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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Exploring Electrocatalysis of Methane on Transition Metal Surfaces

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas because it has a heat-absorbing ability that is 20 times stronger than the better-known carbon dioxide. It is also the dominant component of nature gas (>70%). Its current greenhouse effect is only second to carbon dioxide largely because of its relatively low atmospheric concentration. Alarmingly, however, the latter has seen a 1.5-time increase since 1750, mainly due to anthropogenic livestock farming, coal and natural gas mining, and organic matter decomposing in waste landfills. Mitigating such a trend effectively and efficiently is therefore highly desirable and intensely sought for. This final technical report describes some exciting research progresses made over the last three years supported financially by the aforementioned award. The research conducted focused on exploring electrochemical direct methane to methanol (DMTM) conversion under mild conditions. The goal of research was to explore the possibility of developing potentially game-changing electrocatalysts and electrocatalysis that can convert methane directly to methanol in a most sustainable way for curbing its effect on global warming. Progress has been made in the following three directions. First, by adapting a hydrogen fuel-cell configuration that enables gaseous methane to be transported directly to the electrocatalyst surface, we have overcome the perennial difficulty in measuring activity of methane electro-oxidation at low temperature and ambient pressure that has prevented any meaningful studies of electrocatalysis of methane conversion thus far. Second, we have developed a novel and operational in situ electrochemical infrared (IR) spectral cell for studying electrocatalysis of direct methane to methanol conversion. This novel cell is also expected to alleviate the measuring difficulty caused by low solubility of methane in aqueous electrolyte and low sticking coefficient for methane adsorption onto transition metal surface. It will improve significantly the IR’s signal to noise ratio. Third, we have successfully synthesized nano-sizing copper (Cu) exchanged zeolite mordenite (Cu-ZMOR) and coated it with carbon that enabled electrochemical access to the encaged Cu ions. This opens a door to unravel the chemistry of Cu ions in catalyzing direct methane to methanol conversion under mild experimental conditions. Altogether, these progresses achieved have laid a solid foundation for further exploring electrocatalysis of direct methane to methanol conversion in general where there exists “a plenty of room” for new discoveries and developments.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Dual Mode Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cell: Liquid Fuels and Electricity - CRADA 351 (Abstract)

FuelCell Energy, Inc. (FCE) in collaboration with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), The University of Connecticut (UCONN), The Energy and Environmental Research Center at The University of North Dakota (EERC-UND), and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has entered into a co-operative agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Research Project Agency – Energy (ARPA-E), agreement number DE-AR0000503, to develop an electrochemical device for conversion of methane gas to a usable liquid product, such as methanol or formaldehyde. The objective of this CRADA is to develop the anode electro-catalyst for the aforementioned electrochemical cell during Q1-Q8. PNNL will utilize thermodynamic modeling, batch-mode reactor screening and button-scale electrochemical testing to develop this anode."

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Hydrogen Infrastructure Analysis for the Port Applications [Slides]

The International Maritime Organization has committed to 50% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050 worldwide as of 2023. This analysis includes performing an inventory and modeling efforts to understand the energy, equipment and cost requirements to support decarbonization of cargo handling and shore power at U.S. Ports, along with assessment of zero- and near- zero emission fuel supplies at or near U.S. ports focused upon Hydrogen technologies. Initial market assessment for ocean going vessels for harbor support and ocean-going vessels is explored. An energy analysis is performed on the port system using a holistic approach and considering the port as an entire ecosystem that functions as a transportation and energy node. Presently, a comprehensive view is lacking for future analysis efforts, this analysis seeks to address this gap in data by evaluating four representative port types and the potential for utilizing hydrogen for the maritime industry. Every port is different, but broadly they could be bracketed into reference cases with scaling factors for the relative size of the port operations. These reference ports are for future use, potentially as baselines for analysis and development of demonstration programs. An equipment inventory for each reference port type (container, bulk, breakbulk, and inland waterway) is presented. A comparative analysis of fuel cell electric and battery electric equipment is conducted based on the following criteria: technology readiness level, refueling/charging time, operational range, energy consumption, and fuel cost savings compared to baseline internal combustion engine equipment. The tradeoffs and synergies between two alternative powertrains is highlighted. Based on energy and infrastructure analysis, average and high equipment utilization profiles across different port types is identified and quantified baseline fuel and electricity demand for various decarbonization scenarios. Based on the portfolio of equipment converted to fuel cell electric, the estimates of initial capital investment are provided for hydrogen refueling stations across ports. An energy demand model is developed that predicts well the all-electric cargo handling equipment annual energy consumption for ports with annual tonnage under 2 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs). The model is a good rubric to follow for further energy demand models that can create a scalable solution to understand the energy needs of cargo handling equipment, whether they are all-electric, hydrogen fuel cell, or powered by another fuel-type. Zero and near-zero emission fuel supply at ports is evaluated looking into the characteristics of hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol as an alternative fuel, as well as the bunkering status. The readiness of reference ports to produce ammonia or methanol and bunker the fuel is examined based on the framework developed by the Global Maritime Forum and Rocky Mountain Institute.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2022

Surface Chemistry and Heterogeneous Processes in Solar-Driven Pyridine-Catalyzed CO 2 Reduction

The objective of our studies was to advance our fundamental understanding of the surface chemistry and heterogeneous processes that occur in solar-driven pyridine-catalyzed CO 2 reduction. Solar-driven CO 2 reduction to produce fuels offers tremendous promise but commercial deployment is impeded by the lack of suitable catalysts that simultaneously provide high efficiency and product selectivity. Pyridine (C 5 H 5 N) has been reported as an effective, selective co-catalyst in the conversion of CO 2 to methanol (CH 3 OH) in photoelectrochemical cells employing gallium phosphide (GaP) photocathodes. However, despite considerable electrochemical characterization and a large number of theoretical considerations, there are still many fundamental questions about the surface chemistry and heterogeneous processes that are involved in the conversion mechanism. Our research was aimed at investigating the role of the electrode surface and heterogeneous processes in this catalysis. Gaining this fundamental understanding of the origin of pyridine’s effectiveness is important to the continued optimization of solar-driven CO 2 reduction.

10 SYNTHETIC FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Au/Pt Bimetallic Nanowires with Stepped Pt Sites for Enhanced C–C Cleavage in C2+ Alcohol Electro-oxidation Reactions

Efficient C–C bond cleavage and oxidation of alcohols to CO 2 is the key to developing highly efficient alcohol fuel cells for renewable energy applications. In this work, we report the synthesis of core/shell Au/Pt nanowires (NWs) with stepped Pt clusters deposited along the ultrathin (2.3 nm) stepped Au NWs as an active catalyst to effectively oxidize alcohols to CO 2 . The catalytic oxidation reaction is dependent on the Au/Pt ratios, and the Au 1.0 /Pt 0.2 NWs have the largest percentage (~75%) of stepped Au/Pt sites and show the highest activity for ethanol electro-oxidation, reaching an unprecedented 196.9 A/mg Pt (32.5 A/mg Pt+Au ). This NW catalyst is also active in catalyzing the oxidation of other primary alcohols, such as methanol, n-propanol, and ethylene glycol. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy are used to characterize the catalyst structure and to identify key reaction intermediates, providing concrete evidence that the synergy between the low-coordinated Pt sites and the stepped Au NWs is essential to catalyze the alcohol oxidation reaction, which is further supported by DFT calculations that the C–C bond cleavage is indeed enhanced on the undercoordinated Pt–Au surface. Here, our study provides important evidence that a core/shell structure with stepped core/shell sites is essential to enhance electrochemical oxidation of alcohols and will also be central to understanding electro-oxidation reactions and to the future development of highly efficient direct alcohol fuel cells for renewable energy applications.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2020

Pore-Filled PEMs from Poly(Phenylene Sulfonic Acid)s and Electrospun Poly(Phenylene Sulfone) Fiber Mats

A novel, composite, non-PFSA-based fuel cell membrane has been fabricated using a pore filling technique. The membrane consists of a mechanically stabilizing skeleton from an electrospun poly(phenylene sulfone) (PPSU) fiber mat and a thermally crosslinkable poly(phenylene sulfonic acid) (cPPSA) proton conducting ionomer that fills the interfiber voids. cPPSA copolymer was synthesized using Ullmann coupling copolymerization of 4,4-dibromobiphenyl 3,3-disulfonic acid with 1,4-dibromobenzene-2,5-disulfonic, followed by grafting a certain fraction of backbone sulfonic acid groups with biphenyl linker. The PPSU fiber mat was electrospun from NMP/acetone solution. Pore-filling was carried out by pouring a solution of cPPSA in methanol over the mat, followed by heating at 70°C to evaporate solvent. The cPPSA was crosslinked by an additional heating step, in a vacuum oven at 210°C for 5 hours. Here the resultant membrane had excellent proton conductivity, 5 times greater than that of Nafion® 211 in the 40-90% RH range at 80°C.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Process intensification for generating and decomposing formic acid, a liquid hydrogen carrier

We preview two processes that facilitate using formic acid (HCOOH) as a liquid hydrogen carrier to store renewably-generated electrical energy and then release it to generate electrical power cleanly for backup or emergency applications. First, we show that simultaneously oxidizing an organic solute (typically a waste stream) can assist the electrochemical synthesis of formic acid by lowering the cell potential. The electrolyser comprises a hybrid 3-chamber PEM stack that reduces CO₂ via a gas-diffusion cathode boosted by the oxidation of aqueous methanol. However, the extent of the boosting needs to be optimized across the whole operation of the cell. Next, we present results from an intensified reactor for decomposing formic acid back into H₂ and CO₂ at elevated pressure so that the H₂ can be used in a fuel cell. The reactor combines three operations: Vaporization of the formic acid, its decomposition, and separation of the product stream. Their close coupling affords energy savings and a compact design that could be mounted on a mobile skid. We briefly discuss the electrode catalyst that facilitates the first process and two thermally activated catalysts (Ir supported on covalent triazine framework and Pd supported on carbon) that enable the second process.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Protonic Ceramics for Energy Storage & Electricity Generation with Ammonia (Final Report)

The commercial product resulting from this R&D project will enable cost-effective synthesis of the Carbon Neutral Liquid Fuel (CNLF) ammonia, a common chemical, at a small scale for energy and industrial applications using only intermittent renewable energy, water, and air as feedstocks. These products are also capable of producing electrical energy from the CNLF in a fuel cell mode of operation. Thus, the eventual commercial product enables both single direction production of either CLNF or electricity, or alternatively functions as a fully reversible, self-contained energy storage device. The renewed interest in developing electrolysis systems is driven, in part, by the burgeoning renewable, solar, and wind industries and the need for an energy conversion and storage technology that can convert intermittent solar and wind energy into the production of hydrogen. Electrolysis systems integrated into both distributed and central renewable power plants would utilize solar and wind energy as their primary power source to produce renewably generated hydrogen for local energy storage or chemical feedstock purposes. Ammonia is an excellent surrogate for hydrogen transportation. NH3 presents an attractive alternative to hydrogen as a working fluid in reversible devices towards a sustainable green energy-oriented future. Ammonia can be easily liquefied at room temperature at about 8 bar or at -33°C at ambient pressure. In contrast, the liquefaction temperature of hydrogen is -253°C at ambient pressure. NH3 has a significantly higher volumetric energy density (12.7 MJ/L) than compressed hydrogen (4.5 MJ/L at ~70 MPa) or liquefied hydrogen (8.5 MJ/L). Additionally, ammonia is a widely used raw material for agriculture fertilizer and thus has well-established storage, transport, and handling processes (about 180 million tons of ammonia are produced annually). Techno-economic analysis suggests ammonia is the least expensive fuel among hydrogen, gasoline, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and methanol.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2026

Green Methanol via an Integrated Direct Air Capture, CO 2 Electrolyzer, and Hydrogenation Reactor

This project pioneered a groundbreaking reactor design to produce green methanol by harnessing the electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (eCO 2 RR), a cornerstone of power-to-fuels technology. The effort integrated three innovative technologies to achieve carbon-neutral methanol production at a target cost of under $\$$800/ton: 1. Direct Air Capture (DAC): Using a cutting-edge sorbent material developed at Holocene, scalable models were developed to integrate captured atmospheric CO₂ into the reactor system. 2. Intermediate-Temperature CO 2 Electrolyzer: Developed by the University of Tennessee (UTK), this electrolyzer utilizes a cost-effective, proton-conducting solid acid electrolyte (CsH 2 PO 4 , CDP) and a mixed-metal oxide cathode. It achieves high faradaic efficiencies (>98%) by effectively suppressing hydrogen evolution at high current densities, converting CO 2 to CO with remarkable selectivity. 3. Catalysis and Reactor Engineering: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) contributed world-class expertise in heterogeneous catalysis and reactor design. Their advanced ASPEN modeling drove systems integration and supported techno-economic and life cycle analyses. This effort was further bolstered by partnerships with industry leaders Air Company and Plug Power, who provided critical guidance on scaling, systems engineering, and the integration of water electrolyzers into large-scale operations. During Phase 1, the team focused on modeling and validating a lab-scale reactor demonstrating the feasibility of the integrated approach. Key accomplishments include a 52% increase in current density at 0.8 V while maintaining >98% CO faradaic efficiency, successful 10× scale-up of the electrolyzer with performance within 5% of coin-cell results, best-in-class durability (168-hour test at 0.6 V with 0.14 mA/cm 2 -h degradation), validated TEA confirming the $\$$800/ton methanol target, and completed preliminary LCA showing potential for net-negative GHG emissions under renewable energy scenarios.

10 SYNTHETIC FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Editorial: Bioconversion and Biorefinery of C1 Compounds

The past decade has seen significant progress in the field of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. The exponentially growing multi-omics data and technological advances in the development of efficient genetic manipulation tools and techniques have allowed scientists to explore and expand their understanding of microbial metabolisms and further develop sophisticated engineering strategies to realize the use of industrial "workhorses" and non-conventional microorganisms for sustainable bioconversion and biorefinery. There is of great interest for the research community in using C1 compounds (i.e., CO 2 , CO/syngas, methane, methanol) as the next generation feedstocks for microbial cell factories and biocatalysts to promote the sustainable development of a green economy (Figure 1). Considering lowering input costs is also a main consideration for successful business ventures, the use of inexpensive, abundant, and widely accessible C1 compounds is envisioned as a promising route for the sustainable production of fine chemicals, fuels, and other high-value products. Many C1 compounds are waste gases from industrial activities and may have detrimental effects on climate change upon emission into the atmosphere. Therefore, promoting the use of C1 compounds as renewable carbon feedstocks can greatly contribute to the reduction of anthropogenic emission of air pollutants.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Iron-based sulfur and nitrogen dual doped porous carbon as durable electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

The widespread use of fuel cell technology is hampered by the use of expensive and scarce platinum metal in electrodes which is required to facilitate the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this work, a viable synthetic approach was developed to prepare iron-based sulfur and nitrogen dual doped porous carbon (Fe@SNDC) for use in ORR. Benzimidazole, a commercially available monomer, was used as a precursor for N doped carbon and calcined with potassium thiocyanate at different temperatures to tune the pore size, nitrogen content and different types of nitrogen functionality such as pyridinic, pyrrolic and graphitic. The Fe@SNDC–950 with high surface area, optimum N content of about 5 at% and high amount of pyridinic and graphitic N displayed an onset potential and half-wave potential of 0.98 and 0.83 V vs RHE, respectively, in 0.1 M KOH solution. The catalyst also exhibits similar oxygen reduction reaction performance compared to Pt/C (20 wt%) in acidic media. Furthermore, when compared to commercially available Pt/C (20 wt%), Fe@SNDC–950 showed enhanced durability over 6 h and poison tolerance in case of methanol crossover with the concentration up to 3.0 M in oxygen saturated alkaline electrolyte. Finally, our study demonstrates that the presence of N and S along with Fe-N moieties synergistically served as ORR active sites while the high surface area with accessible pores allowed for efficient mass transfer and interaction of oxygen molecules to the active sites contributing to the ORR activity of the catalyst.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Multistep catalytic abiotic CO2 conversion to sugars through C1 intermediates

Carbon dioxide (CO2) to multicarbon (Cn) upgrading for commodity chemicals, fuel production, or artificial food synthesis using renewable energy input is a golden target for researchers in sustainable carbon emission reduction. Here, we explore and analyze a flexible modular roadmap for the task, utilizing sequential electro-, photo-, and organocatalysis to develop a strategy for CO2 conversion using the key and elusive formaldehyde precursor of interest for sugar generation. We study the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction to methanol in a flow cell and its discontinuous photooxidation to formaldehyde (PMOR) with excellent selectivity. Utilizing a highly active N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst enables tunable generation of C4-C6 aldoses without undesirable byproducts, with carbon conversion yield reaching 60 to 80% for desired pentose, tetrose, and triose product mixtures and over 20% for hexose. This approach presents a roadmap for CO2 valorization, aiming to bridge carbon waste streams with sustainable sugar synthesis and opening broad avenues for green chemical production.

CO2 valorization↗
DOE OSTI2024

Catalytic Reduction of Carbon Monoxide to Liquid Fuels with Recyclable Hydride Donors

Solar light absorption and catalysis are physically separated processes in natural photosynthesis. Natural cofactors, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NADH), transport electrons and hydrogen to regulate and activate enzymes at remote locations. The physical separation of light absorption from catalysis provides some inspiration for artificial photosynthesis. One rather extreme implementation is to use copper wires to transport carriers from photovoltaic cells to dark electrodes, where catalysis occurs. Indeed, with a futuristic electrical grid powered solely by photovoltaics, solar capture could be separated from catalysis by hundreds of miles. An alternative approach, that bares more similarity to natural photosynthesis, employs mobile NADH/NAD + -like species that shuttle between the light absorber and a proximate, yet unilluminated, location where catalysis occurs. Additionally, such a remote approach to solar photocatalysis was recently proposed for the reduction of carbon oxides, CO 2 and CO, to methanol by cascade catalysis. This developing artificial photosynthetic approach offers the promise of catalytic generation of methanol and oxygen gas with sunlight as the sole energy source and CO 2 and water as the only chemical feedstocks. This Viewpoint evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of this approach with an emphasis on CO reduction catalysis with photorecyclable hydride donors while looking forward to what might reasonably be achieved with continued research.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electrosynthesis of ethylene glycol from C 1 feedstocks in a flow electrolyzer

Ethylene glycol is a widely utilized commodity chemical, the production of which accounts for over 46 million tons of CO 2 emission annually. Here we report a paired electrocatalytic approach for ethylene glycol production from methanol. Carbon catalysts are effective in reducing formaldehyde into ethylene glycol with a 92% Faradaic efficiency, whereas Pt catalysts at the anode enable formaldehyde production through methanol partial oxidation with a 75% Faradaic efficiency. With a membrane-electrode assembly configuration, we show the feasibility of ethylene glycol electrosynthesis from methanol in a single electrolyzer. The electrolyzer operates a full cell voltage of 3.2 V at a current density of 100 mA cm -2 , with a 60% reduction in energy consumption. Further investigations, using operando flow electrolyzer mass spectroscopy, isotopic labeling, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicate that the desorption of a *CH 2 OH intermediate is the crucial step in determining the selectively towards ethylene glycol over methanol.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Single-phase Ru 1- x-y Mn x Co y O 2 nanoparticles as highly effective oxygen reduction electrocatalysts in alkaline media with enhanced stability and fuel-tolerance

Here, a series of single-phase binary and ternary ruthenium and transition metal oxide nanoparticles supported on Vulcan - Ru 1-x MnxO2/C, Ru1-xCoxO 2 /C, Ru 1-x-y MnxCo y O 2 /C, Ru 1-x Fe x O 2 /C, Ru 1-x Ni x O 2 /C and Ru 1-x V x O 2 /C, as well as RuO 2 /C, MnO 2 /C, Co 3 O 4 /C and Mn 3-x Co x O 4 /C - were synthesized via a facile method and studied for their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity in alkaline media. Single-phase Ru 1-x Mn x O 2 /C, Ru 1-x-y Mn x Co y O 2 /C and Ru 1-x Co x O 2 /C catalysts significantly boosted ORR kinetics in alkaline media. Moreover, they were H 2 and methanol tolerant, and exhibited long term stability due to their single-phase structure. Ru 0.85 Mn 0.15 O 2 /C stood out as the most active catalyst among them. A volcano relationship of the ORR activity of these binary and ternary metal oxide catalysts vs. the O adsorption energy was found, with the maximum activity observed for the Ru 1-x Mn x O 2 /C, Ru 1-x-y Mn x Co y O 2 /C and Ru 1-x Co x O 2 /C catalysts due to their optimal O binding energy. These materials have potential applications as highly active ORR catalysts in alkaline fuel cells and metal-air batteries.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Progress Towards a New Model Chemolithoautotrophic Host (CRADA Final Report)

Some of the largest scale chemical processes for the production of important commodity chemicals and fuels involve an H 2 -containing gas mixture as an intermediate [e.g. ammonia, urea, methanol, Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel, and hydrotreatment of crude petroleum to refined fuels]. The successful development of a model H 2 -oxidizing chemoautotrophic host could expand the range of fuels and chemicals produced from H 2 and CO 2 intermediates in the chemical, oil, and gas sectors in the near term, as well as from renewable and waste-derived sources of these gases that are expected to greatly expand in coming years. Among non-photosynthetic bacteria that can utilize H 2 and CO 2 , Cupriavidus necator (C. necator, formerly Ralstonia eutropha), is the best studied. C. necator is an excellent microbial host for the production of a variety of chemicals because it grows extremely quickly to very high cell densities autotrophically on H 2 and CO 2 , is genetically tractable, and has the ability to accumulate polymers, such as polyhydroxybutyrate, at industrial levels. Despite having great potential as a platform bioproduction host, genetic tools are limited, making metabolic engineering of this organism slow and laborious. In this CRADA project, we developed a number of genetic tools for C. necator: 1) Improvement of C. necator genetic transformation efficiency 2) Integration of heterologous genes into the C. necator chromosome and development of promoter library 3) Development of graded RBSs to control heterologous protein expression 4) Use of RBSs to demonstrate fatty alcohol production in C. necator 5) Demonstration of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in C. necator

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Editorial: Synthetic metabolism for the third-generation (3G) biorefineries

The demand for energy has increased significantly to meet the development of the economy and the increasing population. With the continuous consumption of energy, the shortage of non-renewable resources and the greenhouse effect have aroused worldwide attention. Therefore, the conversion of one-carbon substrates such as formate, methanol, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as sustainable feedstocks into high-value-added products is a potential way to address such concerns. Although one-carbon substrates can be converted into organics by natural pathways, these pathways may not be optimal due to the multiple enzymes involved and remarkable amounts of energy consumption. Thus, synthetic biology, as an emerging field, offers a new approach to boost one-carbon bioconversion.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗