Procedure for analysis of offgassing characteristics of nonmetallic spacecraft materials, July 1968 - July 1969
Thermal characteristics and offgas products from nonmetallic spacecraft materials
Hodgson, F. N.↗
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Deployable M-Braced Truss
Tension/compression and shear separated structurally in deployable beam. M-Braced Sections Packaged using combination of hinges and telescoping sections. When upper sections telescope into base, diagonals hinge, telescope, and rotate along batten. Components of M-braced truss fabricated from conventional metallic materials or nonmetallic materials such as graphite/epoxy. Applications include masts for antenna feed horns and ribs for solar array blankets.
Mikulas, M. M., Jr.↗
Experimental evaluation of various nonmetallic ablative materials as nozzle sections of hydrogen-oxygen rocket engine
Evaluation and erosion of nonmetallic ablating materials as rocket nozzle sections
ROCKET NOZZLE↗
Flammability control in the oxygen environment of the Apollo guidance and navigation equipment
The Apollo guidance and navigation (G&N) equipment test program, the redesign philosophy, and the actual equipment modifications that were used to limit burn rates in an environment of 100 percent oxygen at pressures of 6.2 and 16 psia are described. The major approach was a serious basic review of the real function of the nonmetallic materials of concern. The result of this review was that the materials could be replaced, eliminated, or covered by nonflammable metallic materials. Although several low-flammability nonmetallic materials were investigated, the direct approach of cover, eliminate, or replace generally proved to be quicker and more effective.
Holley, M. D.↗
History of NASA's Determination of Offgassed Products (Test 7)
NASA's Determination of Offgassed Products (Test 7) from materials and assembled articles for spaceflight has evolved since the Apollo program for over 50 years to meet various habitable spacecraft non-metallic programmatic requirements. Now mandated by NASA-STD-6016B Standard Materials and Processes Requirements for Spacecraft, all nonmetallic materials used in habitable flight compartments,with the exception of ceramics, metal oxides, inorganic glasses, and materials used in sealed containers must meet the offgassing requirements of in NASA-STD-6001B Test 7. This manuscript presents the history of Test 7 beginning with the Apollo spacecraft nonmetallic materials selection guidelines and test requirements in 1967
Greene, Benjamin↗
Aerospace materials for nonaerospace applications
Many of the flame-resistant nonmetallic materials that were developed for the Apollo and Skylab programs are discussed for commercial and military applications. Interchanges of information are taking place with the government agencies, industries, and educational institutions, which are interested in applications of fire-safe nonmetallic materials. These materials are particularly applicable to the design of aircraft, mass transit interiors, residential and public building constructions, nursing homes and hospitals, and to other fields of fire safety applications. Figures 22, 23 and 24 show the potential nonaerospace applications of flame-resistant aerospace materials are shown.
Johnston, R. L.↗
Space cabin materials
Outgassing characteristics of nonmetallic material exposed to spacecraft cabin environment
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL↗
Specialized testing and evaluation of space-suit materials
The selection of nonmetallic materials used in the Apollo space suits is discussed. The specialized test program to determine the flammability of selected space suit materials is described. Emphasis is placed on the equipment used to test and qualify the space suit materials and subassemblies for operation in the deep space environment.
Ballentine, T. J.↗
Vacuum stability testing of Apollo 15 Scientific Instrument Module (SIM) non-metallic materials and reversion of silicone rubber in a motor switch
Vacuum stability screening tests were performed on the Apollo 15 Scientific Instrument Module (SIM) bay nonmetallic materials in accordance with the NASA document SP-R-0022. The testing was necessary to support the evaluation to determine the effect material outgassing contamination would have on the SIM bay optical lenses and sensing devices. The Apollo 15 SIM experiments were highly successful, therefore, it is assumed that contamination due to the outgassing of nonmetallic materials did not affect equipment operation. A related problem, the reversion of a silicone rubber grommet which affected an electrical motor switch operation is also reported.
Clancy, H. M.↗
Flammability testing of components
Flammability testing of components in the design of Apollo spacecraft is discussed. The purpose of component flammability testing was to determine the flammability characteristics of a variety of different sizes, shapes, and configurations of nonmetallic materials of similar or different types that make up a functional assembly, subsystem, or system in a spacecraft. The test criteria and requirements for the nonmetallic materials are presented.
Primeaux, G. R.↗
Materials for manned systems
Acceptable nonmetallic materials for closed ecological systems
Honma, M.↗
Design principles for contamination abatement in scientific satellites.
It is shown that deposition of contamination films on satellite optics can be controlled by the following means: isolating critical optical surfaces from the rest of the spacecraft; avoiding or minimizing the use of nonmetallic material, particularly near or in line of sight of optical surfaces; avoiding materials with high vapor pressures; subjecting materials to vacuum baking prior to use, to drive off the volatile outgassing products; keeping the critical surfaces at temperatures above the ambient; avoiding elevated operational temperatures for nonmetallic materials; paying special attention to optics exposed to intense UV-, X-ray, or particular radiation; avoiding water-vapor sources; and directing RCS plumes away from critical surfaces. Methods of controlling particulate contaminants are also proposed.
Naumann, R. J.↗
Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials Used for Tankage
The Nonmetallic Materials and Processes Group is presently working on several projects to optimize cost while providing effect materials for the space program. One factor that must be considered is that these materials must meet certain weight requirements. Composites contribute greatly to this effort. Through the use of composites the cost of launching payloads into orbit will be reduced to one-tenth of the current cost. This research project involved composites used for aluminum pressure vessels. These tanks are used to store cryogenic liquids during flight. The tanks need some type of reinforcement. Steel was considered, but added too much weight. As a result, fiber was chosen. Presently, only carbon fibers with epoxy resin are wrapped around the vessels as a primary source of reinforcement. Carbon fibers are lightweight, yet high strength. The carbon fibers are wet wound onto the pressure vessels. This was done using the ENTEC Filament Winding Machine. It was thought that an additional layer of fiber would aid in reinforcement as well as containment and impact reduction. Kevlar was selected because it is light weight, but five times stronger that steel. This is the same fiber that is used to make bullet-proof vests trampolines, and tennis rackets.
Cunningham, Christy↗
System definition study of deployable, non-metallic space structures
The state of the art for nonmetallic materials and fabrication techniques suitable for future space structures are summarized. Typical subsystems and systems of interest to the space community that are reviewed include: (1) inflatable/rigidized space hangar; (2) flexible/storable acoustic barrier; (3) deployable fabric bulkhead in a space habitat; (4) extendible tunnel for soft docking; (5) deployable space recovery/re-entry systems for personnel or materials; (6) a manned habitat for a space station; (7) storage enclosures external to the space station habitat; (8) attachable work stations; and (9) safe haven structures. Performance parameters examined include micrometeoroid protection; leakage rate prediction and control; rigidization of flexible structures in the space environment; flammability and offgassing; lifetime for nonmetallic materials; crack propagation prevention; and the effects of atomic oxygen and space debris. An expandable airlock for shuttle flight experiments and potential tethered experiments from shuttle are discussed.
Stimler, F. J.↗
Research on ignition and combustion in oxygen systems
The work on ignition and combustion research in oxygen systems under the sponsorship of NASA's Aerospace Safety Research and Data Institute is described. Preliminary results of ignition of nonmetallic materials by electric arc and mechanical impact are presented. Ignition by a resonant process involving repeated shock waves has been demonstrated and some of the results included. In addition, results of studies concerned with ignition due to the rapid rupture of metal films and diaphragms are reviewed. Burning rate studies of three nonmetallic materials in oxygen enriched environments were completed and the results presented. A brief description of these combustion studies under zero gravity is also included. These results are compared to combustion under one gravity.
Ordin, P. M.↗
Effects of nuclear radiation and cryogenic temperatures on nonmetallic engineering materials.
Changes in physical and mechanical properties of engineering materials exposed to nuclear radiation and cryogenic temperatures
NUCLEAR RADIATION↗
Interdisciplinary materials research including fundamental physics and chemistry of materials, environmental effects and related problems Semiannual progress report, Sep. 1, 1967 - Feb. 29, 1968
Interdisciplinary materials research in inorganic nonmetallic materials, metallic solids, polymers, and solid state physics
Source record↗
Adhesion and friction of transition metals in contact with nonmetallic hard materials
Sliding friction experiments were conducted with the metals yttrium, titanium, tantalum, zirconium, vanadium, neodymium, iron, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, platinum, rhenium, ruthenium, and rhodium in sliding contact with single crystal diamond, silicon carbide, pyrolytic boron nitride, and ferrite. Auger electron spectroscopy analysis was conducted with the metals and nonmetals to determine the surface chemistry and the degree of surface cleanliness. The results of the investigation indicate the adhesion and friction of the transition metals in contact with diamond, silicon carbide, boron nitride, and ferrite are related to the relative chemical activity of the metals. The more chemically active the metal, the higher the coefficient of friction and the greater amount of transfer to the nonmetals.
Miyoshi, K.↗