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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1971

Selected photographic techniques, a compilation

A selection has been made of methods, devices, and techniques developed in the field of photography during implementation of space and nuclear research projects. These items include many adaptations, variations, and modifications to standard hardware and practice, and should prove interesting to both amateur and professional photographers and photographic technicians. This compilation is divided into two sections. The first section presents techniques and devices that have been found useful in making photolab work simpler, more productive, and higher in quality. Section two deals with modifications to and special applications for existing photographic equipment.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1969

Multispectral techniques for general geological surveys evaluation of a four-band photographic system

A general geological survey at 1:62,500 scale of the well exposed rocks of the White Mountains and the adjacent volcanic desert plateau is reported. The tuffs, granites, sedimentary rocks and metavolcanic rocks in this arid region are varicolored and conventional black and white aerial photographs have been a useful mapping aid. A large number of true color and false color aerial photographs and multispectral viewer screen images of the study area are evaluated in order to consider what imagery is the most useful for distinguishing rock types. Photographs of true color film are judged the most useful for recognizing geographic locations.

Crowder, D., F.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Investigation of a lineament expressed in an oblique Apollo 9 photograph

The author has identified the following significant results. A linear topographic feature, referred to as the New York Mountains lineament, was recognized in an oblique Apollo 9 photograph to extend from the Providence Mountains of California to near Lake Mead, Arizona. In subsequent vertical ERTS-1 imagery this feature was found to have vague and indistinct expression. A study was conducted to determine the possible geologic origin(s) of the lineament and to explain its anomalous expression in the Apollo 9 photograph. The results suggest that the apparent expression of the lineament is due to a combination of the oblique view of the Apollo photograph, low sun angle illumination of southeast facing slopes, shadowing of northwest facing slopes, and linear snow line along the southeastern flank of the New York Mountains. No geologic or structural causes for the lineament have been found.

Liggett, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

A Stokes' velocity photographic method for measuring the size distribution of aerosols

Aerosol particles are allowed to settle in a vertical glass walled vessel, and their settling velocity is determined by photographing them while the light entering the camera is being chopped at a known rate. The settling velocity of each particle can be determined from the photographs, and by applying the Stokes' law, one can calculate the radius of each particle. The Stokes' law for a sphere settling freely in a quiet medium is given. If the volume of the photographed region of the illumination is known, the aerosol number density and size distribution can be obtained. Experiments with alumina particles of given size distributions indicate that the method works accurately. One set of a typical experiment with 3.0-micrometer Al2O3 particles is presented, which shows that the measured size distribution peaks at approximately 3.0 micrometer.

Deepak, A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Reduction of image blurring on individual aerial photographs

A technique is discussed for photographic reduction of blurring which utilizes only a single photograph. No special equipment which is not available in practically any photographic laboratory is required to carry out the technique.

Fivenskiy, Y. I.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Determination of dynamic corrections to point coordinates of photographs obtained by the Zond 6 and Zond 8 spacecraft

The linear and angular motions of the Zond 6 and Zond 8 spacecraft imaging camera during the exposure cause displacements of the optical image points. In the case of instantaneous exposure of each individual point and the nonsimultaneous exposure of the complete frame, this leads to finite geometric shifts of the points without causing blurring of the photographic image. Therefore, when measuring the resulting photographic pictures, the problem arises of reducing the picture point positions to a common instant of time. This reduction is performed by means of dynamic corrections to the measured picture point coordinates. These corrections are found by using formulas of dynamic photogrammetry. Their use with the Zond space probe photographs is described.

Kiselev, V. V.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Photographic image enhancement and processing

Image processing techniques (computer and photographic) are described which are used within the JSC Photographic Technology Division. Two purely photographic techniques used for specific subject isolation are discussed in detail. Sample imagery is included.

Lockwood, H. E.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Processing corrections for Skylab photographic imagery

Camera filters were inadvertently omitted from the six-channel multispectral photographic camera (S190A) during the exposure of the first roll of film from each channel on the final manned Skylab mission. Each of the films was overexposed and degraded as a result of the filter omissions. Explained are the techniques used by the NASA/JSC Photographic Technology Division to evaluate and process those films. These or similar techniques can be used in other photographic multispectral remote sensing applications in which black-and-white infrared and panchromatic or color infrared film are degraded due to loss of filtration or to overexposure. Results prove that data may be salvaged after camera exposure errors are made thus saving the expense of reacquiring data.

Lockwood, H. E.↗
NASA NTRS1976

A transformation method for deriving from a photograph, position and heading of a vehicle in a plane

Equations have been derived that transform perspectively viewed planar surface coordinates, as seen in a photograph, into coordinates of the original plane surface. These transformation equations are developed in terms of nine geometric variables that define the photographic setup and are redefined in terms of eight parameters. The parameters are then treated as independent quantities that fully characterize the transformation and are expressed directly in terms of the four corner coordinates of a reference rectangle in the object plane and their coordinates as seen in a photograph. Vehicle position is determined by transforming the perspectively viewed coordinate position of a representative vehicle target into runway coordinates. Vehicle heading is determined from the runway coordinates of two vehicle target points. When the targets are elevated above the plane of the reference grid, the computation of the heading angle is unaffected; however, the computation of the target position may require adjustment of two parameters. Methods are given for adjusting the parameters for elevation and an example is included for both nonelevated and elevated target conditions.

Sleeper, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Applications of Skylab EREP photographs to mapping landforms and environmental geomorphology in the Great Plains and Midwest

The following evaluations of Skylab photographs were undertaken: (1) the 1290 Skylab S190A and S190B photographs of Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and South Dakota were evaluated in detail in terms of coverage, cloud cover, photographic quality, endlap, detectability of roads and stereorelief, and utility for geomorphologic mapping, and (2) the utility of the Skylab photos were tested for interpretive analytic mapping of geomorphologic features over large areas representative of different parts of this region. Photointerpretative maps of analytic geomorphology were obtained for various test areas representative of the varied landscapes in the region. These maps are useful for regional land-use planning, ground-water exploration, and other environmental geomorphologic-geologic applications. Compared with LANDSAT-1 MSS images, Skylab photos afford almost as extensive overviews of large areas but in considerably greater detail, and for many SL photos, moderate stereorelief. However, repetitive multiseasonal, cloud-free coverage by high-quality photos is very limited and many areas have no coverage at all.

Morrison, R. B.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Photographic image intensification by autoradiography

Images on developed photographic emulsions can be significantly intensified by making the image silver radioactive and exposing a second emulsion to this radiation. Because the print, an autoradiograph, reproduces the original with significant increases in density and contrast, the method can be used to enhance underexposed emulsions and to increase the limits of photographic detection. This paper reports a new, practical chemical method for activating the silver, using thiourea labeled with sulfur-35, a process convenient for use in photographic laboratories. Speed increases of 13 and contrast increases of 18 were achieved with Kodak Plus-X film in this initial phase.

Askins, B. S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Color composite photographs of the Magellanic Clouds

Simulated color photographs of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds were produced from black and white photographs taken with the Schmidt telescope at Cerro Tololo using multichannel projection techniques. A brief discussion of the techniques employed, the color photographs obtained, and the potential of future work of this type is given.

Dufour, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

A perspective on the state of the art of photographic interpretation

Aerial photography and photographic interpretation are the cornerstone of remote sensing. Many interpretative techniques used on data from these more advanced or unconventional imaging systems are essentially extensions of techniques originally developed for the analysis of aerial photographic data. As research on the analysis and application of data from other than photographic imaging systems progresses, the role of the interpretation of aerial photography becomes more important. Any individual who wishes to practice the art of remote sensing data analysis must gain a thorough knowledge of the activities, elements and techniques of manual photographic/image interpretation. While the activities and elements of photo interpretation have remained essentially the same, technique development has continued to progress. Additional studies are proposed dealing with the basics of interactive processes.

Estes, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Photographic image enhancement and processing

Scientists using aerial imagery frequently desire image processing or enhancement of that imagery to aid them in data analysis. Sophisticated digital image processing techniques are currently employed in many applications where the data is recorded in digital format, where processing hardware and programs are available. Aerial photographic imagery poses a problem in the magnitude of the digitization processing. Photographic image processing analogous to many available digital techniques is being employed by scientific investigators. Those techniques which may be applied in a cost effective manner to processing of aerial photographic imagery are described here.

Lockwood, H. E.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The meaning of desert color in earth orbital photographs

The color of desert surfaces as seen in earth orbital photographs is indicative of soil composition. Apollo-Soyuz photographs of the Sturt and Simpson Deserts of Australia confirm that sand grains become redder as the distance from the source increases. Reddening is caused by a thin iron-oxide coating on individual sand grains and can be used, in some cases, to map relative-age zones. Photographs of the Western (Libyan) Desert of Egypt indicate three distinct and nearly parallel color zones that have been correlated in the field with: (1) arable soil composed of quartz, clay, and calcium carbonate particles; (2) relatively active sand with or without sparse vegetation; and (3) relatively inactive sand mixed with dark (desert-varnished) pebbles. The youngest sands are in the form of longitudinal dunes, which are migrating to the south-southeast along the prevailing wind direction. Some of the young dune fields are encroaching on the western boundary of the fertile Nile Valley.

El-Baz, F.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Are two photographic infrared sensors required

The possible redundancy of photographic infrared (0.70-1.00 micron) sensors for monitoring vegetation and plant stresses was investigated using previously published data and the analysis of in situ narrow bandpass spectral data from experimental grass plots. Results of the analysis showed that a 0.76-0.90 micron photographic infrared sensor would combine excellent general vegetational utility with the ability to discriminate photographic infrared plateau-rounding stress conditions. A 0.76-0.90 micron sensor is therefore suggested for Landsat-D.

Tucker, C. J.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Photographic combustion characterization of LOX/hydrocarbon type propellants

Single element injectors and two fuels were tested with the aim of photographically characterizing observed combustion phenomena. The three injectors tested were the O-F-O triplet, the transverse like on like (TLOL), and the rectangular unlike doublet (RUD). The fuels tested were RP-1 and propane. The hot firings were conducted in a specifically constructed chamber fitted with quartz windows for photographically viewing the impingement spray field. All LOX/HC testing demonstrated coking with the RP-1 fuel leaving far more soot than the propane fuel. No fuel freezing or popping was experienced under the test conditions evaluated. Carbon particle emission and combustion light brilliance increased with Pc for both fuels although RP-1 was far more energetic in this respect. The RSS phenomena appear to be present in the high Pc tests as evidenced by striations in the spray pattern and by separate fuel rich and oxidizer rich areas. The RUD element was also tested as a fuel rich gas generator element by switching the propellant circuits. Excessive sooting occurred at this low mixture ratio (0.55), precluding photographic data.

Judd, D. C.↗