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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

A Unified Wireless Charger, On-Board Charger, and Auxiliary Power Module for Electric Vehicle Charging Systems

This paper proposes a unified electric vehicle (EV) charging architecture that integrates wireless power transfer (WPT), an on-board charger (OBC), and an auxiliary power module (APM) within a single architecture. By sharing a multi-functional magnetic structure and active switch bridges, the proposed topology eliminates additional transformers and converter stages, reducing hardware complexity and improving power density. A multipurpose magnetic design achieves magnetic decoupling among the WPT, OBC, and APM functions while maintaining the required coupling for each mode. Through electrical reconfiguration, the WPT operates as an LCC-S converter, whereas the OBC and APM operate as dual-active-bridge (DAB) converters. The system supports multiple operating modes, including simultaneous high-voltage and lowvoltage battery charging. Finite-element and circuit simulations verify the magnetic characteristics and system operation, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed unified architecture for EV charging applications.

Jo, Cheolhui [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000322692434)↗
DOE OSTI2025

A large-scale screening campaign of putative carbohydrate-active enzymes reveals a novel xylanase from anaerobic gut fungi

The genomes of anaerobic gut fungi (AGF) encode a diverse array of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), yet exceedingly few of these enzymes have been experimentally validated or expressed in heterologous systems. Here, we developed a predictive bioinformatic pipeline to annotate novel putative CAZymes from anaerobic fungi and validate their activity through large-scale heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. A total of 173 fungal proteins from Piromyces finnis associated with biomass degradation were synthesized and expressed in E. coli, and 9.8% were soluble with expression levels exceeding 5% of the total proteome using high-throughput proteomic screening. Among these 17 heterologously expressed proteins, analysis with AlphaFold and FoldSeek predicted 13 multi-functional proteins containing catalytic domains fused with repetitive fungal dockerins, and half of the substrate predictions were experimentally validated. One promising enzyme, celsome_012, exhibited robust and specific activity against beechwood xylan at 37°C and pH 6.4, with titers that were also fivefold higher than those of other recombinant proteins screened here. Both Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the linearized Lineweaver-Burk equation yielded consistent values for K m , and its activation energy was estimated at 51.9 kJ/mol based on the Arrhenius model. This work supports the industrial translation of anaerobic fungal CAZymes due to their robust lignocellulolytic activity and provides a framework for prioritizing AGF proteins for efficient E. coli heterologous expression.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantifying the Entropy and Enthalpy of Insertion Materials for Battery Applications Via the Multi-Species, Multi-Reaction Model

The entropy coefficient of a battery cell is the property that governs the amount of reversible heat that is generated during operation. In this work, we propose an extension of the Multi-Species, Multi-Reaction (MSMR) model to capture the entropy coefficient of a large format lithium-ion battery cell. We utilize the hybridized time-frequency domain analysis (HTFDA) method using a multi-functional calorimeter to probe the entropy coefficient of a large format pouch type lithium-ion battery with a NMC 811 cathode and a graphite anode. The measured entropy coefficient profile of the battery cell is deconvoluted into an entropy coefficient for each active material, which is then estimated using an extension of the MSMR model. Finally, we extend the entropy of a material to individual entropy for each gallery as treated by the model.

Electrochemistry↗
DOE OSTI2026

Sap Velocity Data for Urban Trees in Chicago, Illinois (2024-2025)

This dataset contains uncorrected sap velocity measurements using the heat ratio method (HRM) collected using ICT International SFM1x sensors at five urban sites in Chicago, Illinois, as part of the DOE CROCUS project. The data includes continuous monitoring of sap velocity from various tree species, including Maples (Acer spp.): Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum), and Red Maple (Acer rubrum); Oaks (Quercus spp.): Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor); American Elm (Ulmus americana); Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos); Cottonwood (Populus deltoides); and Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) across Chicago State University (CSU), Northeastern Illinois University (NEIU), Northwestern University (NU), University of Illinois Chicago (UIC), and West Woodlawn "Blacks in Green" (BIG). These include both street trees and those in urban park locations. Measurements were collected at 15-20 minute intervals, depending on the sensor, and transmitted via Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocols. The wireless data was collected by Sage Network (https://sagecontinuum.org/) nodes. The dataset includes sensor ID, Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates, tree species (common and scientific names), tree identification number, diameter at breast height (DBH in cm), uncorrected sap velocity measurements (cm/hr) from both inner and outer probes, and Sage Node identifiers so the data can be mapped to related variables such as air quality and wind speed that were collected on the Sage nodes. All timestamps are in local Chicago time (CDT/CST). Quality control flags are provided using a 3-bit binary system indicating physical range violations (< -10 or > 60 cm/hr), step spikes (absolute difference > 36 cm/hr), and stuck sensor conditions (> 10 consecutive identical values). These are raw data, not corrected for wood anatomy or species-specific characteristics. Data is provided in comma separated (CSV) format. This dataset is part of a larger collection of CROCUS environmental monitoring data, including linked datasets from Air Quality Transmitter (AQT) sensors, Weather Transmitter (WXT) sensors, and Multi-Function Research LoRaWAN (MFR) Nodes. DOIs for the supporting data are provided as part of this data package.

Chicago↗
DOE OSTI2026

A network of soil moisture, soil temperature, air temperature, net radiation, ground heat flux and ground water for Chicago, Illinois

This dataset contains environmental monitoring data collected using solar-powered Multi-Function Research (MFR) Long Range Wide Area (LoRaWAN)-enabled nodes at 11 sites in Chicago, Illinois, as part of the DOE Urban Integrated Field Lab CROCUS project. The MFR node system consists of an Input/Output Digital Input Module (IB8) interface box (ICT International) providing wired connections for environmental sensors and an MFR-Node-L data logger that manages power, data processing, and LoRaWAN communication. The wireless data are ingested via Sage network (https://sagecontinuum.org/) nodes that contain LoRaWAN antennae. Measurements were collected from 11 MFR nodes deployed across Chicago State University (CSU), Northeastern Illinois University (NEIU), Northwestern University (NU), University of Illinois Chicago (UIC), West Woodlawn "Blacks in Green" (BIG), and Indian Boundary Prairies (IBP). Each MFR node supports a consistent suite of sensors measuring atmospheric, soil, and hydrological variables. Atmospheric measurements include 2m air temperature (°C), 2m vapor pressure deficit (kPa), and 2m shortwave/longwave radiation (incoming and outgoing, W/m²) measured using ATH-VPD and Apogee SN500 sensors. Soil measurements include volumetric water content (VWC, %) and temperature (°C) at four depths (15, 30, 45, and 60 cm below surface) using Meter Teros54 sensors, and heat flux (W/m²) at 10 cm depth using Huske HFP01-05 sensors. At selected locations, Meter Hydros21 sensors measure groundwater depth (mm), specific conductivity (dS/m), and temperature (°C). The dataset includes timestamps, site identifiers with location names, device IDs, Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates, variable names with units, measurement depths, values, sensor names, and Sage node identifiers. All timestamps are in local Chicago time (CDT/CST). Quality control flags are provided using a 6-bit binary system indicating physical range violations, step spikes, 24-hour flat-line conditions, 6-hour jitter, 7-day ultra-low variance, and persistent high offset. Data is provided in CSV and CF-compliant NetCDF formats. This dataset is part of a larger collection of CROCUS environmental monitoring data, including linked datasets from Air Quality Transmitter (AQT) sensors, Weather Transmitter (WXT) sensors, and Sap Flow Meter (SFM1x) sensors.

Chicago↗
DOE OSTI2025

Analog Signal Multiplexing System for the Iota Proton Injector

The Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) Facility at FNAL is a dedicated research and development center focused on advancing particle accelerator technologies for future applications worldwide. Currently, a key objective of FAST Operations is to commission the 2.5 MeV IOTA Proton Injector (IPI) and enable proton injection into the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) storage ring. The low and medium-energy sections of the IPI include four frame-style dipole trims and two multi-function correctors with independently controlled coils, requiring readout of 32 analog channels for current and voltage monitoring in total. To reduce cost and optimize rack space within the PLC-based control system, a 32-to-4 analog signal multiplexing system was designed and implemented. This system enables real-time readback of excitation parameters from all magnetic correctors. This paper presents the design, construction, implementation, and performance of the multiplexing system.

MacLean, Daniel R. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000210103↗
DOE OSTI2023

SPERLU Selective Process for Efficient Removal of Lignin and Upgrading (Final Technical Report)

To meet the growing demand for bio-based chemicals and improve the profitability and efficiency of the emerging biorefinery industry, lignin is an abundant and attractive feedstock. Spero Renewables has developed a proprietary and patent-pending technology, the Selective Process for Efficient Removal of Lignin and Upgrading (SPERLU). The technology is a catalytic deconstruction and upgrading of lignin in lignocellulosic biomass or commercially available technical lignin to produce multi-functional phenol (MFP) products. The SPERLU process has been demonstrated and vetted on a lab scale to convert commercially available technical lignin to MFPs in yields of 60-90% (based on lignin). The MFP products can be separated and further upgraded through catalytic or biological means. Spero performed a detailed kinetic study of the SPERLU process and used the resulting kinetic data to design and construct a mini-pilot-scale reactor for routine production of hundreds of grams of MFP products. Spero’s lignin-based MFPs have been demonstrated for use as a drop-in replacement for bisphenol A (BPA) in the synthesis of thermoset polymers. Spero’s lignin-based thermoset polymers exhibit excellent mechanical properties and can be used in many applications. Additionally, a collaboration with the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) was used to evaluate the feasibility of upgrading SPERLU products through biological means into valuable chemicals. A comprehensive technoeconomic analysis (TEA) and Life-cycle analysis (LCA) have been completed and support the case for commercialization of the SPERLU technology. Through this project Spero has significantly de-risked the SPERLU technology and is actively planning larger scale pilot projects.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modular, Multifunction, Multiport and Medium Voltage Utility Scale SiC PV Inverter (Final Report)

This project is to develop and demonstrate a Modular, Multi-function, Multiport and Medium Voltage utility scale SiC solar inverter (M4 Inverter). The M4 Inverter is a next generation utility scale PV + storage inverter that can substantially reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) while providing grid friendly ancillary services. Conventional utility scale solar inverters includes three parts, a megawatt rated solar inverter, a low frequency transformer (LFT) and a medium voltage switch gear. The proposed M4 Inverter directly converts the DC output of solar panels to medium voltage AC, eliminating the bulky and costly LFT. The M4 Inverter also has a DC port to interface with an additional energy storage device. This plus its bidirectional power flow capability, allows multiple functions in addition to PV maximum power tracking be achieved. These additional functionalities include but not limited to reactive power support, peak shaving, fast frequency regulation and synthetic inertia. Predicted LCOE reductions with these added functionalities, improved efficiency and longer lifetime time are more than 30% compared with the 2017 utility scale solar LCOE. A 1MVA SiC M4 Inverter was developed and tested at high power level. The project has also advanced the state of the art in controller hardware in the loop simulation capability. Power electronic innovations introduced in the M4 Inverter includes 1700V SiC MOSFET application in 1500V PV system, soft switching three-port power converters and modular converter architecture.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Low-cost, high-efficiency III-V photovoltaics enabled by remote epitaxy through graphene (Final Technical Report)

One of the most important outcomes of this project was that the team developed a method to directly grow graphene layer in wafer-scale on III-V substrates. Conventionally, graphene had to be transferred for remote epitaxy, which has imposed significant challenges in scalability, film quality, and substrate recycling, due to the transfer-related issues. The newly developed method of directly forming 2D layers by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) has realized wafer-scale, defect-free graphene formation for remote epitaxy, which has huge implications not only for solar cells but also in expanding the scalability and the possibility for heterointegration with dissimilar material platforms. Another important outcome was on better understanding of remote epitaxy mechanism. The growth of III-V on graphene is vastly different from directly growing films on III-V substrates, because the surface energy of graphene is very small, meaning that the nucleation density on graphene will be much lower than exposed III-V surfaces. Also, the graphene and the interface properties critically affect remote interaction through graphene. With this obtained knowledge regarding III-V remote epitaxy, we were able to achieve wafer-scale single-crystalline remote epitaxy, 100% exfoliation of the remote epitaxial films, as well as multiple times of GaAs wafer reusability demonstration. The general rule of thumbs found during this project will be a stepping stone for the growth and fabrication of various high-performance devices by remote epitaxy. Lastly, because remote epitaxy and 2DLT offer a pathway to isolate single-crystal membranes from the host wafers, the wafer-scale remote epitaxy processes developed in this project could open up pathways for new functionality and multi-functionality by heterointegration of remote epitaxially formed membranes.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Electrochemically Regenerated Solvent for Direct Air Capture with Co-generation of Hydrogen at Bench-scale

The goal of this final project report is to summarize the work conducted on project DE-FE0032125. In accordance with the Statement of Project Objectives (SOPO), the University of Kentucky Institute for Decarbonization and Energy Advancement (UK IDEA) (Recipient) developed an intensified process to capture CO 2 from ambient conditions (415 ppm CO 2 ). The process combines low-temperature solvent-aided membrane capture with electrochemically-mediated solvent regeneration to simultaneously capture ambient CO 2 while regenerating the solvent. The technology employs only two primary units, a regenerator and an absorber/contactor, while generating high purity hydrogen as a co-product that can be sold, used for energy storage, or cost-saving depolarization of the direct air capture (DAC) system during the grid peak demand, allowing for flexible operation. Since the technology is powered directly by DC electricity, it can seamlessly tie in with power sources like solar cells without the need for AC/DC converters, therefore allowing for a remote operation to further mitigate greenhouse gas generation toward deploying a negative carbon emissions technology that is completely decoupled from the carbon emissions from the power source for the DAC unit. The completion of the project results in significant progress toward the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) goal of advancing lab and bench-scale DAC systems to a sufficient maturity level that can justify their continued scale-up through the verification testing of the electrochemically regenerated solvent system for DAC with co-generation of hydrogen at bench-scale. The technology addressed the complexities of incumbent DAC systems by demonstrating at ambient conditions (1) low gas-side pressure-drop facile CO 2 capture via an intensified membrane absorber with in-situ regenerated hydroxide as capture solvent, (2) multi-functional electrochemical regenerator for hydroxide regeneration, CO 2 concentration and hydrogen production at less than 3 V, and (3) stable DAC performance including >90% capture with air influent at the CFM scale. The data from this project enables the completion of Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). TEA and LCA demonstrate the potential of the proposed electrochemical solvent-based process to be a viable DAC option. The analysis did not identify any obvious concern for the bench-scale operation and no apparent barriers to implementing UK IDEA carbon capture and solvent regeneration system at a larger scale.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Analog Signal Multiplexing System for the IOTA Proton Injector

he Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) Facility at FNAL is a dedicated research and development center focused on advancing particle accelerator technologies for future applications worldwide. Currently, a key objective of FAST Opera-tions is to commission the 2.5 MeV IOTA Proton Injec-tor (IPI) and enable proton injection into the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) storage ring. The low and medium-energy sections of the IPI include four frame-style dipole trims and two multi-function cor-rectors with independently controlled coils, requiring readout of 32 analog channels for current and voltage monitoring in total. To reduce cost and optimize rack space within the PLC-based control system, a 32-to-4 analog signal multiplexing system was designed and implemented. This system enables real-time readback of excitation parameters from all magnetic correctors. This paper presents the design, construction, implementation, and performance of the multiplexing system.

MacLean, Daniel R. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000210103↗
DOE OSTI2026

FAIR Data and Interpretable AI Framework for Architectured Metamaterials

Our interdisciplinary effort successfully generated FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) benchmark datasets for mechanical metamaterials while introducing a novel Artificial Intelligence (AI) framework known as Learning Refined Compositional Rules (LRCR). This framework was specifically designed to bridge the gap across varying computational length scales and extract the underlying physical mechanisms that connect a material's structural geometry to its bulk acoustic properties. Historically, the discovery of such structured materials relied heavily on human intuition or opaque, black-box optimization algorithms that were difficult to generalize. By combining interpretable machine learning techniques with rigorous experimental validation, this project established clear, generalizable design guidelines for tuning wave dispersion and controlling vibrations. Ultimately, the public availability of these structured datasets and algorithms will significantly reduce computational costs and accelerate the design of advanced multi-functional acoustic devices, offering broad societal impacts across fields like aerospace engineering, telecommunications, and biomedical implant design.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Extracting Critical Metals from Authentic Bauxite Residue

Securing domestic sources of critical minerals (CM) is paramount to ensuring a robust and self-sustaining technology infrastructure. Utilizing untapped non-conventional sources, like acid mine drainage, coal ash, bauxite residue/red mud, and more is an emerging approach that addresses this national concern while identifying new value-added pathways originating from waste streams. Red mud is a byproduct of the Bayer process that produces alumina and contains a wealth of CM – 50 µg/g Ga, 2.9 mg/g total rare earth elements plus yttrium, 12 mg/g Mn, 58 mg/g Al, and others. About 170 MM tonnes of red mud are co-produced annually alongside the 142 MM tonnes of alumina generated, highlighting the abundancy of this feedstock. In this work, different strategies were explored for extracting CM from authentic bauxite residue that involve thermal heating, microwave heating, and sonication all with different acids and buffers. CM recovery was then explored one step further by testing the adsorption of the extracted metals onto NETL’s Multi-functional Sorbent Technology (MUST). Microwave treatment of red mud proved the most effective CM extraction, whereas sonication was less desirable due to scale-up concerns. Successful recovery of CM from this leachate with MUST supports further studies toward optimizing the overall process.

bauxite residue↗
DOE OSTI2024

A goldilocks computational protocol for inhibitor discovery targeting DNA damage responses including replication-repair functions

While many researchers can design knockdown and knockout methodologies to remove a gene product, this is mainly untrue for new chemical inhibitor designs that empower multifunctional DNA Damage Response (DDR) networks. Here, we present a robust Goldilocks (GL) computational discovery protocol to efficiently innovate inhibitor tools and preclinical drug candidates for cellular and structural biologists without requiring extensive virtual screen (VS) and chemical synthesis expertise. By computationally targeting DDR replication and repair proteins, we exemplify the identification of DDR target sites and compounds to probe cancer biology. Our GL pipeline integrates experimental and predicted structures to efficiently discover leads, allowing early-structure and early-testing (ESET) experiments by many laboratories. By employing an efficient VS protocol to examine protein-protein interfaces (PPIs) and allosteric interactions, we identify ligand binding sites beyond active sites, leveraging in silico advances for molecular docking and modeling to screen PPIs and multiple targets. A diverse 3,174 compound ESET library combines Diamond Light Source DSI-poised, Protein Data Bank fragments, and FDA-approved drugs to span relevant chemotypes and facilitate downstream hit evaluation efficiency for academic laboratories. Two VS per library and multiple ranked ligand binding poses enable target testing for several DDR targets. This GL library and protocol can thus strategically probe multiple DDR network targets and identify readily available compounds for early structural and activity testing to overcome bottlenecks that can limit timely breakthrough drug discoveries. By testing accessible compounds to dissect multi-functional DDRs and suggesting inhibitor mechanisms from initial docking, the GL approach may enable more groups to help accelerate discovery, suggest new sites and compounds for challenging targets including emerging biothreats and advance cancer biology for future precision medicine clinical trials.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Generating Electricity with Hydraulically Amplified Self-Healing Electrostatic (HASEL) Transducers

This study identifies hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic (HASEL) transducers as electricity generators, contrary to their conventional role as actuators. HASELs are soft, variable-capacitance transducers inspired by biological muscles which were developed to mimic the flexibility and functionality of natural muscle tissues. This research characterizes HASELs as generators by reversing their energy conversion mechanism—generating electricity through mechanical deformation. The study assesses the practical laboratory performance of HASELs by analytic modeling and experimental evaluation. Outcomes of the study include the following: (i) up to 2.5 mJ per cycle per 50 mm wide HASEL pouch of positive net energy generation in experimental testing—corresponding to an energy density of 2.0 mJ cm−3; (ii) a maximum theoretical energy density of 4.2 mJ cm−3; (iii) the electromechanical characteristics governing efficient conversion; and (iv) design considerations to enhance HASEL generator performance in future applications. This study broadens HASEL’s applicability and utility as a multi-functional transducer for renewable energy and general adaptive electricity generation.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Comparative Analysis of Waste-as-a-Feedstock Accounting Methods in Life Cycle Assessments

Global waste generation is a ubiquitous challenge, driving a paradigm shift towards viewing waste as a valuable resource for a circular economy across diverse sectors. While innovative waste-to-resource pathways are crucial, rigorous Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is essential to ensure the pathways are an important part of current practices. However, LCA application to waste valorization varies, leading to incomparable results due to differing methodological choices. This paper examines three key nuances in waste-as-resource LCAs: the zero-burden assumption, the biogenic carbon neutrality assumption, and the benchmark assumption for emissions avoidance. Using a waste gasification to hydrogen case study, we demonstrate how these methodological decisions impact LCA outcomes. Our findings reveal that waste composition significantly influences the results and highlight challenges associated with biogenic carbon accounting under various system boundary assumptions. Emissions avoidance accounting requires multi-functional unit perspectives and robust benchmark selection. This paper clarifies these accounting approaches, empirically illustrates their influence, and discusses broad implications for accurate sustainability assessment, emphasizing the critical role of transparent LCA choices for effective policy and investment in circular economy solutions.

LCA method↗
DOE OSTI2023

Using Life Cycle Assessment to Inform CBI Research Priorities

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used within the Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI) to provide information about how feedstock agricultural practices, supply chain logistics, biorefinery operating parameters, and the slate of biofuels and products contribute to environmental impacts, and how CBI's research priorities can result in less impactful biofuel supply chains. This poster provides an overview of the LCA methodology used within CBI and focuses on data needs in general and from other CBI teams. Assumptions and simplifications within biofuel LCA studies are reviewed, including options for modeling multi-functional processes. Calculation details for life cycle environmental impacts used within CBI - global warming potential, cumulative energy demand, and the Available Water Remaining indicator - are presented, along with a discussion of carbon intensity as an alternative metric for evaluating sustainable aviation fuel and other biofuels. The process of interpreting impact results to guide research priorities is discussed, with examples drawn from CBI's upcoming manuscript on switchgrass yield and cell wall composition.

bioenergy↗
DOE OSTI2024

Residential Integrated Heat Pump to Meet All the Home Comfort Needs

This paper will introduce development and field trial of a residential air-source integrated heat pump for cold climates. The heat pump is multi-functional to meet all the home comfort demands, including space cooling, space heating, domestic water heating. The integrated heat pump is an ideal solution to decarbonize northern homes via providing efficient space heating and water heating to replace natural gas. It uses a three-stage compressor and a single set of heat exchangers and valves to deliver all the functions, and thus achieve cost reduction. We developed an innovative system configuration and related controls to solve typical charge unbalance, accelerate charge migration and smoothen mode transition in integrated heat pumps. Laboratory investigations were conducted for individual modes and verified the control functions. Laboratory tests demonstrated that the unit delivered outstanding performance. It achieved 17.0 SEER (seasonal cooling energy efficiency rating) and 11.0 HSPF (heating seasonal performance factor). In the most efficient mode (combined space cooling and water heating mode), the unit reached a total energy efficiency > 30.0 EER and required only 25 minutes to heat a 50-gallon tank of water. One heat pump prototype is going through a field trial since April, 2023 in Syracuse, New York. The one-year field test results are summarized.

Shen, Bo↗