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At least 55 records · Page 3

Mars - Topographic control of clouds, 1907-1973

Mariner 9 high-resolution photos and topographic information were used to make a topographic analysis of 'blue' and 'red' cloud positions reported over a 66-year period. A sample of 77 'blue' cloud sites lay preferentially at the highest Martian elevations; 60% centered precisely on the seven major volcanic mountain peaks (unknown when the clouds were observed); another 16% lay on substantial slopes or contacts between cratered terrain and lower plains. The median altitude of blue cloud sites was 2.1 km above the global topographic median. These results agree with other evidence that most earth-detected blue clouds are orographic uplift clouds, composed of condensates. Over half of 131 sporadic yelowish or red clouds were associated with blue clouds or volcanoes, and thus probably did not represent dust storm phenomena. Of 88 'possible dust clouds', about two-thirds occur at borders between light and dark areas, in the light regions. These sites may have thin veneers of dust, and current depositional or denudational activity. Median altitude of 'possible dust cloud' sites was 0.5 km below the global topographic median.

Hartmann, W. K.↗

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Relation Between Galaxy Cluster Optical Richness and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect

We present the measured Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) flux from 474 optically-selected MaxBCG clusters that fall within the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Equatorial survey region. The ACT Equatorial region used in this analysis covers 510 square degrees and overlaps Stripe 82 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We also present the measured SZ flux stacked on 52 X-ray-selected MCXC clusters that fall within the ACT Equatorial region and an ACT Southern survey region covering 455 square degrees. We find that the measured SZ flux from the X-ray-selected clusters is consistent with expectations. However, we find that the measured SZ flux from the optically-selected clusters is both significantly lower than expectations and lower than the recovered SZ flux measured by the Planck satellite. Since we find a lower recovered SZ signal than Planck, we investigate the possibility that there is a significant offset between the optically-selected brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) and the SZ centers, to which ACT is more sensitive due to its finer resolution. Such offsets can arise due to either an intrinsic physical separation between the BCG and the center of the gas concentration or from misidentification of the cluster BCG. We find that the entire discrepancy for both ACT and Planck can be explained by assuming that the BCGs are offset from the SZ maxima with a uniform random distribution between 0 and 1.5 Mpc. In contrast, the physical separation between BCGs and X-ray peaks for an X-ray-selected subsample of MaxBCG clusters shows a much narrower distribution that peaks within 0.2 Mpc. We conclude that while offsets between BCGs and SZ peaks may be an important component in explaining the discrepancy, it is likely that a combination of factors is responsible for the ACT and Planck measurements. Several effects that can lower the SZ signal equally for both ACT and Planck, but not explain the difference in measured signals, include a larger percentage of false detections in the MaxBCG sample, a lower normalization of the mass-richness relation, radio or infrared galaxy contamination of the SZ flux, and a low intrinsic SZ signal. In the latter two cases, the effects would need to be preferentially more significant in the optically-selected MaxBCG sample than in the MCXC X-ray sample.

Sehgal, Neelima↗

Investigating the Effect of Impurities on Macromolecule Crystal Growth in Microgravity

Chicken egg-white lysozyme (CEWL) crystals were grown in microgravity and on the ground in the presence of various amounts of a naturally occurring lysozyme dimer impurity. No significant favorable differences in impurity incorporation between microgravity and ground crystal samples were observed. At low impurity concentration the microgravity crystals preferentially incorporated the dimer. The presence of the dimer in the crystallization solutions in microgravity reduced crystal size, increased mosaicity and reduced the signal to noise ratio of the X-ray data. Microgravity samples proved more sensitive to impurity. Accurate indexing of the reflections proved critical to the X-ray analysis. The largest crystals with the best X-ray diffraction properties were grown from pure solution in microgravity.

Snell, Edward H.↗

On the redistribution of charge in La 0.7 Sr 0.3 CrO 3 /La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 multilayer thin films

The atomic and electronic structures of La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 (LSMO)/La 0.7 Sr 0.3 CrO 3 (LSCO) multilayer thin films are investigated using aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging and spectroscopy. Atomic resolution high angle annular dark-field reveals that LSMO layers have an expanded out-of-plane lattice parameter compared to compressed LSCO layers, contrasting with x-ray diffraction measurements. The expansion is found to result from preferential oxygen vacancy formation in LSMO during STEM sample preparation as determined by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The La/Sr atom column intensity is also found to oscillate by about 4% between the LSMO and LSCO layers, indicative of La/Sr concentration variation. Using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy in combination with image simulations, we confirm the La/Sr inhomogeneity and elucidate the origin of charge redistribution within the multilayer. These results illuminate the sensitivity of the technique to subtle structural, chemical, and electronic features that can arise to compensate charge imbalances in complex oxide heterostructures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Gravitational lensing frequencies - Galaxy cross-sections and selection effects

Four issues - (1) the best currently available data on the galaxy velocity-dispersion distribution, (2) the effects of finite core radii potential ellipticity on lensing cross sections, (3) the predicted distribution of lens image separations compared to observational angular resolutions, and (4) the preferential inclusion of lens systems in flux limited samples - are considered in order to facilitate more realistic predictions of multiple image galaxy-quasar lensing frequencies. It is found that (1) the SIS lensing parameter F equals 0.047 +/-0.019 with almost 90 percent contributed by E and S0 galaxies, (2) observed E and S0 core radii are remarkably small, yielding a factor of less than about 2 reduction in total lensing cross sections, (3) 50 percent of galaxy-quasar lenses have image separations greater than about 1.3 arcsec, and (4) amplification bias factors are large and must be carefully taken into account. It is concluded that flat universe models excessively dominated by the cosmological constant are not favored by the small observed galaxy-quasar lensing rate.

Fukugita, Masataka↗

Thermodynamic Basis for the Stabilization of Helical Peptoids by Chiral Sidechains

Peptoids are a class of highly customizable biomimetic foldamers that retain properties from both proteins and polymers. It has been shown that peptoids can adopt peptide-like secondary structures through the careful selection of sidechain chemistries, but the underlying conformational landscapes that drive these assemblies at the molecular level remain poorly understood. Given the high flexibility of the peptoid backbone, it is essential that methods applied to study peptoid secondary structure formation possess the requisite sensitivity to discriminate between structurally similar yet energetically distinct microstates. In this work, a generalizable simulation scheme is used to robustly sample the complex folding landscape of various 12mer polypeptoids, resulting in a predictive model that links sidechain chemistry with preferential assembly into one of 12 accessible backbone motifs. Using a variant of the metadynamics sampling method, four peptoid dodecamers are simulated in water: sarcosine, N-(1-phenylmethyl)glycine (Npm), (S)-N-(1-phenylethyl)glycine (Nspe), and (R)-N-(1-phenylethyl)glycine (Nrpe)–to determine the underlying entropic and energetic impacts of hydrophobic and chiral peptoid sidechains on secondary structure formation. Our results indicate that the driving forces to assemble Nrpe and Nspe sequences into polyproline type-I helices in water are found to be enthalpically driven, with small benefits from an entropic gain for isomerization and steric strain due to the presence of the chiral center. The minor entropic gains from bulky chiral sidechains in Nrpe- and Nspe-containing peptoids can be explained through increased configurational entropy in the cis state. However, overall assembly into a helix is found to be overall entropically unfavorable. Furthermore, these results highlight the importance of considering the many various competing interactions in the rational design of peptoid secondary structure building blocks.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Cool outflows in MaNGA: a systematic study and comparison to the warm phase

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the neutral gas phase of galactic winds via the Na i Dλλ5890, 5895Å feature within z ∼ 0.04 MaNGA galaxies and directly compares their incidence and strength to the ionized winds detected within the same parent sample. We find evidence for neutral outflows in 127 galaxies (∼5 per cent of the analysed line-emitting sample). ${\rm Na\, \small {\rm I}\ D}$ winds are preferentially seen in galaxies with dustier central regions and both wind phases are more often found in systems with elevated star formation rate (SFR) surface densities, especially when there has been a recent upturn in the star formation activity according to the $\rm SFR_{5 \, Myr}/SFR_{800 \, Myr}$ parameter. We find the ionized outflow kinematics to be in line with what we measure in the neutral phase. This demonstrates that, despite their small contributions to the total outflow mass budget, there is value to collecting empirical measurements of the ionized wind phase to provide information on bulk motion in the outflow. Depending on dust corrections applied to the ionized gas diagnostics, the neutral phase has ∼1.2−1.8 dex higher mass outflow rates ($\dot{M}_{\rm out}$), on average, compared to the ionized phase. We quantify scaling relations between $\dot{M}_{\rm out}$ and the strengths of the physical wind drivers (SFR, LAGN). Using a radial–azimuthal stacking method, and by considering inclination dependencies, we find results consistent with biconical outflows orthogonal to the disc plane. Our work complements other multiphase outflow studies in the literature that consider smaller samples, more extreme objects, or proceed via stacking of larger samples.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

2023 American Society for Mass Spectrometry (ASMS) 71st Annual Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics

Introduction (120 words max) Understanding metal-cluster chemistry occuring at solvent boundaries in the aqueous and organic phases has applications in environments from cellular processes to nuclear fuel reprocessing. Transport of metal ions at the boundaries from aqueous to organic phases involves forming a metal-ligand complex, and wherever the initial metal coordination environment is significantly different from the final one, the metal transitions through a series of transient species in passing from one phase to another. Here an investigation of the role of coordination in the chemistry of the transient species using gas-phase measurements that are free of solvent effects to better understand the binding of complexes of metals with triphenylphosphine chalcogenide ligands, examining metal-ligand homo- and hetero-dimers to better understand transient species. Methods (120 word max) Mass spectrometry and collision induced dissociation (CID) experiments were performed with a Bruker (Billerica, MA, USA) micrOTOF-Q II quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QTOF) and Bruker amaZon speed ETD (ion trap). High resolution/high mass accuracy spectra were generated using the QTOF. External calibration was performed with Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA) ESI-L Low Concentration tuning mix. Both mass spectrometers were equipped with either the electrospray ionization source or nanospray sources. Metal samples were prepared between 40 – 60 uM of the metal-ligand complex in 25% water and 75% acetonitrile. Metal-ion clusters were isolated and subjected to collision induced dissociation. Density functional theory calculations were performed. Preliminary Data or Plenary Speakers Abstract (300 words max) Metal ion clusters with triphenylphosphine chalcogenide ligands were observed for group I metals with triphenylphosphine chalcogenide samples in the mass spectrum upon electrospray ionization. For each metal ligand complex of interest, the parent ion was isolated and collision induced dissociation fragmentation spectra were acquired. We observed clusters of group I metal with triphenylphosphine oxide, triphenyl phosphine sulfide, and triphenylphosphine selenide, with homodimers and heterodimer formation. In samples where the ligands were mixed, we observed mixed sodium ligand clusters at varying amounts. These mixed ligand clusters were fragmented. Metal clusters of mixed ligand dimers containing triphenylphosphine oxide showed preferential loss of the other ligand, either triphenylphosphine sulfide or triphenyl selenide. In samples with mixed triphenylphosphine sulfide and triphenylphosphine selenium ligands, sodium bound similarly between the ligands, and losses were more evenly split, showing loss ratio upon CID with losses of triphenylphosphine sulfide:triphenylphosphine selenide 43:57 ratio observed on CID. These results suggest that the oxide binds significantly more strongly than either the selenium or sulfur triphenylphosphine ligand, and the sulfur and selenium ligands are more evenly bound. Calculations were performed using density functional theory to calculate likely structures and bond energies between the group I metal and the ligands. Novel Aspect Novel analysis of sodium bound dimers with chalcogenide triphenylphosphine ligands were investigated using mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

A search for H2O masers in 100 active dwarf galaxies

ABSTRACT We present the results of the first dedicated survey for 22 GHz H2O maser emission in dwarf galaxies outside of the Local Group, with the aim of discovering disc masers. Studies of disc masers yield accurate and precise measurements of black hole (BH) mass, and such measurements in dwarf galaxies would be key to understanding the low-mass end of BH–galaxy coevolution. We used the Green Bank Telescope to survey 100 nearby (z ≲ 0.055) dwarf galaxies (M* ≲ 109.5 M⊙) with optical emission line ratios indicative of accretion on to a massive black hole. We detected no new masers down to a limit of ∼12 mJy (5σ). We compared the properties of our sample with those of ∼1850 known detections and non-detections in massive galaxies. We find, in agreement with previous studies, that masers are preferentially hosted by Seyferts and highly obscured, [O iii]-bright active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Our sample has fewer Seyferts, is less obscured, and is [O iii]-faint. Though the overall maser detection rate is ∼3 per cent in massive galaxies, the predicted rate for our sample, weighted by its optical properties, is ∼0.6–1.7 per cent, corresponding to a probability of making no detections of ∼20–50 per cent. We also found a slight increase in the detection rate with increased stellar mass in previously surveyed galaxies. However, further observations are required to discern whether there is an intrinsic difference between the maser fraction in active dwarf galaxies and in their massive counterparts for the same AGN properties.

Rosenthal, M. J.↗

Preferred Void Orientation in Uniaxially Pressed PBX 9502

Ultra- and small-angle neutron scattering techniques were used to study the morphology of voids in directions parallel and perpendicular to the compaction plane of a uniaxially pressed cylinder of PBX 9502. Two-dimensional scattering patterns from samples cut parallel to the compaction plane had circular equal-intensity contours, implying that along this view the voids are circular or randomly oriented. Identical measurements of samples cut perpendicular to the compaction plane produced elliptical equal-intensity contours, indicating preferred orientation of voids. Analysis of the two dimensional scattering patterns confirmed that the voids are non-spherical with an average aspect ratio of 1.20, flattened so that the larger dimensions of the voids lie within the compaction plane. Model analysis of the combined ultra- and small-angle neutron scattering curves revealed that the PBX 9502 porosity is interconnected, in the form of aggregates comprised of non-spherical, primary voids. The volume dimension was found to be the same in both directions, indicating that the aggregate is randomly oriented throughout the sample, and that it is the primary voids that are preferentially oriented. Furthermore, void interfaces with the surrounding matrix were found to be rough or polydisperse, with a common roughness dimension or polydispersity in all directions.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Revisiting the role of bars in AGN fuelling with propensity score sample matching

The high luminosity displayed by an active galactic nucleus (AGN) requires that gas be transported to the centre of the galaxy by some mechanism. Bar-driven processes are often pointed out in this context and a number of studies have addressed the bar–AGN connection, but with conflicting results. Some of the inconsistencies can be explained by the different spatial- and timescales involved in bar-driven gas inflows, accretion by the central black hole, and AGN emission. However, the discrepant results could also be due to sample biases, because both the AGN activity determination and the bar detection are influenced by the method employed. We revisit the bar–AGN connection in a sample of galaxies from SDSS, looking for evidence of the influence of bars on AGN activity. We determine AGN activity by emission line diagnostics and the properties of the bar were previously estimated with BUDDA, which performs 2D bulge–bar–disk decomposition. Before comparing active and inactive galaxies, we made a careful selection of the sample to minimise selection biases. We created control samples by matching them with the AGN sample using propensity score matching. This technique offers an analytical approach for creating control samples given some object parameters. We find that AGN are preferentially found in barred galaxies and that the accretion rate is higher in barred galaxies, but only when different M–σ relations are used to estimate the black hole mass M• in barred and unbarred galaxies (from the central velocity dispersion σ). On the other hand, we find no correlation between activity level and bar strength. Altogether, our results strengthen theoretical predictions that the bar is an important mechanism in disc galaxies, creating a gas reservoir to feed AGN, but they also indicate that other mechanisms can play a major role, particularly at scales ≲100 pc.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Crater Retention Observations of the Crater Floor–Fractured Rough Unit in Jezero Crater

A main goal of the Mars2020 Perseverance Rover mission is to provide a compelling suite of samples for eventual return to Earth [1]. A high priority goal for Mars Sample Return is calibrating Mars’ crater retention isochrons that are used to date geologic surfaces and events across the planet [2]. Several factors are necessary to consider what type of rock would be most useful for this purpose: ability to retain craters across a large exposure, access to drillable outcrop, identifiable stratigraphic context, and understanding why this specific rock type preferentially retains crater morphology. Now that we’ve seen the surface and sampled some of the main constituent outcrops on the Crater Floor – Fractured Rough unit [3, Simon et al, this conference] (Figure 1), we can begin assessing which rocks can help us achieve this important goal to not only understand the age relationships between stratigraphic units in Jezero crater, but also improve age estimates across Mars.

Mars 2020↗

Impact of Mg on Pd-based Methane Oxidation Catalysts for Lean-burn Natural Gas Emissions Control

More efficient lean-burn, natural gas engines are limited by greenhouse gas emissions due to methane oxidation catalysts (MOC) that suffer from water inhibition and high temperature activation. Herein, we report that the addition of Mg to supported 1 wt.% Pd MOCs improved hydrothermal stability even after severe hydrothermal aging. The superior methane oxidation activity compared to the corresponding Mg-free catalyst was attributed to (1) influence of Mg during surface roughening and restructuring at 700 °C on metal-support interaction, (2) reducibility of PdOx sites and (3) preferential stabilization of active Pd (1 0 0) facets in the sample as was evidenced by H 2 TPR and CO TPD characterization experiments. Methane conversion under synthetic exhaust conditions relevant to natural gas, lean-burn engines were investigated. In conclusion, BET, TPR, CO pulse chemisorption followed by TPD provided valuable insights into the surface area, pore volume, reducibility, Pd dispersion and Pd particle size of the selected catalyst samples.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Revealing Deformation Mechanisms in Polymer-Grafted Thermoplastic Elastomers via In Situ Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

The tunable properties of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), through polymer chemistry manipulations, enable these technologically critical materials to be employed in a broad range of applications. The need to “dial-in” the mechanical properties and responses of TPEs generally requires the design and synthesis of new macromolecules. In these designs, TPEs with nonlinear macromolecular architectures outperform the mechanical properties of their linear copolymer counterparts, but the differences in the deformation mechanism providing enhanced performance are unknown. Here, in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements during uniaxial extension reveal distinct deformation mechanisms between a commercially available linear poly(styrene)–poly(butadiene)–poly(styrene) (SBS) triblock copolymer and the grafted SBS version containing grafted poly(styrene) (PS) chains from the poly(butadiene) (PBD) midblock. The neat SBS (φ SBS = 100%) sample deforms congruently with the macroscopic dimensions, with the domain spacing between spheres increasing and decreasing along and transverse to the stretch direction, respectively. At high extensions, end segment pullout from the PS-rich domains is detected, which is indicated by a disordering of SBS. Conversely, the PS-grafted SBS that is 30 vol % SBS and 70% styrene (φ SBS = 30%) exhibits a lamellar morphology, and in situ SAXS measurements reveal an unexpected deformation mechanism. During deformation, there are two simultaneous processes: significant lamellar domain rearrangement to preferentially orient the lamellae planes parallel to the stretch direction and crazing. The samples whiten at high strains as expected for crazing, which corresponds with the emergence of features in the 2D SAXS pattern during stretching consistent with fibril-like structures that bridge the voids in crazes. The significant domain rearrangement in the grafted copolymers is attributed to the new junctions formed across multiple PS domains by the grafting of a single chain. In conclusion, the in situ SAXS measurements provide insights into the enhanced mechanical properties of grafted copolymers that arise through improved physical cross-linking that leads to nanostructure domain reorientation for self-reinforcement and craze formation where fibrils help to strengthen the polymer.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition of MgGeN2 films on GaN and sapphire

MgGeN2 films were synthesized using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on GaN/c-sapphire templates and c-plane sapphire substrates. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy was used to estimate the cation composition ratios. To mitigate magnesium evaporation, the films were grown at pyrometer temperature 745 °C with a wafer rotation speed of 1000 rpm. Growth rates were determined by fitting energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy spectra to film thicknesses using NIST DTSA-II software. The thickness estimates determined by this method were consistent with scanning transmission electron microscopy measurements done for selected samples. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed faceted surfaces indicative of a tendency toward three-dimensional growth. X-ray diffraction spectra confirmed that the films were highly crystalline and exhibited preferential orientation in alignment with the substrate. Atomic force microscopy measurements show that film thicknesses are consistent across samples grown on both GaN templates and sapphire substrates, with typical roughnesses around 10 nm. Transmittance spectra of films grown on double-side-polished sapphire substrates yielded band gaps of 4.28 ± 0.06 eV for samples exhibiting close-to-ideal stoichiometry. Comparison of the measured spectra with ab initio calculations are in good agreement both near the bandgap and at higher energies where excitation is into higher-lying bands. These findings provide insight into the growth and characterization of MgGeN2, contributing to the development of this material for potential applications in optoelectronics and power electronics.

Hu, Chenxi (ORCID:0000000236299660)↗

Chemical and structural characterization of particulate fallout isolated from air-filters

We report particulate nuclear fallout is the radioactive byproduct of a nuclear event formed by the mixture of proximate environmental materials with vaporized bomb debris. The fallout debris can be transported into the atmosphere during cloud rise, raining out locally and dispersing globally constituting a radiation hazard and contributing to the distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment. Questions remain on how entrainment of environmental material in the fireball affects fallout formation processes and radionuclide incorporation and distribution during cooling. To inform the characterization of fallout including the development of fallout size distributions and how radionuclides are incorporated into fallout debris where entrainment plays a role, we analyzed an archived historic US air-filter collected by aircraft in the aftermath of ground interacting nuclear tests. Particulate fallout collected on the filter was isolated and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and NanoSIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) to determine chemistry, structure, morphology, and size of the particles. Results demonstrate that the particles isolated from the filter have spherical shape, display complex internal structures, and are mainly composed of Fe and Si oxides. In these spherical particles, Pu is preferentially associated with Fe-rich composition. The characterization of fallout particulate samples can provide information on nucleation and particle growth from the vapor phase to improve modeling and simulation of fallout hazards.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

Geochemical assessment of mineral sequestration of carbon dioxide in the midcontinent rift

Abstract This study examines the potential of Midcontinent Rift rocks to facilitate long‐term CO 2 sequestration by providing the necessary Ca and Mg for carbonate mineralization. Surface samples were collected from the Oronto and Bayfield‐Jacobsville Groups around Lake Superior and used for petrography and X‐ray diffraction to determine their mineral composition. Also, X‐ray fluorescence was also used to assess their bulk chemical composition. The samples were then exposed to CO 2 and deionized water in Teflon‐lined vessels at 90°C, and the resulting leachate fluids were analyzed for the cation released during the testing. SEM microscopy was used to examine the samples for potential mineralization of carbonate minerals. The Oronto Group sediments consist primarily of feldspathic to feldspathic lithic arenites with a chlorite‐dominated matrix, and the primary porosity is blocked by calcite and hematite cement. The Bayfield–Jacobsville sequences are porous quartz arenites to feldspathic quartz arenites that do not contain significant accumulation of Ca‐, Mg‐, and Fe‐bearing minerals. The leachate fluids obtained from Oronto Group samples exhibit a maximum Ca release rate (5.2 × 10 −4 mole/cm 2 .day), indicating rapid calcite cement dissolution and increased porosity and permeability. SEM/EDS microanalysis revealed areas where pore‐filling calcite was preferentially dissolved. Longer‐term rock‐water reactions resulted in induced carbonate mineralization, as evidenced by calcite crystals observed in a sample reacted for 102 days. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Energy & Fuels↗

Tailoring the cavities of hydrogen-bonded amphidynamic crystals using weak contacts: towards faster molecular machines

This work describes the use of C–H∙∙∙F–C contacts in the solid-state from the stator towards the rotator to fine-tune their internal motion, by constructing a set of interactions that generate close-fitting cavities in three supramolecular rotors 1–3I. The crystal structures of these rotors, determined by synchrotron radiation experiments at different temperatures, show the presence of such C–H∙∙∙F–C contacts between extended carbazole stators featuring fluorinated phenyl rings and the 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) rotator. According to the 2 H NMR results, using deuterated samples, and periodic density functional theory computations, the rotators experience fast angular displacements (preferentially 120° jumps) due to their low rotational activation energies (E a = 0.8–2.0 kcal mol -1 ). The higher rotational barrier for 1 (2.0 kcal mol -1 ) is associated with a larger number of weak C–H∙∙∙F–C contacts generated by the stators. This strategy offers the possibility to explore the correlation among weak intermolecular forces, cavity shape, and internal dynamics, which has strong implications in the design of future fine-tuned amphidynamic crystals.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗