Meaurement of Shunt Impedance Versus Normalized Phase Velocity for a Disk-Loaded Waveguide 0.5 <= vsubp/c <= 1.0
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Chang, D.↗
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Experimental Determination of the Crystallization Phase-Boundary Velocity in the Halozeotype CZX-1
Abstract not provided
Dill, Eric D.↗
Adaptation of primate vestibuloocular reflex to altered peripheral vestibular inputs. II Spatiotemporal properties of the adapted slow-phase eye velocity
1. The ability of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) to undergo adaptive modification after selective changes in the peripheral vestibular system was investigated in rhesus monkeys by recording three-dimensional eye movements before and after inactivation of selective semicircular canals. In the preceding paper we showed that the horizontal VOR gain evoked by passive yaw oscillations after lateral semicircular canal inactivation recovers gradually over time in a frequency-specific manner. Here we present the spatial tuning of the adapted slow-phase eye velocity and describe its spatiotemporal properties as a function of time after canal inactivation. 2. The spatial organization of the VOR was investigated during oscillations at different head positions in the pitch, roll, and yaw planes, as well as in the right anterior/left posterior and left anterior/right posterior canal planes. Acutely after bilateral inactivation of the lateral semicircular canals, a small horizontal response could still be elicited that peaked during rotations in pitched head positions that would maximally stimulate vertical semicircular canals. In addition, the phase of horizontal slow-phase velocity abruptly reversed through 180 degrees at positions close to upright, similarly to torsional slow-phase velocity. These spatial response properties suggest that the small, residual horizontal response components that are present acutely after plugging of both lateral canals originate from vertical semicircular canal signals. 3. As the horizontal response amplitude increased over time, consistent changes were also observed in the spatiotemporal tuning of horizontal slow-phase velocity. 1) The spatiotemporal response properties of horizontal slow-phase velocity acquired noncosine tuning characteristics, primarily in the pitch plane, in the right anterior/left posterior and left anterior/right posterior canal planes. Accordingly, horizontal response amplitude was nonzero during rotation in any head position in these planes and response phase varied significantly as a function of head orientation. 2) The peak horizontal response amplitude shifted spatially over time, such that 5-10 mo after plugging it was maximal during rotations at head positions close to upright. 4. In parallel to these unique spatiotemporal response properties characterizing the adapted horizontal VOR, torsional slow-phase velocity also exhibited small spatiotemporal changes after lateral canal inactivation that tended to precede in time the changes associated with the horizontal response components. In contrast, vertical slow-phase velocity in the plugged animals was unaltered and continued to be characterized by cosine-tuned spatial properties in three dimensions. 5. Recovery of the horizontal response gain during yaw oscillations in upright position, as well as the unique, noncosine spatiotemporal characteristics of the adapted horizontal VOR, were also observed in an animal with all but one vertical semicircular canals inactivated. There was, however, no sign of VOR gain recovery up to 2 mo after all semicircular canals were inactivated. These results suggest that the observed recovery of horizontal VOR is at least partly due to signals originating from the remaining intact vertical canal(s). Even in the presence of a single intact vertical canal, the improvement in horizontal gaze stability is at least partly restored through spatiotemporal changes in the processing of vestibuloocular signals that improve the gain and spatial tuning of horizontal VOR at the expense of temporal response properties.
NASA Discipline Number 16-10↗
Dispersion and damping rates of dispersive Alfvén wave in a nonextensive plasma
The dispersion and landau damping of the dispersive Alfvén waves (DAW) have been studied in the plasma with nonextensive electrons and ions. The conditions for the existence of inertial Alfvén waves (IAW) and kinetic Alfvén waves (KAW) are modified by electrons' nonextensive parameter q{sub e}. For IAW, β{sub q} ≪ m{sub e}/m{sub i}; for KAW, m{sub e}/m{sub i} ≪ β{sub q} ≪ 1, β{sub q} is the ratio of the effective thermal pressure to the magnetic pressure. In the plasma with superthermal particles, the frequency of the IAW and KAW will increase with the increase of q{sub e} when the effective temperature of the plasma systems keeps invariant. Whereas the damping rates of the IAW and KAW vary inversely with respect to q{sub e} for the reason that the phase velocity of KAW is much smaller than the effective thermal velocity, while the phase velocity of IAW is much bigger than the effective thermal velocity.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Automated nystagmus analysis
Several methods have recently been used for on-line analysis of nystagmus: A digital computer program has been developed to accept sampled records of eye position, detect fast phase components, and output cumulative slow phase position, continuous slow phase velocity, instantaneous fast phase frequency, and other parameters. The slow phase velocity is obtained by differentiation of the calculated cumulative position rather than the original eye movement record. Also, a prototype analog device has been devised which calculates the velocity of the slow phase component during caloric testing. Examples of clinical and research eye movement records analyzed with these devices are shown.
Oman, C. M.↗
One-dimensional numerical study of charged particle trajectories in turbulent electrostatic wave fields
The paper describes a numerical simulation of electron trajectories in weak random electric fields under conditions that are approximately true for Langmuir waves whose wavelength is much longer than the Debye length. Two types of trajectory calculations were made: (1) the initial particle velocity was made equal to the mean phase velocity of the waves, or (2) it was equal to 0.7419 times the mean velocity of the waves, so that the initial velocity differed substantially from all phase velocities of the wave spectrum. When the autocorrelation time is much greater than the trapping time, the particle motion can change virtually instantaneously from one of three states - high-velocity, low-velocity, or trapped state - to another. The probability of instantaneous transition from a high- or low-velocity state becomes small when the difference between the particle velocity and the mean phase velocity of the waves becomes high in comparison to the trapping velocity. Diffusive motion becomes negligible under these conditions also.
Graham, K. N.↗
Stress waves in transversely isotropic media: The homogeneous problem
The homogeneous problem of stress wave propagation in unbounded transversely isotropic media is analyzed. By adopting plane wave solutions, the conditions for the existence of the solution are established in terms of phase velocities and directions of particle displacements. Dispersion relations and group velocities are derived from the phase velocity expressions. The deviation angles (e.g., angles between the normals to the adopted plane waves and the actual directions of their propagation) are numerically determined for a specific fiber-glass epoxy composite. A graphical method is introduced for the construction of the wave surfaces using magnitudes of phase velocities and deviation angles. The results for the case of isotropic media are shown to be contained in the solutions for the transversely isotropic media.
Marques, E. R. C.↗
Peculiarities of laser phase behavior associated with the accelerated electron in a chirped laser pulse
In this paper, we qualitatively analyzed peculiarities of laser phase behavior associated with the accelerated electron in a chirped laser pulse. We unveiled the relationship between the changes in the orientation of the electron trajectory and the cusps in magnitude of the phase velocity of the optical field along the electron trajectory in a chirped laser pulse. We also explained how the chirp effect induced the singular point of the phase velocity. Finally, we discussed the phase velocity and phase witnessed by the electron in the particle's moving instantaneous frame.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Cross-beam energy transfer saturation by ion trapping-induced detuning
The performance of direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions relies critically on the coupling of laser energy to the target plasma. Cross beam energy transfer (CBET), the resonant exchange of energy between intersecting laser beams mediated by ponderomotively driven ion-acoustic waves (IAW), inhibits this coupling by scattering light into unwanted directions. Furthermore, the variety of beam intersection angles and varying plasma conditions in an implosion results in IAWs with a range of phase velocities. Here we show that CBET saturates through a resonance detuning that depends on the IAW phase velocity and that results from trapping-induced modifications to the ion distribution functions. For smaller phase velocities, the modifications to the distribution functions can rapidly thermalize in the presence of mid-Z ions, leading to a blueshift in the resonant frequency. For larger phase velocities, the modifications can persist, leading to a redshift in the resonant frequency. Ultimately, these results may reveal pathways towards CBET mitigation and inform reduced models for radiation hydrodynamics codes to improve their predictive capability.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Eigenmode twist by energy flux during fast-ion driven instabilities
Twisting of the spatial structure of eigenmodes by energy fluxes generated due to the spatial channeling (SC)—the fast-ion energy and momentum transfer across the magnetic field by destabilized modes—is considered. It is revealed that there is a correlation between the direction of the radial wave energy flux, orientation of the mode twist (MT), and the direction of mode rotation. The mode twist parameter is introduced and relations connecting it with the energy flux are established. It is shown the energy flux transforms zeros of the radial profile of the mode amplitude into minima (i.e., zeros disappear). It is found that the radial group velocity and phase velocity of reversed shear Alfvén eigenmodes (RSAEs) have opposite directions. These findings can be used for diagnostics of the energy fluxes during fast-ion driven instabilities and understanding whether the SC degrades or improves plasma performance. Specific calculations are carried out for fast magnetoacoustic modes, FMMs (known also as compressional Alfvén eigenmodes, CAEs), and Alfvén eigenmodes, AEs. A DIII-D experiment where RSAEs were observed is considered. It is concluded that an outward SC took place in this experiment. Peculiarities of various modes are discussed, which may explain why twisting of AEs, but not of FMMs, was observed experimentally in the DIII-D and NSTX tokamaks.
Kolesnichenko, Ya. I. (ORCID:0000000323219681)↗
Algebraic Multigrid Preconditioners for Multiphase Flow in Porous Media
Multiphase flow is a critical process in a wide range of applications, including carbon sequestration, contaminant remediation, and groundwater management. Typically, this process is modeled by a nonlinear system of partial differential equations derived by considering the mass conservation of each phase (e.g., oil, water), along with constitutive laws for the relationship of phase velocity to phase pressure. In this study, we develop and study efficient solution algorithms for solving the algebraic systems of equations derived from a fully coupled and time-implicit treatment of models of multiphase flow. We explore the performance of several preconditioners based on algebraic multigrid (AMG) for solving the linearized problem, including “black-box” AMG applied directly to the system, a new version of constrained pressure residual multigrid (CPR-AMG) preconditioning, and a new preconditioner derived using an approximate Schur complement arising from the block factorization of the Jacobian. Finally, we show that the new methods are the most robust with respect to problem character, as determined by varying effects of capillary pressures, and we show that the block factorization preconditioner both is efficient and scales optimally with problem size.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Perfectly Matched Layer for Linearized Euler Equations in Open and Ducted Domains
Recently, perfectly matched layer (PML) as an absorbing boundary condition has widespread applications. The idea was first introduced by Berenger for electromagnetic waves computations. In this paper, it is shown that the PML equations for the linearized Euler equations support unstable solutions when the mean flow has a component normal to the layer. To suppress such unstable solutions so as to render the PML concept useful for this class of problems, it is proposed that artificial selective damping terms be added to the discretized PML equations. It is demonstrated that with a proper choice of artificial mesh Reynolds number, the PML equations can be made stable. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate that the stabilized PML performs well as an absorbing boundary condition. In a ducted environment, the wave mode are dispersive. It will be shown that the group velocity and phase velocity of these modes can have opposite signs. This results in a confined environment, PML may not be suitable as an absorbing boundary condition.
Tam, Christopher K. W.↗
Crustal and uppermost mantle structure near the Gloria Fault, North Atlantic, from ocean bottom seismometer surface wave observations
SUMMARY In this work, we present both 1-D and 3-D shear wave velocity (Vs) models of the oceanic crust and uppermost mantle below the Deep OCean Test ARray area, located ∼ 70 km north of the central section of the Gloria Fault, in the eastern North-Atlantic Ocean. The velocity models are inferred from the dispersion of surface waves recorded on ocean bottom seismometers. Dispersion measurements are obtained from the analysis of ambient seismic noise at short periods (< 14 s) and teleseismic surface waves at long periods (> 14 s) using the two-station method. The 1-D Vs model is inferred from the joint inversion of Rayleigh wave phase velocities and Love wave group and phase velocities. The 3-D tomographic model is obtained by inversion of 2-D Love wave group velocity maps as a function of depth, further constrained by the average of Love wave phase velocities obtained from ambient noise (4–9 s) and the average Rayleigh and Love wave phase velocities calculated from teleseismic data (14–44 s). The 1-D Vs model shows a sediment layer with a low velocity of 1.05 km s−1, similar to previous studies in the region. Below the sediments, we find an oceanic crust with velocities ranging from 3.3 to 4.5 km s−1. The model reaches an unusually high velocity of 4.9 km s−1 in a 20 km thick layer at depths between 16 and 36 km. We interpret this fast velocity layer as indicative of the presence of harzburgite, a residue of enhanced melting that might have been formed by the proximity between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Azores mantle plume. At greater depths the velocity decreases, forming a low-velocity zone that reaches a minimum at ∼ 70 km depth, which we interpret as the maximum depth for the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary. The 3-D model shows a structure that is mostly horizontally layered, with Vs isocontours at 3.5–4.5 km s−1 highlighting oscillations of the crustal structure with wavelengths of ∼25–30 km. These oscillations may be due to changes in the rate of mantle upwelling and magma supply rate.
Pinzón, Juan I. (ORCID:0000000338078068)↗
Local-Regional Surface Wave Dispersion Analysis using Ambient Noise Data of the Southern Nevada National Security Site Area
This report details seismic ambient noise analysis to improve seismic velocity estimates of the southeastern Nevada National Security Site (NNSS). We compare two different methods for estimating surface wave dispersion curves from ambient noise cross-correlations: frequency time analysis (FTAN) and Aki’s cross-spectral method (XSpec). We find that XSpec performs better for our local-regional dataset and frequency content. Using phase velocity estimates from XSpec, we build a preliminary phase velocity dispersion dataset, which contains data for 1,054 station pairs and 8,905 discrete phase velocity measurements for periods between 0.5 and 13 s. This phase velocity dataset will be incorporated into an updated local-regional P and S wave velocity model of the southeastern NNSS in the future and is expected to improve upon shallow velocity estimates.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Analysis of the Amplitude Response of a Two-Point and a Two-Line/Multi-Point Focused Laser Differential Interferometer
Experiments were performed with two different focused laser differential interferometer (FLDI) instruments to assess the amplitude response of each instrument to a traveling shock-wave generated by a laser spark. The first FLDI instrument generated two measurement points, with each measurement point providing sensitivity to density fluctuations induced by the shockwave. By performing a cross-correlation between the signals obtained from each measurement point, the phase velocity of density fluctuations can be obtained. The second FLDI instrument generated two measurement lines that are oriented either parallel or orthogonal to the shockwave direction of travel with the resulting interference pattern sampled at multiple equally-spaced points along each line. As a result, this instrument provides density fluctuation measurement capability at multiple points simultaneously. When the measurement lines are oriented parallel to the shockwave direction of travel, the phase velocity, rate of change of the phase velocity, and acceleration of density fluctuations traveling along each line can be obtained by performing a cross-correlation between points along a single line. When the measurement lines are oriented orthogonal to the shockwave direction of travel, the spatially-varying phase velocity can be obtained by performing a cross-correlation between points at the same relative location on each measurement line. Computations of the shockwave generated by the laser spark are used to simulate the response of each instrument and are compared to the experimental results. High-speed Schlieren imaging has also been performed and is compared with the FLDI measurements and computational results.
Focused Laser Differential Interferometer↗
Near ultraviolet photochemistry of 2-bromo- and 2-iodothiophene: Revealing photoinduced ring opening in the gas phase?
Velocity map imaging methods, with a new and improved ion optics design, have been used to explore the near ultraviolet photodissociation dynamics of gas phase 2-bromo- and 2-iodothiophene molecules. In both cases, the ground (X) and spin-orbit excited (X*) (where X = Br, I) atom products formed at the longest excitation wavelengths are found to recoil with fast, anisotropic velocity distributions, consistent with prompt C–X bond fission following excitation via a transition whose dipole moment is aligned parallel to the breaking bond. Upon tuning to shorter wavelengths, this fast component fades and is progressively replaced by a slower, isotropic recoil distribution. Complementary electronic structure calculations provide a plausible explanation for this switch in fragmentation behaviour—namely, the opening of a rival C–S bond extension pathway to a region of conical intersection with the ground state potential energy surface. The resulting ground state molecules are formed with more than sufficient internal energy to sample the configuration space associated with several parent isomers and to dissociate to yield X atom products in tandem with both cyclic and ring-opened partner fragments.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Electron Transport by a Transverse Acoustoelectric Stoneley Wave
The effect of acoustoelectric charge transport is associated with the possibility of amplifying acoustoelectric waves using an external electric field and has been studied in detail for body and surface waves. Electron transport by a transverse acoustoelectric wave (e.g., a Stoneley wave propagating along the heterojunction of two piezoelectric semiconductor layers) is considered in this work for the first time. Analytical expressions for the acoustic conductivity tensor components are derived that depend on the wave phase velocity and electron drift velocity in an external electric field. It is shown that the alternating acoustoelectric current is a sum of two surface currents: the drift current, which depends linearly on the external electric field, and the current that depends nonlinearly on this field. An expression for the acoustoelectric electron mobility is derived. It is found that the acoustoelectric current induced by an electron density wave grows infinitely when the electron drift velocity becomes equal to the wave phase velocity. The analytical expressions obtained for the mobility and current density can be used in calculating current–voltage characteristics of Stoneley wave acoustoelectric field-effect transistors.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Plasma confinement regimes and collective modes characterizing them
A unified theory is presented for the modes that are excited at the edge of the plasma column and are important signatures of the advanced confinement regimes into which magnetically confined plasmas can be driven. In particular, the so-called EDA H-Regime, the Elmy H-Regime, and the I-Regime are considered. The modes that are identified theoretically have characteristics that are consistent with or have anticipated those of the modes observed experimentally for each of the investigated regimes. The phase velocities, the produced transport processes, the frequencies, the wavelengths, and the consistency with the direction of spontaneous rotation are the factors considered for comparison with the relevant experiments. The quasi-coherent mode [I. Cziegler, Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2011] that is present in the EDA H-Regime has a phase velocity in the direction of the ion diamagnetic velocity in the plasma reference frame. Consequently, this is identified as a ballooning mode near finite Larmor radius marginal stability involving the effects of transverse ion viscosity and other dissipative effects. In this regime, impurities are driven outward by the combined effects of the local temperature gradients of the impurities and their thermal conductivity, while in the Elmy H-Regime impurities are driven toward the center of the plasma column. In the I-Regimes, the excited 'Heavy Particle' modes [B. Coppi and T. Zhou, Phys. Plasmas 19, 012302 (2012); Phys. Lett. A 375, 2916 (2011)] are not of the ballooning kind and are shown to expel the impurities toward the plasma edge in the presence of significant fluctuations. These modes can have a finite frequency of oscillation with a phase velocity in the direction of the electron diamagnetic velocity or they can be nearly purely growing, explaining why there are I-Regimes where fluctuations are not observed. Instead, the modes considered for the Elmy H-Regime are of the ballooning kind. They are driven by the combined effects of the plasma pressure gradient and the magnetic field curvature, are close to conditions under which the acquired growth rates are proportional to half power of the relevant dissipation parameters, involve the effects of finite magnetic diffusivity and finite electron thermal conductivity, and can have phase velocities in either direction.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗