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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3

Postirradiation examination on metallic fuel in the AFC-2 irradiation test series

In this paper, irradiation experiments on metallic fuel alloys containing rare earth additions to simulate potential carry-over from pyro-metallurgical reprocessing and minor actinide additions were performed in the Idaho National Laboratory Advanced Test Reactor. These tests were designated AFC-2A and AFC-2B. Additionally irradiation experiments were also performed on metallic fuel alloys containing minor actinide additions that were fabricated by different techniques. These tests were designated AFC-2E. These pins were removed from the reactor after achieving burnups between 6 and 11% fission per initial heave metal atom. Examination of these pins revealed that they were unintentionally operated beyond their desired power and temperature conditions. Highlights from the postirradiation examination of these experiments is discussed. A variety of issue contributed to the poor performance of these irradiation tests including capsule design, reactor power variations and fabrication issues. While all the issues contributed, the major issue was determined to be unanticipated variations in reactor power. Through comparisons between these experiments and historical off-normal experiments, it was possible to conclude bound the operating temperatures of these experiments. There likely was some in-pile melting in the rare earth addition experiments (AFC-2A, AFC-2B), but it is not likely that there was in-pile melting in the fabrication technique experiments (AFC-2E).

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Thermal analysis of the FSP-1 fuel pin irradiation test

Thermal analysis of a pin from the FSP-1 fuels irradiation test has been completed. The purpose of the analysis was to provide predictions of fuel pin temperatures, determine the flow regime within the lithium annulus of the test assembly, and provide a standardized model for a consistent basis of comparison between pins within the test assembly. The calculations have predicted that the pin is operating at slightly above the test design temperatures and that the flow regime within the lithium annulus is a laminar buoyancy driven flow.

Lyon, William F., III↗

AGR-3/4 Irradiation Test Predictions using PARFUME

PARFUME, a fuel performance modeling code used for high temperature gas reactors, was used to model the AGR-3/4 irradiation test using as-run physics and thermal hydraulics data. The AGR-3/4 test is the combined third and fourth planned irradiations of the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification Program. The AGR-3/4 test train consists of twelve separate and independently controlled and monitored capsules. Each capsule contains four compacts filled with both uranium oxycarbide (UCO) unaltered “driver” fuel particles and UCO designed-to-fail (DTF) fuel particles. The DTF fraction was specified to be 1×10-2. This report documents the calculations performed to predict failure probability of TRISO-coated fuel particles during the AGR-3/4 experiment. In addition, this report documents the calculated source term from both the driver fuel and DTF particles. The calculations include the modeling of the AGR-3/4 irradiation that occurred from December 2011 to April 2014 in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) over a total of ten ATR cycles including seven normal cycles, one low power cycle, one unplanned outage cycle, and one Power Axial Locator Mechanism cycle. Results show that failure probabilities are predicted to be low, resulting in zero fuel particle failures per capsule. The primary fuel particle failure mechanism occurred as a result of localized stresses induced by the calculated IPyC cracking. Assuming 1,872 driver fuel particles per compact, failure probability calculated by PARFUME leads to no predicted particle failure in the AGR-3/4 driver fuel. In addition, the release fraction of fission products Ag, Cs, and Sr were calculated to vary depending on capsule location and irradiation temperature. The maximum release fraction of Ag occurs in Capsule 7 reaching up to 56% for the driver fuel and 100% for the DTF fuel. The release fraction of the other two fission products, Cs and Sr, are much smaller and in most cases less than 1% for the driver fuel. The notable exception occurs in Capsule 7 where the release fraction for Cs and Sr reach up to 0.73% and 2.4%, respectively, for the driver fuel. For the DTF fuel in Capsule 7, the release fraction for Cs and Sr are estimated to be 100% and 5%, respectively.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Role of Accelerated Burnup Irradiation Testing in Support of Accelerated Fuel Qualification

Accelerated fuel qualification has gained attention as a means to reduce the time needed to realize new nuclear fuel concepts and expand the operating windows of existing fuel forms. A key component of this approach is accelerated burnup irradiation testing. Although the concept of accelerated burnup has been familiar to the community for many decades, the specifics about how the increasing fission rate may be used as a qualification tool have not yet been elucidated. The present work provides a vision of how accelerated fission rate testing can enable accelerated fuel qualification. Technology readiness levels (TRLs) are reintroduced to demarcate the stages of traditional fuel qualification, and accelerated fuel qualification is presented in this context. The critical steps needed to achieve each TRL are reframed within the context of modern nuclear materials research and development, as revolutionary fuel concepts are more common than previous eras. The practical impacts of accelerated fuel qualification approaches as applied to contemporary fuel qualification efforts are illustrated. Examples are given to illustrate how accelerated burnup irradiations are being used currently and could be applied in the future to support qualification and licensure. Finally, outstanding challenges in the application of accelerated burnup methods to nuclear fuel qualification are summarized, with priority placed on understanding how fission rate impacts diffusion, microstructure evolution, and other critical mechanisms that dictate fuel performance.

Accelerated fuel qualification↗

Fabrication and Irradiation Test Plan for Fully Ceramic Microencapsulated Fuels

The objective of this work is to irradiate fully ceramic microencapsulated (FCM) fuel in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) to (1) facilitate irradiation of novel fuel concepts and (2) validate potential fuel performance. The FCM fuel used in this study is composed of either uranium nitride (UN) or two phase uranium oxide and uranium carbide (UCO) kernels, each of which are coated with a tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) coating layer and compacted into a silicon carbide (SiC) matrix. The TRISO layers and matrix provide multiple barriers to fission product release. Five particles are placed into the matrix and, combined, are considered a single “pellet”. This fuel concept is a candidate accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) for use in light water reactors (LWRs) and advanced reactor concepts. The potential benefits of the FCM fuel concept include greater burnup, improved fuel reliability, and improved thermal performance. The UN particles used in this fuel concept are intended to enhance heavy metal loading to achieve sustainable LWR cycle lengths. These kernels were developed and produced under the Advanced Fuels Campaign (AFC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) beginning in FY15, and coating parameters for UN were completed in FY16. Production of very high-density TRISO-coated UN kernels was completed more recently in FY18. The experiment described herein is being conducted to provide basic data on the irradiation performance of these fuel pellets at relevant LWR temperatures. This report presents the irradiation test plan for this novel fuel concept.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Irradiation Testing of Ultrasonic Transducers

Ultrasonic technologies offer the potential for high accuracy and resolution in-pile measurement of numerous parameters, including geometry changes, temperature, crack initiation and growth, gas pressure and composition, and microstructural changes. Many Department of Energy-Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) programs are exploring the use of ultrasonic technologies to provide enhanced sensors for in-pile instrumentation during irradiation testing. For example, the ability of single, small diameter ultrasonic thermometers (UTs) to provide a temperature profile in candidate metallic and oxide fuel would provide much needed data for validating new fuel performance models. Other efforts include an ultrasonic technique to detect morphology changes (such as crack initiation and growth) and acoustic techniques to evaluate fission gas composition and pressure. These efforts are limited by the lack of existing knowledge of ultrasonic transducer material survivability under irradiation conditions. To address this need, the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) was awarded an Advanced Test Reactor National Scientific User Facility (ATR NSUF) project to evaluate promising magnetostrictive and piezoelectric transducer performance in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Reactor (MITR) up to a fast fluence of at least 1021 n/cm2 (E> 0.1 MeV). This test will be an instrumented lead test; and real-time transducer performance data will be collected along with temperature and neutron and gamma flux data. By characterizing magnetostrictive and piezoelectric transducer survivability during irradiation, test results will enable the development of novel radiation tolerant ultrasonic sensors for use in Material and Test Reactors (MTRs). The current work bridges the gap between proven out-of-pile ultrasonic techniques and in-pile deployment of ultrasonic sensors by acquiring the data necessary to demonstrate the performance of ultrasonic transducers

Daw, J.↗

AGR-5/6/7 Irradiation Test Predictions using PARFUME

PARFUME, (PARticle FUel ModEl) a fuel performance modeling code used for high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs), was used to model the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR)-5/6/7 irradiation test using predicted physics and thermal hydraulics data. The AGR-5/6/7 test consists of the combined fifth, sixth, and seventh planned irradiations of the AGR Fuel Development and Qualification Program. The AGR-5/6/7 test train is a multi-capsule, instrumented experiment that is designed for irradiation in the 133.4-mm diameter north east flux trap (NEFT) position of Advanced Test Reactor (ATR). Each capsule contains compacts filled with uranium oxycarbide (UCO) unaltered fuel particles. This report documents the calculations performed to predict the failure probability of tristructural isotropic (TRISO)-coated fuel particles during the AGR-5/6/7 experiment. In addition, this report documents the calculated source term from the driver fuel. The calculations include modeling of the AGR-5/6/7 irradiation that is scheduled to occur from October 2017 to April 2021 over a total of 13 ATR cycles, including nine normal cycles and four Power Axial Locator Mechanism (PALM) cycle for a total between 500 – 550 effective full power days (EFPD). The irradiation conditions and material properties of the AGR-5/6/7 test predicted zero fuel particle failures in Capsules 1, 2, and 4. Fuel particle failures were predicted in Capsule 3 due to internal particle pressure. These failures were predicted in the highest temperature compacts. Capsule 5 fuel particle failures were due to inner pyrolytic carbon (IPyC) cracking causing localized stresses concentrations in the SiC layer. This capsule predicted the highest particle failures due to the lower irradiation temperature. In addition, shrinkage of the buffer and IPyC layer during irradiation resulted in formation of a buffer-IPyC gap. The two capsules at the two ends of the test train, Capsules 1 and 5 experienced the smallest buffer-IPyC gap formation due to the lower irradiation fluences and temperatures. Capsule 3 experienced the largest buffer-IPyC gap formation of just under 24 µm. The release fraction of fission products Ag, Cs, and Sr silver (Ag), cesium (Cs), and strontium (Sr) vary depending on capsule location and irradiation temperature. The maximum release fraction of Ag occurs in Capsule 3, reaching up to 84.8% for the TRISO fuel particles. The release fraction of the other two fission products, Cs and Sr are much smaller and, in most cases, less than 1%. The notable exception is again in Capsule 3, where the release fraction for Cs and Sr reach up to 9.7% and 19.1%, respectively.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Developing Sample Management Tools for the Irradiation Test Area (ITA)

The ITA Data Manager (IDM) has been ported from CERN’s Proton Irradiation Facility (IRRAD), where it was used previously as the IRRAD Data Manager (IDM), in order to meet the data management and sample tracking needs of the Irradiation Test Area (ITA), a newly developed facility at Fermilab (launching Fall 2020) operating under the Fermilab Test Beam Facility.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

AMMT FY23 HFIR Irradiation Test Matrix – Supported by the Design of a Miniature Bend Bar Irradiation Vehicle

With the continued advancement of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, interest has grown in the development and qualification of steels produced via these methods for use in the structural components of advanced nuclear reactors. Therefore, it is crucial that the properties of these materials such as the tensile strength and fracture toughness be investigated following neutron irradiation to support their use in industry. To that end, a test plan to irradiate several tensile and bend bar specimens in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory was proposed, along with the development of a new “MINBEN” capsule design that features MBS-1 bend bar specimens that have a larger cross-sectional area than those of previous designs, which allows for higher temperature out-of-pile testing. The specimens include AM 316H stainless steel with wrought 316H and A709 stainless steels for reference, and they will be irradiated at 2 dpa and 10 dpa—corresponding to roughly 1 and 5 cycles at the HFIR midplane—at temperatures of 400°C and 600°C. The MINBEN design was found to be capable of providing specimen test plane average temperatures in the range of 220–660°C for six specimens, with a min-max spread in this temperature of ~40°C and a 95% confidence interval of ~24°C. This analysis shows that the capsule provides an effective vehicle for gathering needed high-temperature fracture toughness data.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Experiment Assembly and Testing in Hot Cell in Support of Advanced Fuels Irradiation Testing

Follow-on experimentation of irradiated nuclear fuel is critical to understanding fuel behavior at different stages of the fuel lifecycle. Transient experiments using fuel with high burnup can enlarge understanding of fuel fragmentation, relocation and dispersal under various reactor accident situations. Assembling experiments with such fuel requires remote operations.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Irradiation Testing Plan for Long Term Accident Tolerant Fuels

Many potential Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF) technologies with the potential for making substantive improvements to the performance of Light Water Reactors (LWRs) in accident scenarios will require development and qualification timelines longer than 4 years. These technologies are named “Long Term” ATF. The attached report summarizes the irradiation testing capabilities available for use in the development and qualification of these technologies and presents a nominal test sequence.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of the AFIP-7 Irradiation Test in the Advanced Test Reactor - Oxide Growth Prediction and Correlation

Knowing the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of aluminum fuel cladding is vitally important for predicting fuel temperature due to the low thermal conductivity of the oxide layer. Several correlation models for predicting oxide growth can be found in the literature. In previous research, the correlations were combined with heat transfer simulations in Abaqus, a finite element analysis code, to forecast the oxide growth. However, this approach requires heat transfer coefficients for modeling heat exchanges with the external flow field, and such coefficients were obtained through empirical equations. Since different empirical equations yield varying heat transfer coefficients, the cladding temperature and predicted oxide thickness both carry a high degree of uncertainty. Here, this research develops a new approach that integrates the fluid flow, fluid and solid heat transfer, and oxide growth correlation(s) into a single computational fluid dynamics model. We demonstrate this approach’s ability to predict oxide development on the AFIP-7 plates during two Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) irradiation cycles. The projected oxide thickness falls within the experimental measurements taken during post irradiation examination.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

USHPRR MP-1 Irradiation Test: Assessment of Edge Pitting and Bond Line Corrosion in Vendor Produced Fuel Plates

This report summarizes an effort to identify the source of anomalous localized edge pitting and bond line corrosive attack of experimental mini fuel plates manufactured at the commercial fuel vendor BWXT and tested in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) as part of the Miniplate 1 (MP-1) irradiation test. The MP-1 test was conducted by the US High Performance Research Reactor Project (USHPRR) and overseen by the Fuel Qualification Pillar (FQ). The test involved evaluation of a mix of 62 “vendor” fuel plates fabricated at BWXT and 12 “laboratory” fuel plates fabricated at Idaho National Laboratory using commercial-scale and labscale fabrication processes respectively. The MP-1 test was the first in a series of tests to generate data to support qualification of a new plate-type low-enriched uranium (LEU) U-10Mo monolithic fuel system. The major objective of the MP-1 experiment was to test, for the first time, miniplates fabricated by a commercial fuel vendor over the range of irradiation conditions relevant to conversion of NRC regulated High Performance Research Reactors (HPRRs) from high-enriched uranium to LEU. The focus of the efforts described in this report are the vendor fuel plates to inform changes in the fabrication process prior to fabrication of the next miniplate experiment MP2.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Irradiation Testing of Nuclear Flux Sensors - Presentation for 2021 ASI Annual Webinar

This power point presentation is a summary of the work produced in FY2021 under the Irradiation Testing of Neutron Flux Sensors project funded by DOE's Advanced Sensor Initiative, and the outlook for FY22. The objective of this portion of the ASI program is to "Test and demonstrate in-pile instrumentation in conditions similar to those expected to be seen in service, i.e., the conditions they would see in either in irradiation experiments supporting advanced reactors, or ultimately, in advanced reactors themselves". The presentation describes how neutron flux sensors were tested in four INL reactors plus Idaho State University's research reactor during FY2021, and the results obtained from these tests.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗