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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Mars Science Helicopter: Conceptual Design of the Next Generation of Mars Rotorcraft

Robotic planetary aerial vehicles increase the range of terrain that can be examined, compared to traditional landers and rovers, and have more near-surface capability than orbiters. Aerial mobility is a promising possibility for planetary exploration as it reduces the challenges that difficult obstacles pose to ground vehicles. The first use of a rotorcraft for a planetary mission will be in 2021, when the Ingenuity Mars helicopter technology demonstrator will be deployed via the Perseverance rover. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and NASA Ames Research Center are exploring possibilities for a Mars Science Helicopter, a second-generation Mars rotorcraft with the capability of conducting science investigations independently of a lander or rover (although this type of vehicle could also be used to assist rovers or landers in future missions). Two, large rotorcraft configurations are described: a hexacopter and a co-axial helicopter with a payload in the range of two to three kilograms and an overall vehicle mass of approximately twenty kilograms. Additionally, advancements in technology over the course of the study are applied to a rotorcraft of the same size and form as Ingenuity. Initial estimates of weight and performance were based on the capabilities of Ingenuity. Rotorcraft designs for Mars are constrained by the dimensions of the aeroshell and lander for the trip to the planet, constraining maximum rotor dimensions and, hence, overall performance potential. The effects of airfoils designed specifically for the low Reynolds number and high Mach number inherent to operation on Mars were studied. Rotor structural designs were developed that met blade frequency and weight targets, subject to material stress limits. The final designs are representative of the vehicle configurations required for a large range of future missions and will require relatively minor adaptations once science tasks are chosen. These designs will be compared to Ingenuity to demonstrate technology advancements developed during the study.

Mars Science Helicopter↗
NASA NTRS2022

Benchmarking and Testing of Qualcomm Snapdragon System-on-Chip for JPL Space Applications and Missions

As some space missions become more challenging due to new environments, greater distances, or more limited size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints, spacecraft avionics must adapt to allow the spacecraft to be more autonomous and agile---eliminating the Spacecraft-Earth-Spacecraft feedback loop whenever possible. Prime examples of such missions include Aerobots (such as Ingenuity with extremely low SWaP constraints and demanding signal/image processing during flight) and landers in possibly hostile environments (such as a Europa lander mission, with limited communication capacity, high latency, and constrained power budget). To address these challenges, JPL worked with Qualcomm to demonstrate the use of their Snapdragon 801 system-on-chip (SoC) onboard the Ingenuity Helicopter on Mars. The Qualcomm Snapdragon SoC contains various subsystems, including an ARM cluster, a Graphics processing unit, a Digital Signal Processing subsystem, a Neural Processing Engine, Image Signal Processing subsystem, among others. Since the success of Ingenuity, JPL is continuing to work with Qualcomm to address other applications of the Snapdragon SoC technology. This includes the deployment of two 855 Snapdragon development boards onboard the International Space Station (ISS) for successful in-situ benchmarking of applications in space (beyond those tested on Ingenuity). In this paper, we will examine the performance of various applications that have been identified to benefit from greater onboard computational capability. These applications include (among others): machine vision algorithms that are expected to be critical in autonomous entry-descent-and-landing scenarios and real-time Aerobot flight navigation; Hyperspectral compression algorithms; Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing along with various instrument processing algorithms. We discuss how the infusion of Qualcomm's Snapdragon SoC is capable of enabling missions that may not have been able to achieve their goals with traditional flight computing. In addition, we also show that for some algorithms, the software implementation on the Snapdragon SoC outperforms traditional FPGA implementations.

Cretu, Vlad↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter: Rotorcraft to Retrieve the First Samples from the Martian Surface

The Mars Sample Return Mission (MSR) will carry the next set of Mars helicopters, Sample Recovery Helicopters (SRHs), to the Martian surface. After successfully demonstrating extraterrestrial flight in 2021, Ingenuity has acted as a “scout” for the Perseverance rover while the rover gathers samples of Martian soil. In 2028, the MSR mission will launch a lander and two Ingenuity-sized SRHs to retrieve these samples. These will be the first samples of the Martian surface delivered to Earth. The SRH project will maintain heritage from Ingenuity’s design when possible. However, several key changes must be made, including a ground mobility system, a robotic arm for tube manipulation, and the ability to carry the weight of a science payload (the sample tubes). In addition, the onboard software and cameras will be upgraded, and the rotor radius will be increased. Furthermore, new rotor performance and flight dynamics models and thorough characterization of vehicle limits will be required. The new vehicle design will be described, as well as validation and verification efforts to date.

Rotorcraft↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Future of Rotorcraft and other Aerial Vehicles for Mars Exploration

The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter is a technology demonstrator. The hope is that Ingenuity will one day lead to future generations of ever-more capable rotorcraft and other aerial vehicles for Mars exploration and other planetary science missions. This paper builds upon nearly twenty-four years of Mars rotorcraft and planetary aerial vehicle work at NASA Ames Research Center. It is posited that a spectrum of different Mars aerial vehicle mission concepts and capabilities could be developed over the next couple of decades – all of which are now potentially enabled by Ingenuity. A series of technology challenges or problems are also detailed in this paper. These problems are presented as an aid in helping establish a nascent planetary rotorcraft or planetary aerial vehicle research community as well as, maybe, helping realize some of the vehicle/mission concepts discussed in the paper.

Rotorcraft↗
DOE OSTI2023

Measurements of sound propagation in Mars' lower atmosphere

Acoustics has become extraterrestrial and Mars provides a new natural laboratory for testing sound propagation models compared to those ones on Earth. Owing to the unique combination of a microphone and two sound sources, the Ingenuity helicopter and the SuperCam laser-induced sparks, the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover payload enables the in situ characterization of unique sound propagation properties of the low-pressure CO 2 -dominated Mars atmosphere. In this study, we show that atmospheric turbulence is responsible for a large variability in the sound amplitudes from laser-induced sparks. This variability follows the diurnal pattern of turbulence. In addition, acoustic measurements acquired over one Martian year reveal a variation of the sound intensity by a factor of 1.8 from a constant source due to the seasonal cycle of pressure and temperature that significantly modifies the acoustic impedance and shock-wave formation. Finally, we show that the evolution of the Ingenuity tones and laser spark amplitudes with distance is consistent with one of the existing sound absorption models, which is a key parameter for numerical simulations applied to geophysical experiments on CO 2 -rich atmospheres. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential of sound propagation to interrogate the Mars environment and will therefore help in the design of future acoustic-based experiments for Mars or other planetary atmospheres such as Venus and Titan.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Community Solar Resources for Multifamily Affordable Housing Providers [Slides]

As part of an initiative to support Multifamily Affordable Housing (MFAH) providers in their efforts to accelerate deployment of community solar, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s National Community Solar Partnership (NCSP) convened a group of MFAH providers from across the United States to understand and address barriers. DOE and project partners the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Urban Ingenuity, and Stewards of Affordable Housing for the Future facilitated peer exchange, provided technical assistance, and developed resources to support the sector more broadly. During this one-hour webinar NREL, Urban Ingenuity, and SAHF introduced these resources. The webinar was attended by MFAH providers, state and local agencies, and others working to advance equitable access to solar for residents of affordable housing.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Overview and Introduction of the Rotor Optimization for the Advancement of Mars eXploration (ROAMX) Project

Research in pursuit of rotorcraft flight on Mars has been ongoing since the late 1990s at NASA Ames Research Center. Since then, many other organizations have also begun researching rotary-wing flight on Mars. In 2014, the project that led to the first helicopter to fly on Mars began at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Ingenuity was developed as a joint effort between JPL, NASA Ames, NASA Langley, and AeroVironment. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter made history in April 2021 as the first vehicle demonstrating controlled, powered flight on another planet and, in doing so, it has opened a new era of planetary aviation. Future, more capable Mars rotorcraft will be able to fly even further and carry significant science payload. At NASA Ames, through NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate funding, the research necessary to help develop the next generation of Mars rotorcraft has begun with the Rotor Optimization for the Advancement of Mars eXploration (ROAMX) project. The ROAMX project involves computationally and experimentally investigating aerodynamically efficient, compressible, low-Reynolds number airfoils for rotor blades and, further, new high-performance rotor designs. ROAMX is also developing and validating a rotor design methodology to optimize blades given specific mission requirements. The primary experimental effort of the ROAMX project is focused on rotor hover performance, but subsequent airfoil and rotor design advances are anticipated to carry over into improvements in forward flight efficiency. ROAMX is a collaboration between NASA Ames, JPL, the University of Maryland, AeroVironment, and Tohoku University.

Rotor Optimization for the Advancement of Mars eXp↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

ELISA: A Tool for Optimization of Rotor Hover Performance at Low Reynolds Number in the Mars Atmosphere

The Evolutionary aLgorithm for Iterative Studies of Aeromechanics (ELISA) was developed in support of the Rotorcraft Optimization for the Advancement of Mars eXploration (ROAMX) project. ELISA was developed to enable aerodynamic rotor hover optimization for low Reynolds number flows in the Mars atmosphere. The first objective of the algorithm allows for unconventional airfoil parameterization and multi-objective airfoil geometry optimization using OVERFLOW. The Pareto-optimal airfoil sets are converted to a set of Pareto-optimal airfoil decks, providing the lowest drag air foil geometry for each angle of attack, removing the need to arbitrarily select the airfoils to be used in the rotor optimization. The second objective allows for rotor geometry optimization with simultaneous maximization of blade loading and minimization of rotor power using the comprehensive analysis CAMRADII. The result is a Pareto-optimal rotor set, providing the lowest power rotor for each attainable blade loading, and one of the first tools for hover-optimized rotors for high-subsonic low Reynolds number conditions. The airfoil thickness can be modified after the airfoil optimization is complete, allowing for a post-airfoil-optimization adjustment of blade thickness to facilitate conforming to external structural analyses requirements. The relevance of the code is demonstrated with case studies for the ROAMX rotor optimization for Ingenuity-sized single rotors in the Mars atmosphere, a performance study optimizing the chord and twist of Ingenuity’s coaxial rotor resulting in the Sample Recovery Helicopters candidate rotor, and high-subsonic low Reynolds number airfoil optimization providing novel insights for higher-efficiency low Reynolds number airfoil geometries and flow physics.

ELISA↗
NASA NTRS2024

Experimental Results for Mars Rotorcraft Airfoils (roamx-0201 and clf5605) at Low Reynolds Number and Compressible Flow in a Mars Wind Tunnel

Experimental results are obtained for a roamx-0201 type airfoil and the clf5605 airfoil at highsubsonic, low Reynolds number conditions using the Tohoku University Mars Wind Tunnel, Japan. The tests are conducted at a Mach number of M = 0.60, and a Reynolds number of Re = 20,000 to reflect representative aerodynamics of a rotor blade for Mars exploration. The angle of attack is varied between α = −2.0 deg and α = 6.0 deg. The roamx-0201 type airfoil is an unconventional airfoil optimized for the chosen tunnel operating conditions using the Evolutionary aLgorithm for Iterative Studies of Aeromechanics (ELISA), developed under the Rotor Optimization for the Advancement of Mars eXploration (ROAMX) project. ELISA is utilized here to optimize aerodynamic airfoil performance using a Genetic Algorithm and two-dimensional high-fidelity CFD simulations, ultimately resulting in a Pareto-optimal airfoil set. The clf5605 airfoil is the outboard airfoil used on the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter and provides a baseline against which the roamx-0201, as well as possible future airfoil profiles for the compressible low Reynolds number regime, can be compared against. Lift and drag data are recorded using a balance, pressure distributions are obtained using Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) application, and Schlieren images are obtained to visualize the flowfield. The data is tabulated to aid future research.

Roamx↗
NASA NTRS2025

Structural Analysis of Load-Bearing Components in Mars Science Helicopter

The successful demonstration of powered flight on Mars by Ingenuity has led to the development of next generation Martian rotorcraft. As technology advances from a technology demonstrator to possible expanded planetary science investigations, the potential to fly a high payload carrying rotorcraft relies on the capability to analyze and validate the structural integrity of the vehicle in addition to the rotor aerodynamic performance. The Mars Science Helicopter (MSH), a next generation hexacopter concept, is an example of a proposed vehicle that would perform science investigations independent of a land-based vehicle. To ensure the feasibility and viability of MSH mission performance, it is critical to mature the structural design of vehicle concepts to bridge the gap between the best practices of the spacecraft and aircraft communities. MSH was analyzed under operational and 26G quasi-static launch loads with different rotor arm and frame designs. Structural analysis results showed that rotor arms could be stiffened for significantly improved structural performance with minimal mass penalty, while the rotorcraft frame exhibited a more complex relationship between mass and launch load stresses due to the mass-dependent launch loads.

Vehicle↗
DOE OSTI2021

MEX3A promotes development and progression of breast cancer through regulation of PIK3CA

Breast cancer has been identified as the most common malignant tumors among women and the morbidity of breast cancer is still increasing rapidly. MEX3A possesses important functions in the regulation of mRNAs and may be involved in a variety of human diseases including cancer, whose relationship with breast cancer is still not clear. In this study, MEX3A was identified as a potential promotor in breast cancer, whose expression was strongly higher in breast cancer tissues than normal tissues. The in vitro experiments showed that MEX3A is capable of promoting the development of breast cancer through stimulating cell proliferation, inhibiting cell apoptosis, arresting cell cycle and promoting cell migration. The functions of MEX3A were also verified in vivo. Furthermore, a combination of genechip analysis and Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) identified PIK3CA as a potential downstream target of MEX3A, knockdown of which executes similar inhibitory effects on breast cancer and could alleviate MEX3A-induced progression of breast cancer. In conclusion, our study unveiled, as the first time, MEX3A as a tumor promotor for breast cancer, whose function was carried out probably through the regulation of PIK3CA.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Polymers for Extreme Conditions Designed Using Syntax-Directed Variational Autoencoders

We report the design/discovery of new materials is highly nontrivial owing to the near-infinite possibilities of material candidates and multiple required property/performance objectives. Thus, machine learning tools are now commonly employed to virtually screen material candidates with desired properties by learning a theoretical mapping from material-to-property space, referred to as the forward problem. However, this approach is inefficient and severely constrained by the candidates that the human imagination can conceive. Thus, in this work on polymers, we tackle the materials discovery challenge by solving the inverse problem: directly generating candidates that satisfy desired property/performance objectives. We utilize syntax-directed variational autoencoders (VAE) in tandem with Gaussian process regression (GPR) models to discover polymers expected to be robust under three extreme conditions: (1) high temperatures, (2) high electric field, and (3) high temperature and high electric field, useful for critical structural, electrical, and energy storage applications. This approach to learn from and augment) human ingenuity is general and can be extended to discover polymers with other targeted properties and performance measures.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

In situ recording of Mars soundscape

Abstract Before the Perseverance rover landing, the acoustic environment of Mars was unknown. Models predicted that: (1) atmospheric turbulence changes at centimetre scales or smaller at the point where molecular viscosity converts kinetic energy into heat 1 , (2) the speed of sound varies at the surface with frequency 2,3 and (3) high-frequency waves are strongly attenuated with distance in CO 2 (refs. 2–4 ). However, theoretical models were uncertain because of a lack of experimental data at low pressure and the difficulty to characterize turbulence or attenuation in a closed environment. Here, using Perseverance microphone recordings, we present the first characterization of the acoustic environment on Mars and pressure fluctuations in the audible range and beyond, from 20 Hz to 50 kHz. We find that atmospheric sounds extend measurements of pressure variations down to 1,000 times smaller scales than ever observed before, showing a dissipative regime extending over five orders of magnitude in energy. Using point sources of sound (Ingenuity rotorcraft, laser-induced sparks), we highlight two distinct values for the speed of sound that are about 10 m s −1 apart below and above 240 Hz, a unique characteristic of low-pressure CO 2 -dominated atmosphere. We also provide the acoustic attenuation with distance above 2 kHz, allowing us to explain the large contribution of the CO 2 vibrational relaxation in the audible range. These results establish a ground truth for the modelling of acoustic processes, which is critical for studies in atmospheres such as those of Mars and Venus.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Addressing quantum’s “fine print” with efficient state preparation and information extraction for quantum algorithms and geologic fracture networks

Abstract Quantum algorithms provide an exponential speedup for solving certain classes of linear systems, including those that model geologic fracture flow. However, this revolutionary gain in efficiency does not come without difficulty. Quantum algorithms require that problems satisfy not only algorithm-specific constraints, but also application-specific ones. Otherwise, the quantum advantage carefully attained through algorithmic ingenuity can be entirely negated. Previous work addressing quantum algorithms for geologic fracture flow has illustrated core algorithmic approaches while incrementally removing assumptions. This work addresses two further requirements for solving geologic fracture flow systems with quantum algorithms: efficient system state preparation and efficient information extraction. Our approach to addressing each is consistent with an overall exponential speed-up.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Multi-Objective Optimization of Uranium Target Assembly–3: A Comparison of Genetic and Traditional Methods

Commonly produced as a byproduct of uranium fission, 99 Mo is a key medical isotope that is in high demand in the United States. An international goal is to switch from medical isotope production technologies that require highly enriched uranium to medical isotope production technologies that require only low-enriched uranium. Niowave Inc. is contributing to this goal by developing an accelerator-driven subcritical assembly called the Uranium Target Assembly (UTA). This work compares the performance of Dakota’s Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) against traditional sensitivity analysis in the neutronic optimization of the UTA-3 system. The design objectives are k-eigenvalue (k eff ) and natural uranium fission power, which are directly correlated with the amount of 99 Mo produced. Dakota:MOGA did not perform as well as human engineering ingenuity in optimization studies with high numbers of input parameters, such as fuel rod type selection and fuel rod placement. However, Dakota:MOGA did outperform traditional sensitivity analysis in optimization studies with fewer than 20 parameters and revealed the degree to which each parameter influences the optimal design space for k eff and natural uranium fission power (to a lesser extent). As the design model became more complex in the final stage of design, the computational resources required to calculate the design objective values in the Monte Carlo N-Particle transport code from selected input parameter combinations limited Dakota:MOGA’s performance, and, unfortunately, human intervention was required to discern the optimal design space. In conclusion, future work will attempt to reduce computational resource constraints by incorporating areduced-order neutronics model into the optimization cycle.

Accelerator-driven systems↗
DOE OSTI2022

Reinforcement Learning for Volt- Var Control: A Novel Two-stage Progressive Training Strategy

This paper develops a reinforcement learning (RL) approach to solve a cooperative, multi-agent Volt-Var Control (VVC) problem for high solar penetration distribution systems. The ingenuity of our RL method lies in a novel two-stage progressive training strategy that can effectively improve training speed and convergence of the machine learning algorithm. In Stage 1 (individual training), while holding all the other agents inactive, we separately train each agent to obtain its own optimal VVC actions in the action space: fconsume, generate, do-nothingg. In Stage 2 (cooperative training), all agents are trained again coordinatively to share VVC responsibility. Rewards and costs in our RL scheme include (i) a system-level reward (for taking an action), (ii) an agent-level reward (for doing-nothing), and (iii) an agent-level action cost function. This new framework allows rewards to be dynamically allocated to each agent based on their contribution while accounting for the trade-off between control effectiveness and action cost. The proposed methodology is tested and validated in a modified IEEE 123-bus system using realistic PV and load profiles. Simulation results confirm that the proposed approach is robust and computationally efficient; and it achieves desirable volt-var control performance under a wide range of operation conditions.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Lipid droplet-associated proteins in alcohol-associated fatty liver disease: A proteomic approach

The earliest manifestation of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is steatosis characterized by deposition of fat in specialized organelles called lipid droplets (LDs). While alcohol administration causes a rise in LD numbers in the hepatocytes, little is known regarding their characteristics that allow their accumulation and size to increase. The aim of the present study is to gain insights into underlying pathophysiological mechanisms by investigating the ethanol-induced changes in hepatic LD proteome as a function of LD size. Adult male Wistar rats (180–200 g BW) were fed with ethanol liquid diet for 6 weeks. At sacrifice, large-, medium-, and small-sized hepatic LD subpopulations (LD1, LD2, and LD3, respectively) were isolated and subjected to morphological and proteomic analyses. Morphological analysis of LD1-LD3 fractions of ethanol-fed rats clearly demonstrated that LD1 contained larger LDs compared with LD2 and LD3 fractions. Our preliminary results from principal component analysis showed that the proteome of different-sized hepatic LD fractions was distinctly different. Proteomic data analysis identified over 2000 proteins in each LD fraction with significant alterations in protein abundance among the three LD fractions. Among the altered proteins, several were related to fat metabolism, including synthesis, incorporation of fatty acid, and lipolysis. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed increased fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid incorporation, LD fusion, and reduced lipolysis in LD1 compared to LD3. Overall, the proteomic findings indicate that the increased level of protein that facilitates fusion of LDs combined with an increased association of negative regulators of lipolysis dictates the generation of large-sized LDs during the development of alcohol-associated hepatic steatosis. Several significantly altered proteins were identified in different-sized LDs isolated from livers of ethanol-fed rats. Ethanol-induced increases in specific proteins that hinder LD lipid metabolism led to the accumulation and persistence of large-sized LDs in the liver.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

How do deer respiratory epithelial cells weather the initial storm of SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 strain?

The potential infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in animals raises a public health and economic concern, particularly the high susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to SARS-CoV-2. The disparity in the disease outcome between humans and WTD is very intriguing, as the latter are often asymptomatic, subclinical carriers of SARS-CoV-2. To date, no studies have evaluated the innate immune factors responsible for the contrasting SARS-CoV-2-associated disease outcomes in these mammalian species. A comparative transcriptomic analysis in primary respiratory epithelial cells of human (HRECs) and WTD (Deer-RECs) infected with the SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 strain was assessed throughout 48 h post inoculation (hpi). Both HRECs and Deer-RECs were susceptible to virus infection, with significantly ( P < 0.001) lower virus replication in Deer-RECs. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEG) gradually increased in Deer-RECs but decreased in HRECs throughout the infection. The ingenuity pathway analysis of DEGs further identified that genes commonly altered during SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly belong to cytokine and chemokine response pathways mediated via interleukin-17 (IL-17) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Inhibition of the NF-κB signaling in the Deer-RECs pathway was predicted as early as 6 hpi. The findings from this study could explain the lack of clinical signs reported in WTD in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection as opposed to the severe clinical outcomes reported in humans. IMPORTANCE. This study demonstrated that human and white-tailed deer primary respiratory epithelial cells are susceptible to the SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 strain infection. However, the comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that deer cells could limit viral replication without causing hypercytokinemia by downregulating IL-17 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Identifying differentially expressed genes in human and deer cells that modulate key innate immunity pathways during the early infection will lead to developing targeted therapies toward preventing or mitigating the “cytokine storm” often associated with severe cases of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Moreover, results from this study will aid in identifying novel prognostic biomarkers in predicting SARS-CoV-2 adaption and transmission in deer and associated cervids.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗