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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1984

Characterization of an advanced focal plane for multispectral linear array (MLA) application

It is pointed out that the MLA instrument represents the next generation in the Landsat series of earth resources satellites. The MLA sensor concept utilizes a pushbroom scan mode to eliminate electromechanical scan mirrors, and the lower reliabililty and higher power dissipation which accompany their employment. The pushbroom scanner makes use of a linear array which consists generally of thousands of detectors oriented perpendicular to the along-track direction of the satellite. Test techniques have been developed for the measurement of the module parameters which are critical to MLA focal plane performance. These measurements include the determination of infrared responsivity, linearity over the dynamic range, temporal noise, and fixed pattern effects on each detector element of each module tested. Tests related to spectral response, crosstalk, and spot scan profiles are also conducted. A description is provided of the test equipment involved.

King, P.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Analytical and Experimental Characterization of a Linear-Array Thermopile Scanning Radiometer for Geo-Synchronous Earth Radiation Budget Applications

The Thermal Radiation Group, a laboratory in the department of Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, is currently working towards the development of a new technology for cavity-based radiometers. The radiometer consists of a 256-element linear-array thermopile detector mounted on the wall of a mirrored wedgeshaped cavity. The objective of this research is to provide analytical and experimental characterization of the proposed radiometer. A dynamic end-to-end opto-electrothermal model is developed to simulate the performance of the radiometer. Experimental results for prototype thermopile detectors are included. Also presented is the concept of the discrete Green's function to characterize the optical scattering of radiant energy in the cavity, along with a data-processing algorithm to correct for the scattering. Finally, a parametric study of the sensitivity of the discrete Green's function to uncertainties in the surface properties of the cavity is presented.

Sorensen, Ira J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Silicon solid/state linear arrays for multispectral high resolution imaging systems

Solid-state, electronically scanned, linear detector arrays are now available which can be used in a pushbroom scan mode imaging system for high-resolution multispectral earth resource survey applications. These arrays provide high performance in the visible to near-IR region. Two performance criteria must be assessed in the choice of a detector array: signal-to-noise ratio and spectral response. Consideration of diffraction limitations shows that optics size cannot be significantly reduced by using very low-noise detectors. The required spectral response for a viable detector array should not have spectral ripples that cause a low-level, but significant, error in the detected effective reflectance of the target.

Thompson, L. L.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Stripe filters on multispectral linear arrays

Dielectric interference filters deposited directly on top of existing 200 element charge coupled device linear imaging arrays were designed, fabricated and evaluated. The optical performance of the filters was verified with regard to crosstalk between adjacent detector elements. The filters showed an average in-band transmittance greater than 80% and a total out of band transmittance of less than 5%. Filter stability was adequate for operation in a space environment. The filter elements were definable in 12 to 25 micron element size compatible with existing silicon detectors. These type of measurement were made: (1) spectral transmission of the filter as deposited on witness plates; (2) spectral response of the silicon sensing device; (3) any optical interaction between filter and sensing device; (4) the response of the filter/sensor combination; and (5) repeatability and uniformity of filter characteristics. Detailed discussion of these evaluations are given.

Hall, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Linear array optical edge sensor

A series of independent parallel pairs of light emitting and detecting diodes for a linear pixel array, which is laterally positioned over an edge-like discontinuity in a workpiece to be scanned, is disclosed. These independent pairs of light emitters and detectors sense along intersecting pairs of separate optical axes. A discontinuity, such as an edge in the sensed workpiece, reflects a detectable difference in the amount of light from that discontinuity in comparison to the amount of light that is reflected on either side of the discontinuity. A sequentially sychronized clamping and sampling circuit detects that difference as an electrical signal which is recovered by circuitry that exhibits an improved signal-to-noise capability for the system.

Bejczy, Antal K.↗
NASA NTRS1981

1.0 to 2.5 micrometer short wavelength infrared /SWIR/ linear array technology for low background applications

A design concept is presented for a hybrid linear focal plane array operating in the 1.0 to 2.5 micron band under low background conditions such as encountered in spaceborne missions. The concept is based on direct gate coupling of the input from a photovoltaic mercury-cadmium telluride detector into a CCD multiplexer. Theoretical analysis indicates a specific detectivity at peak wavelength on the order of 10 to the 12th cm sq rt Hz/W when the system is operating at 200 K. Values of the voltage responsivity, specific detectivity and the relative voltage noise levels of the coupled system obtained in experimental studies with direct-gate-coupled 4.0-micron detectors support the theoretical analysis performed for the case of system detectivity limited by the CCD 1/f noise.

Stobie, J.↗
NASA NTRS1979

On-board radiometric preprocessing for multispectral linear arrays /MLA/

A program that was undertaken to design, fabricate, and test a real-time hardwired data preprocessor is described, which applies a calibration normalization to each detector in a 576-element linear photodiode array. Various calibration problems were uncovered, such as those (1) due to system noise in recording the calibration tables, or (2) due to thermal drift and (3) due to the original quantization process. It was determined that in this experiment, noise and thermal drift led to fixed errors in the normalization of responses on the order of + or - 10 counts, out of 255 counts for many of the detectors.

Thompson, L. L.↗
NASA NTRS1988

The Santa Barbara Research Center multimodule shortwave IR linear array and scene simulator

Alignment test results and scene simulator imagery are presented for a 1 x 1280 element linear assembly consisting of 5 end-butted modules. The modules include a Si readout chip, a 256 element photovoltaic HgCdTe detector array, and a Si/sapphire carrier. At 145 K, the operation of the LPE shortwave HgCdTE detector array yielded Resistance Area products of 420,000 ohm-sq cm. The results demonstrate the ability to fabricate high-performance, long linear multimodule shortwave IR focal planes for space applications.

Cizdziel, Philip↗
NASA NTRS1983

Operation of integrating indium antimonide linear arrays at 65 K and below

The combination of a FET switch non-CCD readout architecture with high-quality mesa-photovoltaic indium-antimonide detector material has led to high-performance integrating linear imagers in the 1- to 5-micron region. These devices operate in the temperature regime below 100 K and provide very good dark current and responsivity uniformity (+ or - 2 percent). Test data will show performance at 65 K for a 512-element array and 46 K for a 128-element array. Useful integration times of 3600 seconds at 46 K and greater than 12 seconds at 65 K have been achieved. For both devices, kTC read noise levels of less than 1200 electrons have been measured.

Bailey, G. C.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Linear arrays of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes for 1.0-1.7 micron

Separate absorption and multiplication InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes (SAM-APDs) with a floating guard ring structure that is well-suited to array applications have been successfully demonstrated. Individual APDs have breakdown voltages greater than 80 V, multiplications over 40 at 100 nA dark current, and uniform spatial gain profiles. Uniform I-V characteristics and gains have been measured over linear dimensions as large as 1.2 cm. Gains over 10 at low multiplied dark currents were measured on 21 consecutive devices at the wafer level.

Ackley, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Design trade-offs for a multispectral linear array (MLA) instrument

The NASA Landsat program with imagery produced by the Multispectral Scanner has been thoroughly successful. The second generation of Landsat is represented by the Thematic Mapper, while the MLA sensor belongs to a third generation. It is pointed out that the strength of the MLA concept emanates from the pushbroom image-formation approach, which offers some fundamental improvements over opto-mechanically scanned instruments. The increased dwell time of the MLA sensor can be employed to improve signal-to-noise, spectral resolution, and spatial resolution simultaneously. Problems regarding design tradeoffs are considered, taking into account instrument sizing, configuration tradeoffs, optical design tradeoffs, aspects of spectral separation and registration, and radiometric accuracy and calibration tradeoffs. A description is provided of the instrument concept to which the design tradeoffs have led.

Mika, A. M.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Astronomical camera using a high-performance indium antimonide linear array

The development and current status of InSb line arrays for astronomy are reviewed. Instrument concepts are currently being developed for an infrared instrument for NASA's Space Telescope which would use such detectors for both spectroscopy and imaging. Preliminary performance measurements are given for a simple pushbroom camera, using a 128-element line array, designed for operation on the 24-inch Cassegrain telescope at the JPL Table Mountain Observatory. The design and construction of the camera are described.

Herring, M.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Spectrometric test of a linear array sensor

A spectroradiometer which measures spectral reflectivities and irradiance in discrete spectral channels was tested to determine the accuracy of its wavelength calibration. This sensor is a primary tool in the remote sensing investigations conducted on biomass at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Measurements have been collected on crop and forest plants both in the laboratory and field with this radiometer to develop crop identification and plant stress remote sensing techniques. Wavelength calibration is essential for use in referencing the study measurements with those of other investigations and satellite remote sensor data sets. This calibration determines a wavelength vs channel address conversion which was found to have an RMS deviation of approximately half a channel, or 1.5 nm in the range from 360 to 1050 nm. A comparison of these results with those of another test showed an average difference of approximately 4 nm, sufficiently accurate for most investigative work.

Brown, Kenneth S.↗
NASA NTRS1988

A multistage linear array assignment problem

The implementation of certain algorithms on parallel processing computing architectures can involve partitioning contiguous elements into a fixed number of groups, each of which is to be handled by a single processor. It is desired to find an assignment of elements to processors that minimizes the sum of the maximum workloads experienced at each stage. This problem can be viewed as a multi-objective network optimization problem. Polynomially-bounded algorithms are developed for the case of two stages, whereas the associated decision problem (for an arbitrary number of stages) is shown to be NP-complete. Heuristic procedures are therefore proposed and analyzed for the general problem. Computational experience with one of the exact problems, incorporating certain pruning rules, is presented with one of the exact problems. Empirical results also demonstrate that one of the heuristic procedures is especially effective in practice.

Nicol, David M.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Integrating indium antimonide linear arrays at 65K and below

A schematic is presented of a simplified electronic architecture of experimental 128 element infrared imager. Tables are given of sample diode responsivity, 512 element focal plane performance summary, and 128 element FPA mechanical and electrical characteristics. Typical 43 x 43 micron detector IV characteristics at 84 K are given, along with typical 43 x 43 micron Indium Antimonide CV characteristic at 83 K.

Bailey, Gary C.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Resonant Interaction of a Linear Array of Supersonic Rectangular Jets: an Experimental Study

This paper examines a supersonic multi jet interaction problem that we believe is likely to be important for mixing enhancement and noise reduction in supersonic mixer-ejector nozzles. We demonstrate that it is possible to synchronize the screech instability of four rectangular jets by precisely adjusting the inter jet spacing. Our experimental data agrees with a theory that assumes that the phase-locking of adjacent jets occurs through a coupling at the jet lip. Although the synchronization does not change the frequency of the screech tone, its amplitude is augmented by 10 dB. The synchronized multi jets exhibit higher spreading than the unsynchronized jets, with the single jet spreading the least. We compare the nearfield noise of the four jets with synchronized screech to the noise of the sum of four jets operated individually. Our noise measurements reveal that the more rapid mixing of the synchronized multi jets causes the peak jet noise source to move up stream and to radiate noise at larger angles to the flow direction. Based on our results, we believe that screech synchronization is advantageous for noise reduction internal to a mixer-ejector nozzle, since the noise can now be suppressed by a shorter acoustically lined ejector.

Raman, Ganesh↗
NASA NTRS1996

Application of Linear Array Imaging Techniques to the Real-Time Inspection of Airframe Structures and Substructures

Current concern for ensuring, the air-worthiness of the aging commercial air fleet has prompted the establishment of broad-agency programs to develop NDT technologies that address specific aging-aircraft issues. One of the crucial technological needs that has been identified is the development of rapid, quantitative systems for depot-level inspection of bonded aluminum lap joints on aircraft. Research results for characterization of disbond and corrosion based on normal-incidence pulse-echo measurement geometries are showing promise, but are limited by the single-site nature of the measurement which requires manual or mechanical scanning to inspect an area. One approach to developing efficient systems may be to transfer specific aspects of current medical imaging technology to the NDT arena. Ultrasonic medical imaging, systems offer many desirable attributes for large scale inspection. They are portable, provide real-time imaging, and have integrated video tape recorder and printer capabilities available for documentation and post-inspection review. Furthermore, these systems are available at a relatively low cost (approximately $50,000 to $200,000) and can be optimized for use with metals with straight-forward modifications.

Miller, James G.↗