One-loop electron mass and three-loop Dirac neutrino masses
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79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
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Neutrino mass from Affleck-Dine leptogenesis and WIMP dark matter
Affleck-Dine (AD) mechanism for leptogenesis involves the cosmological evolution of a complex scalar field (AD field) that carries non-zero lepton number. We show how explicit lepton number breaking terms, which involve the AD field needed to implement this scenario combined with fermionic WIMP dark matter, can generate neutrino mass at the one loop level, thus providing a unified framework for solving four major puzzles of the standard model i.e. inflation, baryogenesis, dark matter and neutrino mass. We discuss some phenomenological implications of this model.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Gravitational waves from first-order phase transitions in Majoron models of neutrino mass
We show how the generation of right-handed neutrino masses in Majoron models may be associated with a first-order phase transition and accompanied by the production of a stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWs). We explore different energy scales with only renormalizable operators in the effective potential. If the phase transition occurs above the electroweak scale, the signal can be tested by future interferometers. We consider two possible energy scales for phase transitions below the electroweak scale. If the phase transition occurs at a GeV, the signal can be tested at LISA and provide a complementary cosmological probe to right-handed neutrino searches at the FASER detector. If the phase transition occurs below 100 keV, we find that the peak of the GW spectrum is two or more orders of magnitude below the putative NANOGrav GW signal at low frequencies, but well within reach of the SKA and THEIA experiments. We show how searches of very low frequency GWs are motivated by solutions to the Hubble tension in which ordinary neutrinos interact with the dark sector. We also present general calculations of the phase transition temperature and Euclidean action that apply beyond Majoron models.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Neutrino Masses from Generalized Symmetry Breaking
We explore generalized global symmetries in theories of physics beyond the standard model. Theories of Z ′ bosons generically contain “noninvertible” chiral symmetries, whose presence indicates a natural paradigm to break this symmetry by an exponentially small amount in an ultraviolet completion. For example, in models of gauged lepton family difference such as the phenomenologically well motivated U ( 1 ) L μ − L τ , there is a noninvertible lepton number symmetry which protects neutrino masses. We embed these theories in gauged non-Abelian horizontal lepton symmetries, e.g., U ( 1 ) L μ − L τ ⊂ SU ( 3 ) H , where the generalized symmetries are broken nonperturbatively by the existence of lepton family magnetic monopoles. In such theories, either Majorana or Dirac neutrino masses may be generated through quantum gauge theory effects from the charged lepton Yukawas, e.g., y ν ∼ y τ exp ( − S inst ) . These theories require no bevy of new fields nor additional global symmetries but are instead simple, natural, and predictive: The discovery of a lepton family Z ′ at low energies will reveal the scale at which L μ − L τ emerges from a larger gauge symmetry. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Córdova, Clay (ORCID:0000000205793295)↗
Degeneracy effects of neutrino mass ejection in supernovae
A neutrino mechanism is discussed in order to explain supernovae in massive stars. An argument is presented for supernova mass ejection through leptonic neutrino transport characteristics suppressed by the arbitrary zero chemical potential condition. Results show that lepton conservation effects may be important in supernova neutrino transport. At low temperature and density the diffusion approximation becomes less precise because of the long mean free paths of low energy neutrinos. The amount of equilibrium neutrino spectrum affected here is small over most of the collapsing supernova structure.
Mazurek, T. J.↗
Cosmological neutrino mass: a frequentist overview in light of DESI
Supplementary material to DESI publication "Cosmological neutrino mass: a frequentist overview in light of DESI" to comply with the data management plan. Data points as well as parabola parameters for each profile likelihood figure are provided.
Chebat, Domitille [CEA Paris-Saclay] (ORCID:000900↗
Light neutrino masses from gravitational condensation: the Schwinger–Dyson approach
In this work we demonstrate that non-zero neutrino masses can be generated from gravitational interactions. We solve the Schwinger–Dyson equations to find a non-trivial vacuum thereby determining the neutrino condensate scale and the number of new particle degrees of freedom required for gravitationally induced dynamical chiral symmetry breaking. We show for minimal beyond the Standard Model particle content, the scale of the condensation occurs close to the Planck scale.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Massive νs through the CNN lens: interpreting the field-level neutrino mass information in weak lensing
Modern cosmological surveys probe the Universe deep into the nonlinear regime, where massive neutrinos suppress cosmic structure. Traditional cosmological analyses, which use the 2-point correlation function to extract information, are no longer optimal in the nonlinear regime, and there is thus much interest in extracting beyond-2-point information to improve constraints on neutrino mass. Quantifying and interpreting the beyond-2-point information is thus a pressing task. We study the field-level information in weak lensing convergence maps using convolution neural networks. We find that the network performance increases as higher source redshifts and smaller scales are considered — investigating up to a source redshift of 2.5 and ℓ max ≃ 10 4 — verifying that massive neutrinos leave a distinct effect on weak lensing. However, the performance of the network significantly drops after scaling out the 2-point information from the maps, implying that most of the field-level information can be found in the 2-point correlation function alone. We quantify these findings in terms of the likelihood ratio and also use Integrated Gradient saliency maps to interpret which parts of the map the network is learning the most from. We find that, in the absence of noise, the network extracts a similar amount of information from the most overdense and underdense regions. However, upon adding noise, the information in underdense regions is distorted as noise disproportionately washes out void-like structures.
Golshan, Malika [University of California, Berkele↗
New Measurements on the Neutrino Mass: KATRIN and Project 8 (Final Technical Report for DE-SC0014130)
The overarching goal of the funded research is to build experiments and develop techniques towards the major goal of measuring the mass of the neutrino, particularly by the method of high-resolution spectroscopy of the endpoint of tritium. The goals of this project were to make hardware and intellectual contributions towards the KATRIN experiment, an international project under construction in Germany, and towards the "Project 8" R&D program to develop new electron spectroscopy methods and apply them to tritium. A minor goal of the project was to support simulation work and R&D on future neutrino and dark matter detectors.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Right-handed neutrino dark matter, neutrino masses, and non-standard cosmology in a 2HDM
Here we explore the dark matter phenomenology of a weak-scale right-handed neutrino in the context of a Two Higgs Doublet Model. The expected signal at direct detection experiments is different from the usual spin-independent and spin-dependent classification since the scattering with quarks depends on the dark matter spin. The dark matter relic density is set by thermal freeze-out and in the presence of non-standard cosmology, where an Abelian gauge symmetry is key for the dark matter production mechanism. We show that such symmetry allows us to simultaneously address neutrino masses and the flavor problem present in general Two Higgs Doublet Model constructions. Lastly, we outline the region of parameter space that obeys collider, perturbative unitarity and direct detection constraints.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Neutrino masses from low scale partial compositeness
We consider a class of models in which the neutrinos acquire Majorana masses through mixing with singlet neutrinos that emerge as composite states of a strongly coupled hidden sector. In this framework, the light neutrinos are partially composite particles that obtain their masses through the inverse seesaw mechanism. We focus on the scenario in which the strong dynamics is approximately conformal in the ultraviolet, and the compositeness scale lies at or below the weak scale. The small parameters in the Lagrangian necessary to realize the observed neutrino masses can naturally arise as a consequence of the scaling dimensions of operators in the conformal field theory. We show that this class of models has interesting implications for a wide variety of experiments, including colliders and beam dumps, searches for lepton flavor violation and neutrinoless double beta decay, and cosmological observations. At colliders and beam dumps, this scenario can give rise to striking signals involving multiple displaced vertices. The exchange of hidden sector states can lead to observable rates for flavor violating processes such as μ → eγ and μ → e conversion. If the compositeness scale lies at or below a hundred MeV, the rate for neutrinoless double beta decay is suppressed by form factors and may be reduced by an order of magnitude or more. The late decays of relic singlet neutrinos can give rise to spectral distortions in the cosmic microwave background that are large enough to be observed in future experiments.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Neutrino masses and magnetic moments of electron and muon in the Zee Model
We explore parameter space in the Zee Model to resolve the long-standing tension of the electron and muon anomalous magnetic moment (AMM). The model comprises a second Higgs doublet and a charged singlet at electroweak scale and generates Majorana neutrino masses at one-loop level; the neutral partner of the SU(2) L doublet contributes to the AMM of electron and muon via one loop and two-loop corrections. We propose two minimal flavor structures that can explain these anomalies while fitting the neutrino oscillation data. We find that the neutral Higgs resides in the mass range of roughly 10–300 GeV or 1–30 GeV, depending on the flavor structures. The model is consistent with constraints from colliders, electroweak precision data, and lepton flavor violation. To be comprehensive, we examine the constraints from the electric dipole moment (EDM) and find a region of parameter space that gives a sizable contribution to muon EDM while simultaneously giving corrections to muon AMM. In addition to the light scalar, the two charged scalars with masses as low as 100 GeV can induce nonstandard neutrino interactions ε ee as large as 8%, potentially hinting at new physics. We also investigate the projected capability of future lepton colliders to probe the currently allowed parameter space consistent with both electron and muon AMMs via direct searches in the ℓ + ℓ – → ℓ + ℓ – (H→ℓ + ℓ – )channel.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
The new discussion of a neutrino mass and issues in the formation of large-scale structure
It is argued that the discrepancy between the large-scale structure predicted by cosmological models with neutrino mass (hot dark matter) do not differ drastically from the observed structure. Evidence from the correlation amplitude, nonlinearity and the onset of galaxy formation, large-scale streaming velocities, and the topology of large-scale structure is considered. Hot dark matter models seem to be as accurate predictors of the large-scale structure as are cold dark matter models.
Melott, Adrian L.↗
Determining Neutrino Mass Ordering with NOvA and Upcoming JUNO Measurements
NOvA has reported a significance of mass ordering determination using ten years of data together with external constraints from reactor-based experiments. The JUNO collaboration is poised to provide a more precise reactor-based constraint on $|Δm^2_{32}|$. In this Letter, we explore the potential impact of this anticipated measurement on the determination of the neutrino mass ordering by NOvA. We find that $3σ$ evidence of the normal ordering is achievable over a range of plausible JUNO measurements within the next five years.
Abubakar, S. [Erciyes U.]↗
Positive Neutrino Masses with DESI DR2 via Matter Conversion to Dark Energy
The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) is a massively parallel spectroscopic survey on the Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak, which has released measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations determined from over 14 million extragalactic targets. We combine DESI Data Release 2 with CMB datasets to search for evidence of matter conversion to dark energy (DE), focusing on a scenario mediated by stellar collapse to cosmologically coupled black holes (CCBHs). In this physical model, which has the same number of free parameters as ΛCDM, DE production is determined by the cosmic star formation rate density (SFRD), allowing for distinct early- and late-time cosmologies. Using two SFRDs to bracket current observations, we find that the CCBH model: accurately recovers the cosmological expansion history, agrees with early-time baryon abundance measured by BBN, reduces tension with the local distance ladder, and relaxes constraints on the summed neutrino mass ∑𝑚 𝜈 . For these SFRDs, we find a peaked positive ∑𝑚 𝜈 < 0.149 eV (95% confidence) and ∑𝑚 𝜈 = 0.106$^{+0.050}_{−0.069}$ eV, respectively, in good agreement with lower limits from neutrino oscillation experiments. A peak in ∑𝑚 𝜈 > 0 results from late-time baryon consumption in the CCBH scenario and is expected to be a general feature of any model that converts sufficient matter to dark energy during and after reionization.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Individual neutrino masses from a supernova
A nearby supernova will carry an unprecedented wealth of information about astrophysics, nuclear physics, and particle physics. Because supernova are fundamentally neutrino driven phenomenon, our knowledge about neutrinos—particles that remain quite elusive—will increase dramatically with such a detection. One of the biggest open questions in particle physics is related to the masses of neutrinos. Here, we show how a galactic supernova provides information about the masses of each of the three mass eigenstates , at some precision, and is well probed at JUNO. This information comes from several effects including time delay and the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect within the supernova. The time delay feature is strongest during a sharp change in the flux such as the neutronization burst; additional information may also come from a QCD phase transition in the supernova or if the supernova forms a black hole. We consider both standard cases as dictated by local oscillation experiments as well as new physics motivated scenarios where neutrino masses may differ across the galaxy. Published by the American Physical Society 2025
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Direct neutrino-mass measurement based on 259 days of KATRIN data
That neutrinos carry a nonvanishing rest mass is evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model of elementary particles. Their absolute mass holds relevance in fields from particle physics to cosmology. We report on the search for the effective electron antineutrino mass with the KATRIN experiment. KATRIN performs precision spectroscopy of the tritium β-decay close to the kinematic endpoint. On the basis of the first five measurement campaigns, we derived a best-fit value of $m^{2}_{v} = -0.14^{+0.13}_{-0.15}$ eV 2 , resulting in an upper limit of m ν < 0.45 eV at 90% confidence level. Stemming from 36 million electrons collected in 259 measurement days, a substantial reduction of the background level, and improved systematic uncertainties, this result tightens KATRIN’s previous bound by a factor of almost two.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Superstring-inspired particle cosmology: inflation, neutrino masses, leptogenesis, dark matter & the SUSY scale
We develop a string-inspired model for particle cosmology, based on a flipped SU(5)×U(1) gauge group formulated in a no-scale supergravity framework. The model realizes Starobinsky-like inflation, which we assume to be followed by strong reheating, with the GUT symmetry being broken subsequently by a light ‘flaton’ field whose decay generates a second stage of reheating. We discuss the production of gravitinos and the non-thermal contribution made by their decays to the density of cold dark matter, which is assumed to be provided by the lightest neutralino. We also discuss the masses of light and heavy neutrinos and leptogenesis. As discussed previously, a key rôle is played by a superpotential coupling between the inflaton, matter and GUT Higgs fields, called λ 6 . We scan over possible values of λ 6 , exploring the correlations between the possible values of observables. We emphasize that the release of entropy during the GUT transition allows large regions of supersymmetry-breaking parameter space that would otherwise lead to severe overdensity of dark matter. Furthermore, we find that the Big Bang nucleosynthesis lower limit on the reheating temperature of ~ 1 MeV restricts the supersymmetry-breaking scale to a range O(10) TeV that is consistent with the absence of supersymmetric particles at the LHC.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗