Furher, two materials, graphene and amorphous silica with embedded molecular wires, have emerged as promising ultrathin membranes for the development of nanoscale integrated solar-fuel systems. Moreover, electrically conducting metal–organic or covalent–organic frameworks can be used to fabricate high surface area-supports that enable the use of molecular catalysts and/or light absorbers at an adequate areal density for nanoscale integration with graphene membranes. Following an overview of the electron and proton conductivity of these ultrathin materials and recent examples of photoelectrocatalytic applications that take advantage of some but not all the properties that constitute a complete functional membrane, the status and future opportunities for complete nanoscale integrated photosystems featuring an ultrathin membrane are discussed.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Emergent Chern-Simons interactions in 3+1 dimensions

Parity-violating superconductors can support a low-dimension local interaction that becomes, upon condensation, a purely spatial Chern-Simons term. Solutions to the resulting generalized London equations can be obtained from solutions of the ordinary London equations with a complex penetration depth, and suggest several remarkable physical phenomena. The problem of flux exclusion by a sphere brings in an anapole moment, the problem of current-carrying wires brings in an azimuthal magnetic field, and the problem of vortices brings in currents along the vortices. We demonstrate that interactions of this kind, together with a conceptually related dimensionally reduced Chern-Simons interaction, can arise from physically plausible microscopic interactions. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Materials Science↗
DOE OSTI2023

Methods for Continuously Resolving Spectral Shifts in Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors Irradiated to Extreme Neutron Fluence

Optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) is a technique for interrogating distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) and involves correlating changes in the Rayleigh backscatter fingerprint for a fiber under test (FUT) with a reference measurement. Recently, under the WIRE-21 experiment sponsored by Nuclear Science User Facilities (NSUF) and performed at the High-Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), silica optical fibers were irradiated to a fast neutron fluence of 1x10^21 n/cm^2/s at temperatures from 200--400 C. As in the cases of high-temperature and high-strain conditions, such high levels of neutron bombardment result in a highly dynamic RBS that evades analysis with conventional methods. This work describes the further development and application of graphical signal processing techniques applied to OFDR-based distributed optical fiber sensors specifically deployed in in-pile applications. While the signal processing techniques developed in this work are applied to DOFS in nuclear environments, they provide a general framework for the analysis of OFDR measurements and a tangible method to yield higher quality data, without imposing additional hardware requirements.

Sweeney, Dan↗
DOE OSTI2020

Development and performance of a 2.9 Tesla dipole magnet using high-temperature superconducting CORC® wires

Although the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) REBa 2 Cu 3 O x (REBCO, RE-rare earth elements) material has a strong potential to enable dipole magnetic fields above 20 T in future circular particle colliders, the magnet and conductor technology needs to be developed. As part of an ongoing development to address this need, here we report on our CORC® canted cosθ magnet called C2 with a target dipole field of 3 T in a 65 mm aperture. The magnet was wound with 70 m of 3.8 mm diameter CORC® wire on machined metal mandrels. The wire had 30 commercial REBCO tapes from SuperPower Inc. each 2 mm wide with a 30 µm thick substrate. The magnet generated a peak dipole field of 2.91 T at 6.290 kA, 4.2 K. The magnet could be consistently driven into the flux-flow regime with reproducible voltage rise at an engineering current density between 400-550 A mm -2 , allowing reliable quench detection and magnet protection. The C2 magnet represents another successful step towards the development of high-field accelerator magnet and CORC® conductor technologies. The test results highlighted two development needs: continue improving the performance and flexibility of CORC® wires and develop the capability to identify locations of first onset of flux-flow voltage.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

MicroBooNE BNB Inclusive Overlay Sample (With Wire Info)

MicroBooNE samples are provided for collaborative development in two different formats: HDF5, targeting the broadest audience, and artroot, targeting users that are familiar with the software infrastructure of Fermilab neutrino experiments and more in general of HEP experiments. The HDF5 files are stored on Zenodo, together with a list of artroot files accessible with xrootd.This sample includes simulated interactions of neutrinos from the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB), overlaid on top of cosmic ray data. The sample is inclusive, i.e. it includes all types of neutrinos and interactions, with relative abundance matching our nominal flux and cross section models. Interactions are simulated in in the whole cryostat volume.The HDF5 files in this sample include the information at the wire waveform level (after deconvolution and finding of regions of interest). As this information significantly increases the file size, this sample contains about 17% of the events of the corresponding sample without wire information.More documentation, including detailed description of content, recipes, and example usage, at https://github.com/uboone/OpenSamples.Suggested text for acknowledgment is the following:We acknowledge the MicroBooNE Collaboration for making publicly available the data sets [data set DOIs] employed in this work. These data sets consist of simulated neutrino interactions from the Booster Neutrino Beamline overlaid on top of cosmic data collected with the MicroBooNE detector [2017 JINST 12 P02017].In addition, we request that software products resulting from the usage of the datasets are also made publicly available.

Abratenko, Polina↗
DOE OSTI2020

Measured Thermal and Fast Neutrons Fluence Rates for ATF-1 Holders During ATR Cycle 166B

This report contains the thermal (2200 m/s) and fast (E>lMeV) neutron fluence rate data for the ATF-1 holders located in core for ATR Cycle 166B which were measured by the Radiation Measurements Laboratory (RML) as requested by the Power Reactor Programs (ATR Experiments) Radiation Measurements Work Order. This report contains measurements of the fluence rates corresponding to the particular elevations relative to the 80-ft. core elevation. The data in this report consist of (1) a table of the ATR power history and distribution, (2) a hard copy listing of all thermal and fast neutron fluence rates, and (3) plots of both the thermal and fast neutron fluence rates. All "BR" holder monitor wires for this cycle are 56.375 inches long. This length allows measurements from 31.17 inches above core midplane to 19.81 inches below core midplane. The distance from the end of the wires to the first count position was 4.25 inches for all wires counted from this cycle. The monitors were located in an outward small I-holes,1-22 and 1-23. Thermal neutron fluence was determined based on the activation of the CoAl wires and resonance corrections determined in the irradiation of Cycle 152A when the RML measured cadmium-covered as well as bare neutron monitors in the Southwest, Southeast, and H positions at the Center lobe to determine the division in neutron energy between epithermal and thermal neutrons. For more information please refer to letter “Radiation Measurements Laboratory measurements of in core ATR physics testing during cycle 152A. The measured values documented in RML procedure, “ACMM-3600, Flux Monitoring,” will be used indefinitely until further measurements supersede the current values. Fast neutron fluence was determined using the activation of nickel wires. Typically, a fission spectrum averaged cross section (E>1 MeV) is used as determined in detailed measurements described in “ATR Neutron Spectral Characterization,” which gives an effective cross section of 97 mb for the small I-holes. However, those measurements were performed with unfueled experiments. The fast fluence values reported here use a perturbed 114 mb effective>1 MeV spectrum averaged cross section for the small I-holes based on MCNP simulations for a previous fueled experiment in the1-24 position. Refer to “LWR- ATR Irradiation Measured Thermal and Fast Neutron Fluence Rates ATR CYCLE 133A 04/19/04 thru 05/17/04” for more information.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2025

CHELAX-BNF: Turbulent Parameters by airborne measurements

The original data were collected on board the ARM Aerial Facility ArcticShark uncrewed aerial system (UAS; https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/aaf/uas ) during the “Characterizing HEterogeneous Land-Atmosphere eXchanges at BNF” field campaign (CHEAX-BNF; https://arm.gov/research/campaigns/aaf2025CHELAX-BNF ). The ARM Aerial Facility ArcticShark UAS was based at the public-use airport of Posey Field, AL (FAA LID: 1M4, 34.28027778° N, 87.60055556° W, 283m MSL) from May 28 through June 23, 2025. The ArcticShark UAS performed 5 flights, including 4 research flights over the BNF Main Site (ARM Mobile Facility 3, https://arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/amf ) and Supplemental Facilities to measure atmospheric state, turbulence, surface IR temperature and imagery, aerosol number concentration, and aerosol size distribution. The current data set presents a collection of turbulent parameters in the atmospheric boundary layer or lower free troposphere based on airborne measurement throughout the field campaign. The primary instruments used to create the current data set were the Aircraft Integrated Meteorological Measurement System (AIMMS-30) and the fine-wire thermocouple probe.

Aircraft Integrated Meteorological Measurement Sys↗
DOE OSTI2020

High-performance Generic Neutrino Detection in a LArTPC near the Earth's Surface with the MicroBooNE Detector

Large Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) are being increasingly adopted in neutrino oscillation experiments because of their superb imaging capabilities through the combination of both tracking and calorimetry in a fully active volume. Active LArTPC neutrino detectors at or near the Earth's surface, such as the MicroBooNE experiment, present a unique analysis challenge because of the large flux of cosmic-ray muons and the slow drift of ionization electrons. We present a novel Wire-Cell-based high-performance generic neutrino-detection technique implemented in MicroBooNE. The cosmic-ray background is reduced by a factor of 1.4$\times10^{5}$ resulting in a 9.7% cosmic contamination in the selected neutrino candidate events, for visible energies greater than 200~MeV, while the neutrino signal efficiency is retained at 88.4% for $\nu_{\mu}$ charged-current interactions in the fiducial volume in the same energy region. This significantly improved performance compared to existing reconstruction algorithms, marks a major milestone toward reaching the scientific goals of LArTPC neutrino oscillation experiments operating near the Earth's surface.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

MicroBooNE BNB Inclusive Overlay Sample (No Wire Info)

MicroBooNE samples are provided for collaborative development in two different formats: HDF5, targeting the broadest audience, and artroot, targeting users that are familiar with the software infrastructure of Fermilab neutrino experiments and more in general of HEP experiments. The HDF5 files are stored on Zenodo, together with a list of artroot files accessible with xrootd.This sample includes simulated interactions of neutrinos from the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB), overlaid on top of cosmic ray data. The sample is inclusive, i.e. it includes all types of neutrinos and interactions, with relative abundance matching our nominal flux and cross section models. Interactions are simulated in in the whole cryostat volume.The HDF5 files in this sample do not include the information at the wire waveform level ("NoWire" label), allowing for larger number of events to be included in the data set.More documentation, including detailed description of content, recipes, and example usage, at https://github.com/uboone/OpenSamples.Suggested text for acknowledgment is the following:We acknowledge the MicroBooNE Collaboration for making publicly available the data sets [data set DOIs] employed in this work. These data sets consist of simulated neutrino interactions from the Booster Neutrino Beamline overlaid on top of cosmic data collected with the MicroBooNE detector [2017 JINST 12 P02017].In addition, we request that software products resulting from the usage of the datasets are also made publicly available.

Abratenko, Polina↗
DOE OSTI2020

Design of an Axial Flux Machine With an Integrated Hydraulic Pump for Off-Highway Vehicle Electrification

Axial flux machines offer an inherent torque density advantage over conventional radial flux machines and are increasingly being considered for transportation electrification applications. Electrification of off-highway vehicles is notoriously challenging due to extreme power density requirements. This paper investigates the use of axial flux machines for off-highway vehicle electrification. To maximize the power density, a hydraulic pump is integrated with the axial flux machine, resulting in a single modular, electric/hydraulic machine. This paper first compares three popular axial flux machine variants using an FEA-based design optimization approach. The single rotor, single stator variant is identified to be the most promising for integration with the hydraulic pump. Next, a multi-physics framework of the complete integrated hydraulic pump and axial flux machine is developed to search the design space. The results indicate promising potential for this concept to realize efficiency over 85% and power density over 5kW/kg for the complete machine (electric machine, hydraulic pump, and thermal management system), while utilizing conventional materials (thin gauge silicon steel, N45 magnets, and magnet wire)

Off-highway vehicles, Axial flux machines, Multi-p↗
DOE OSTI2022

Comparative assessment of neutron flux sensor technologies for advanced reactors

This report documents the comparative assessment of the rhodium-based self-powered neutron detectors (Rh-SPND), micro-pocket fission detectors (MPFD), and dosimetry wires in heated irradiations at the Neutron Radiography reactor facility at Idaho National Laboratory. The sensors performances are evaluated high-temperature environments (upwards of 850°C) during maximum reactor power to simulate use in advanced reactor applications. The performance of the Rh-SPNDs indicates the experiment cartridge heater power supply interferes with the SPND signals. This interference become increasingly significant at temperatures above 500°C with minimal interference observed for temperatures below 500°C. This work also demonstrated the fabrication process for the updated design of the MPFD, but issues related to the seal welds were identified and usable data was limited. Finally, the dosimetry measurements were within the expected range correlated with reactor power; thus, the dosimetry results were used to provide preliminary SPND calibration factors. The results from this experiment serves as a reference for developing and testing of flux sensors that are designed for high-temperature irradiations and advanced reactor deployments. This includes upcoming FY22 irradiations at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Reactor and the Neutron Radiography (NRAD) reactor utilizing additional fission chambers from Photonis Technologies and fission chambers and SPNDs from The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Shape evolution and growth mechanisms of 3D-printed nanowires

3D printing of nanowires using Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID) enables the direct-write fabrication of complex 3D objects on almost any substrate surface. The physical properties of such freestanding structures are determined by the dimensions of constituent nanowires. However, little knowledge is available about the exact shape of the nanowires, which is indispensable for calculations and simulations as well as for optimization in applications. In this study, we evaluate the thicknesses and widths of freestanding segments as a function of the inclination angles, primary electron energy, beam currents, and precursor flux. Furthermore, the cross-sectional shape, the cross-sectional area, and the evolution along the length of the wire are investigated. Basing on detailed scanning electron microscopy measurements and Monte Carlo/Finite Differences simulations, the effects that the growth parameters have on the segment growth are elucidated. Furthermore, the results shed light on the growth evolution of the structures and form the basis for future studies on the fabrication of high-precision, arbitrarily shaped nanowires.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Results of South-East Flux Trap Dosimetry Measurements for the Advanced Test Reactor Critical Facility in support of Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation Development

Reactor dosimetry measurements are commonly used to validate simulation and modeling in nuclear reactor tests. Numerous standard dosimeter materials exist which are commonly utilized with sensitivities to different energy ranges of neutrons. At the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), cobalt alloy and pure nickel wires are installed every cycle to monitor thermal- and fast-neutron fluence rates. However, there is growing interest in exploring less commonly used materials which are either more sensitive to different parts of the neutron energy spectrum or which can incorporate multiple activation paths in a single material. Epithermal and fast-neutron energies beyond the typical 1-MeV threshold are of particular interest. Two ATR-C Flux Runs took place during 2024; each flux run included supplemental dosimetry packages in the South-East Flux Trap (SEFT) Filler. The focus of the dosimetry package for flux run 23-4 was to test two novel dosimetry methods that can provide simultaneous thermal and threshold (fast) sensitivity in a single dosimeter wire. A selection of 3% Au in Cu alloyed wires were available that provided sensitivity to fast and thermal neutrons through 5 different reactions. Likewise, Fe offers multiple interaction pathways with sensitivity to both thermal and fast neutrons. The main question to be answered by these irradiations was if sufficient radioactivation would take place in the ATR-C SEFT during a nominal 20-minute irradiation at typical power levels (near 600Wth) to observe the threshold reactions that have smaller activation cross-sections than the thermal reactions without being saturated by interfering interactions and Compton continuum during the High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) measurements. The results from comparing the measurement results to anticipated activity levels provide confidence in our ability to activate both traditional and novel dosimetry materials in ATR-C, however not all the measured values matched with the predicted activities. This leaves further room for investigation both on the experimental and computational approaches for future irradiation experiments.

46 - INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Turbulent Parameters by airborne measurements over BNF in March 2025

The original data were collected during the AAF Engineering Flights (AEF2025) in the vicinity of the ARM Bankhead National Forest (BNF) Atmospheric Observatory (https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/bnf ) in northwestern Alabama in March 2025. The ARM Aerial Facility ArcticShark uncrewed aerial system (UAS, https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/aaf/uas) was based at the public-use airport of Posey Field, Alabama (FAA LID: 1M4, 34.28027778° N, 87.60055556° W, 283m MSL) from March 10 through March 24, 2025. The ArcticShark UAS performed nine flights, including eight research flights over the AMF3 (BNF Main Site) and Supplemental Facilities to measure atmospheric state, turbulence, surface IR temperature and imagery, and aerosol number concentration and size distribution. The current data set presents a collection of turbulent parameters in the atmospheric boundary layer or lower free troposphere based on airborne measurement throughout the field campaign. The primary instruments used to create the current data set were the Aircraft Integrated Meteorological Measurement System (AIMMS-30) and the fine-wire thermocouple probe.

Atmosphere↗
DOE OSTI2022

Methodology of the Extraction of Multi-Differential Cross Sections of Charged-Current $\nu_\mu$-Argon Interactions in MicroBooNE Using Wire-Cell $\nu_\mu$CC Selection

Neutrino physics experiments rely on accurate nuclear-interaction models that are in part guided by experimental observations. Multi-differential cross section measurements are particularly valuable for exploring the underlying physics described in these models, making them a significant step forward in the field. This note presents methodology in preparation to unfold neutrino flux-averaged double and triple-differential cross sections of the inclusive muon neutrino charged-current interaction on Argon. This work builds upon the existing framework and methodology presented in recent energy dependent cross section measurements at MicroBooNE using the Wire-Cell tomographic event reconstruction. The signal definition, choice of binning, and handling of estimated detector uncertainties are discussed, and the MicroBooNE simulation model is validated over the multi-dimensional phase space of muon momentum, muon polar angle, and visible hadronic energy.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Distributed Magnetic Field and Temperature Monitoring for Superconducting Radio Frequency Cavities

The overall objective of the proposed Phase I program was to design, construct and demonstrate a fiber optic sensing system capable of providing temperature and magnetic field measurements with an enhanced spatial resolution that can be implemented over a large surface area (cryomodules) to survey superconducting radio frequency cavities and magnets. A magnetic field sensor capable of detecting fluxes on the order of 1 μT is required to detect the distribution of trapped flux on the cavity surface. A unique distributed magnetic field sensor was successfully designed and constructed to demonstrate the detection of magnetic fluxes less than 500 nT. The sensor leveraged the ultra-high sensitivity of Sentek’s picoDAS to measure the magnetostriction induced vibrations in a commercially available Metglas 2605 SC ribbon that was in physical contact with sensing fiber. Static magnetic fields were detected by applying an alternating current a copper wire proximate to the Metglas 2605SC ribbon to create an AC bias magnetic field. In an alternative approach, an AC bias magnetic field was applied to a special magnetic field sensing fiber with Metglas 2605SC cladding successfully detect a magnetic field flux of a 3 μT. Exhaustive testing was performed to characterize the dependency of sensor response on the direction of the applied magnetic field. Although the special sensing fiber based magnetic field sensor did not exhibit an observable dependence on the direction of the magnetic field, the Metglas 2605SC ribbon sensor exhibited a clear directional dependence. A wide variety of polymer materials were evaluated to enhance the temperature response of an FBG based sensor at cryogenic temperatures. The processing and performance challenges provided the motivation to develop a new simple cryogenic temperature sensor that uses a commercially available fiber optic splice protector. The EVA hot melt tube that becomes adhered to the optical fiber and the polyolefin outer tube that shrinks upon heating in the fusion splicer heater provide the high thermal expansion coefficient necessary to impart a significant strain on the FBG when exposed to cryogenic temperatures. The temperature sensitivity (Δ𝜆𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑔~ 62 𝑝𝑝𝑚/℃) of the FBG-based sensor was on par with the best reported to date. The simple design, use of readily available cost-effective materials, and well-established processing techniques lends this approach to the creation of hundreds to thousands of temperature sensors on one single optical fiber length. The inherently small form factor also allows for co-location with the distributed magnetic field sensor. In preparation for field testing of the prototype sensing system at the Jefferson Labs in potential Phase II program, several different cable designs were evaluated to package the sensors. The preliminary successful demonstration of fully functional sensing cables provides the foundation for subsequent development efforts to advance the Technology Readiness Level of the technology. The technical feasibility of the proposed approach was successfully demonstrated in this Phase I effort.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

The structure of 3-D collisional magnetized bow shocks in pulsed-power-driven plasma flows

Here we investigate three-dimensional (3-D) bow shocks in a highly collisional magnetized aluminium plasma, generated during the ablation phase of an exploding wire array on the MAGPIE facility (1.4 MA, 240 ns). Ablation of plasma from the wire array generates radially diverging, supersonic ($M_S$ $\sim 7$), super-Alfvénic ($M_A>1$) magnetized flows with frozen-in magnetic flux $(R_M\gg1)$. These flows collide with an inductive probe placed in the flow, which serves both as the obstacle that generates the magnetized bow shock, and as a diagnostic of the advected magnetic field. Laser interferometry along two orthogonal lines of sight is used to measure the line-integrated electron density. A detached bow shock forms ahead of the probe, with a larger opening angle in the plane parallel to the magnetic field than in the plane normal to it. Since the resistive diffusion length of the plasma is comparable to the probe size, the magnetic field decouples from the ion fluid at the shock front and generates a hydrodynamic shock, whose structure is determined by the sonic Mach number, rather than the magnetosonic Mach number of the flow. The 3-D simulations performed using the resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code Gorgon confirm this picture, but under-predict the anisotropy observed in the shape of the experimental bow shock, suggesting that non-MHD mechanisms may be important for modifying the shock structure.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Modeling and Design of Micro Flux Monitors for Neutron Fluence Measurements

Measuring neutron flux is critical to understanding the characteristics of nuclear reactors and can provide information on the energy spectrum, total neutron fluence, and operational history of a facility. Such measurements are typically performed by irradiating high-purity materials in an operating reactor for a known length of time. By measuring and identifying activation products in the irradiated materials and referencing the energy-dependent cross section of each isotope, the neutron energy spectrum and total fluence can be determined. Historical techniques use a variety of small, individually pressed foils or wires for dosimeter devices, which can result in excessively high levels of radioactivity and complications in handling after irradiation. The present work describes a new neutron dosimetry concept, named the micro flux monitor, that uses semiconductor device fabrication processes to deposit thin films of flux monitoring materials in precise geometries onto a SiC wafer. This approach allows multiple dosimetry materials to be located on a single device, simplifying irradiation and subsequent analysis. The geometry, and therefore mass, of each material can be custom-tailored for a specific application—considering the expected neutron flux, duration of irradiation, and device retrieval time of a facility. Additionally, hundreds of identical dosimetry monitors can be produced simultaneously, reducing fabrication costs. Finally, the extremely thin metal dimensions of these devices could improve the fidelity of neutron fluence measurements by reducing neutron self-shielding and gamma self-attenuation effects.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗