Propulsion study for small probes
Propulsion requirements of small rocket motor for D region and meteorological sounding
Taylor, J. P.↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Investigation of the relation between solar variations and weather on earth as shown by study of simultaneous data from the sun, Mariner II, near-earth satellites and the atmosphere below the mesosphere
Relation of solar variations and wind to weather on earth shown by data from sun, Mariner II, ATMOSPHERE, and near-earth satellites
SOLAR WIND↗
Space technology today
The current status of major NASA programs and planning efforts is surveyed. Consideration is given to space-sciences programs (IRAS, SIRTF, Space Telescope, and planetary probes), applications programs (terrestrial remote sensing, communication, and meteorology), manned spacecraft, the STS, the Space Station, space commercialization efforts (materials processing and bioprocessing), and the feasibility of permanent lunar bases and manned Mars expeditions. Photographs and drawings are included.
Cohen, A.↗
Furthur remarks on atmospheric probing by ultrasensitive radar
This paper is supplementary to that of Hardy and Katz. It emphasizes the meteorological value of the various capabilities of ultrasensitive radar, highlights the points of agreement and disagreement, and focuses upon the directions of promising research. The theory of backscatter from a refractively turbulent region is said to be confirmed by the radar observations both with respect to magnitude and wavelength dependence. A reason for the apparent discrepancy between the results of some of the forwardscatter experiments and theory is suggested. Disagreement still exists with respect to the origin of clear air sea breeze echoes; the author does not agree with Hardy and Katz that they are due to insects. However, it is agreed that some unusually widespread echo displays on clear days are indeed due to insects. The meteorological value of ultrasensitive radars demonstrated by Hardy and Katz, here, and by others is so profound as to demand their use in remote atmospheric probing.
Atlas, D.↗
Meteorological and operational aspects of 46 clear air turbulent sampling missions with an instrumented B-57B aircraft. Volume 2, appendix C: Turbulence missions
The results of 46 clear air turbulence (CAT) probing missions conducted with an extensively instrumented B-57B aircraft are summarized from a meteorological viewpoint in a two-volume technical memorandum. The missions were part of the NASA Langley Research Center's MAT (Measurement of Atmospheric Turbulence) program, which was conducted between March 1974, and September 1975, at altitudes ranging up to 15 km. Turbulence samples were obtained under diverse conditions including mountain waves, jet streams, upper level fronts and troughs, and low altitude mechanical and thermal turbulence. CAT was encountered on 20 flights comprising 77 data runs. In all, approximately 4335 km were flown in light turbulence, 1415 km in moderate turbulence, and 255 km in severe turbulence during the program.
Waco, D. E.↗
Joint cloud water path and rainwater path retrievals from airborne ORACLES observations
This study presents a new algorithm that combines W-band reflectivity measurements from the Airborne Precipitation Radar – third generation (APR-3) passive radiometric cloud optical depth and effective radius retrievals from the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) to estimate total liquid water path in warm clouds and identify the contributions from cloud water path (CWP) and rainwater path (RWP). The resulting CWP estimates are primarily determined by the optical depth input, although reflectivity measurements contribute ∼10 %–50 % of the uncertainty due to attenuation through the profile. Uncertainties in CWP estimates across all conditions are 25 % to 35 %, while RWP uncertainty estimates frequently exceed 100 %. Two-thirds of all radar-detected clouds observed during the ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) campaign that took place from 2016–2018 over the southeast Atlantic Ocean have CWP between 41 and 168 g/sq. m and almost all CWPs (99 %) between 6 to 445 g/sq. m. RWP, by contrast, typically makes up a much smaller fraction of total liquid water path (LWP), with more than 70 % of raining clouds having less than 10 g/sq. m of rainwater. In heavier warm rain (i.e., rain rate exceeding 40 mm/h or 1000 mm/d), however, RWP is observed to exceed 2500 g/sq. m. CWP (RWP) is found to be approximately 30 g/sq. m (7 g/sq. m) larger in unstable environments compared to stable environments. Surface precipitation is also more than twice as likely in unstable environments. Comparisons against in situ cloud microphysical probe data spanning the range of thermodynamic stability and meteorological conditions encountered across the southeast Atlantic basin demonstrate that the combined APR-3 and RSP dataset enable a robust joint cloud–precipitation retrieval algorithm to support future ORACLES precipitation susceptibility and cloud–aerosol–precipitation interaction studies.
algorithm↗
Atmosphere structure and meteorology instrument for Mars Pathfinder
The MESUR Science Definition Team recommended that all MESUR probes, including Pathfinder, carry an ASI/MET experiment, in order that no opportunity be lost to characterize the atmosphere of Mars in passing through it. The experiment was thus included on Pathfinder from the start (February 1992), but on an essentially noninterference basis: It was to make no unusual demands on the spacecraft. A Science Advisory Team was appointed by NASA Headquarters in September 1993 first met on November 3rd to initiate formal science participation, and the level of activity has since been high. The instrument passed its Preliminary Design Review on February 28th.
Seiff, Alvin↗
Future automated space mission requirements
Future automated space mission requirements - evaluation of meteorological, communications, and technology satellites, and planetary, lunar, and interplanetary probes
Cortright, E. M.↗
The meteorological structure of the mesosphere including seasonal and latitudinal variations.
Evaluation of a large number of meteorological sounding of the mesosphere performed by the acoustic grenade technique and the pitot probe technique. An attempt is made to produce a climatology of observed values of temperature, pressure, density, and wind at various latitudes and seasons which will update and supplement the standard atmospheres and provide realistic inputs for computations involving neutral and ion composition, energy propagation, and transport processes. Temperature-time cross sections over the various observation stations are presented, as well as quasi-meridional cross sections of temperature, pressure, and density, maps of mean zonal and mean meridional winds, and maps of mean winter and mean summer circulation at various levels.
Theon, J. S.↗
Publications of Goddard Space Flight Center, 1963. Volume II - Space technology
Space technology research - communications and meteorological satellites, spacecraft attitude control and sensors, environmental testing, and tracking systems
TECHNOLOGY↗
The Pioneer Venus mission
The Pioneer Venus Orbiter and probe missions have provided a wealth of in situ and remote sensing data. The probe mission sounded the clouds and lower atmosphere at four separate locations returning chemical, physical, and meteorological data on the Venus atmosphere. The orbiter observed the surface of Venus with a radar altimeter and crude radar imager. It sounded the atmosphere in the infrared and monitored the ultraviolet emissions. It also provided in situ data on the neutral and ionized environment of the planet and the magnetic fields and plasma waves in these regions. The results of the over-12-years of orbiter observations of Venus, especially those of relevance to the interpretation of data on the upper atmosphere, ionosphere and solar wind interaction with Mars are stressed.
Russell, C. T.↗
Small-Scale Tropopause Dynamics and TOMS Total Ozone
This project used Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (EP TOMS) along-track ozone retrievals, in conjunction with ancillary meteorological fields and modeling studies, for high resolution investigations of upper troposphere and lower stratosphere dynamics. Specifically, high resolution along-track (Level 2) EP TOMS data were used to investigate the beautiful fine-scale structure in constituent and meteorological fields prominent in the evolution of highly non-linear baroclinic storm systems. Comparison was made with high resolution meteorological models. The analyses provide internal consistency checks and validation of the EP TOMS data which are vital for monitoring ozone depletion in both polar and midlatitude regions.
Stanford, John L.↗
Determination of the Earth's Plasmapause Location from the CE-3 EUVC Images
The Moon-based Extreme Ultraviolet Camera (EUVC) aboard China's Chang'e-3 (CE-3) mission has successfully imaged the entire Earth's plasmasphere for the first time from the side views on lunar surface. An EUVC image on 21 April 2014 is used in this study to demonstrate the characteristics and configurations of the Moon-based EUV imaging and to illustrate the determination algorithm of the plasmapause locations on the magnetic equator. The plasmapause locations determined from all the available EUVC images with the Minimum L Algorithm are quantitatively compared with those extracted from insitu observations (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms, and Radiation Belt Storm Probes). Excellent agreement between the determined plasmapauses seen by EUVC and the extracted ones from other satellites indicates the reliability of the Moon-based EUVC images as well as the determination algorithm. This preliminary study provides an important basis for future investigation of the dynamics of the plasmasphere with the Moon-based EUVC imaging.
He, Fei↗
Measurements of the structure and circulation of the stratosphere and mesosphere, 1970
Complete data from a total of 26 meteorological rocket soundings of the stratosphere and mesosphere conducted from Barrow, Alaska; Churchill, Canada; and Wallops Island, Va., are presented. These data consist of temperature, pressure, density, and wind profiles from 16 acoustic grenade soundings that cover the 30- to 90-km altitude range, and temperature, pressure, and density profiles from 10 pitot probe soundings that cover the 25- to 120-km altitude range. Errors for each of the 16 grenade soundings are also included. No analysis of the meteorological significance of the data is attempted.
Smith, W. S.↗
Icing Sensor Probe
Aircraft icing is a serious safety problem for the general aviation and some commuter transport airplanes. There has been tremendous growth in the commuter aviation industry in the last few years, Since these type of aircraft generally operate at lower altitudes they consequently spend a far greater proportion of their time operating in icing conditions. For the past thirty years airborne and ground based facilities have relied primarily on two types of cloud physics instrumentation to measure the characteristics of icing clouds: hot wire liquid water content probes and laser based particle sizing probes for the measurement of water droplet size. The instrumentation is severely limited by the technology that was developed during the 1970's and is quite large in size. The goal of this research is to develop one instrument with a wide bandwidth, better response time, higher resolution, user selectability, and small and lightweight. NASA Glenn Research Center, Droplet Measurement Technology, and Meteorology Society of Canada have developed a collaborative effort to develop such an instrument. This paper describes the development and test results of the prototype Icing Sensor Probe.
Emery, Edward↗
The United States sounding rocket program
The United States sounding rocket program is discussed. The program is concerned with the fields of solar physics, galactic astronomy, fields and particles, ionospheric physics, aeronomy, and meteorology. Sounding rockets are described with respect to propulsion systems, gross weight, and capabilities. Instruments used to conduct ionospheric probing missions are examined. Results of previously conducted sounding rocket missions are included.
Source record↗
Meteorological and operational aspects of 46 clear air turbulence sampling missions with an instrument B-57B aircraft. Volume 1: Program summary
The results of 46 clear air turbulence (CAT) probing missions conducted with an extensively instrumented B-57B aircraft are summarized. Turbulence samples were obtained under diverse conditions including mountain waves, jet streams, upper level fronts and troughs, and low altitude mechanical and thermal turbulence. CAT was encouraged on 20 flights comprising 77 data runs. In all, approximately 4335 km were flown in light turbulence, 1415 km in moderate turbulence, and 255 km in severe turbulence during the program. The flight planning, operations, and turbulence forecasting aspects conducted with the B-57B aircraft are presented.
Davis, R. E.↗
Atmospheric Condensation in the Mars Phoenix TECP and MET Data
A new calibration function for the humidity sensor in the Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP), a component of the Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA) on the Phoenix Mars mission has been developed. The data is now cast in terms of Frost Point (T(sub f)) and some flight data, taken when the atmosphere is independently known to be saturated, is included in the calibration data set. Combined with data from the Meteorology Mast air temperature sensors, a very sensitive detection of atmospheric saturation becomes possible (Figure 1).
Microscopy↗