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NMR relaxation study of the phase transitions and relaxation mechanisms of the alums MCr(SO{sub 4}){sub 2}.12H{sub 2}O (M=Rb and Cs) single crystals
The physical properties and phase transition mechanisms of MCr(SO{sub 4}){sub 2}.12H{sub 2}O (M=Rb and Cs) single crystals have been investigated. The phase transition temperatures, NMR spectra, and the spin-lattice relaxation times T{sub 1} of the {sup 87}Rb and {sup 133}Cs nuclei in the two crystals were determined using DSC and FT NMR spectroscopy. The resonance lines and relaxation times of the {sup 87}Rb and {sup 133}Cs nuclei undergo significant changes at the phase transition temperatures. The sudden changes in the splitting of the Rb and Cs resonance lines are attributed to changes in the local symmetry of their sites, and the changes in the temperature dependences of T{sub 1} are related to variations in the symmetry of the octahedra of water molecules surrounding Rb{sup +} and Cs{sup +}. We also compared these {sup 87}Rb and {sup 133}Cs NMR results with those obtained for the trivalent cations Cr and Al in MCr(SO{sub 4}){sub 2}.12H{sub 2}O and MAl(SO{sub 4}){sub 2}.12H{sub 2}O crystals. - Graphical Abstract: The physical properties and phase transition mechanisms of MCr(SO{sub 4}){sub 2}.12H{sub 2}O (M=Rb, Cs, and NH{sub 4}) single crystals have been investigated. Highlights: > The physical properties and phase transition mechanisms of MCr(SO{sub 4}){sub 2}.12H{sub 2}O (M=Rb and Cs) crystals {yields} The NMR spectra and the spin-lattice relaxation times T{sub 1} of the {sup 87}Rb and {sup 133}Cs nuclei in the two crystals {yields} The variations in the symmetry of the octahedra of water molecules surrounding Rb{sup +} and Cs{sup +}.
Micromechanics of Fracture Propagation During Multistage Stress Relaxation and Creep in Brittle Rocks
Time-dependent rock deformation caused by the initiation and growth of fractures leads to the weakening of the rock mass. Understanding the fracturing mechanisms involved in the time-dependent behavior in brittle rocks is very important and to achieve this goal, a systematic series of three types of experiments was performed on double-flawed prismatic Barre granite specimens under unconfined compression. The first series aimed to identify the failure mechanism in the short-term failure mode under monotonic loading, the, second series involved multistage relaxation (constant strain) experiments to analyze the damage at different strain levels, and the third series explored the fracture propagation under multistage creep (constant load) experiments. The spatial and temporal evolution of cracking mechanisms were evaluated using the acoustic emission (AE) and two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D-DIC) techniques to observe the whole crack growth process as well as the accumulated inelastic strain at the specified region of interest. Results suggest that in the case of multistage creep experiments, the time to failure was less compared to the multistage relaxation, when loaded above the crack damage threshold (CD) estimated from the monotonic testing. Furthermore, the frequency magnitude distribution of the AE events generated in the three loading conditions followed the Gutenberg Richter model. A relatively lower b-value was obtained for the creep experiments, indicative of high energy AE events and faster crack growth. In addition, the AE and DIC results also revealed high evolution of tensile cracks at-different stages of creep and relaxation compared to shear and mixed-mode cracks.
Diffusion in confinement as a microscopic relaxation mechanism in glass-forming liquids
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Investigation of relaxation behavior in highly rejuvenated bulk metallic glasses by in-situ synchrotron X-ray scattering
Abstract not provided
Neutron Spin–Echo Studies of the Structural Relaxation of Network Liquid ZnCl 2 at the Structure Factor Primary Peak and Prepeak
Using neutron spin-echo spectroscopy, we studied the microscopic structural relaxation of a prototypical network ionic liquid ZnCl 2 at the structure factor primary peak and pre-peak. The results show that the relaxation at the primary peak is faster than the pre-peak and the activation energy is ≈33% higher. Stretched exponential relaxation is observed even at temperatures well above the melting point T m . Surprisingly, the stretching exponent shows a rapid increase upon cooling, especially at the primary peak, where it changes from stretched exponential to simple exponential on approaching T m . Furthermore, these results suggest that the appearance of glassy dynamics typical of the supercooled state even in the equilibrium liquid state of ZnCl 2 as well as the difference of activation energy at the two investigated length scales are related to the formation of network structure on cooling.
Self-Consistent Theory for Structural Relaxation, Dynamic Bond Exchange Times, and the Glass Transition in Polymeric Vitrimers
Here, we formulate a statistical mechanical theory for how dynamic bond exchange influences the activated hopping-driven relaxation of Kuhn segments in dynamically cross-linked networks or vitrimers over a wide range of temperatures and cross-link densities. The key new methodological aspect is to address in a self-consistent manner the dynamic consequences of bond exchange on the Kuhn segmental alpha relaxation, and vice versa. The predicted temperature dependence of the segmental alpha time of vitrimers at high temperatures remains the same as that of permanent networks, but at lower temperatures, a significant acceleration of relaxation occurs due to bond exchanges. From a mechanistic perspective, the vitrimer local cage barrier is very weakly affected by bond exchange, while the collective elastic barrier contribution decreases significantly in the deeply supercooled regime. The vitrimer glass transition temperature is predicted to grow linearly with the square root of the cross-link density, as previously found for permanent networks. Material-specific chemical effects such as cross-linker size relative to that of the normal Kuhn segment or special attraction of a cross-linker with polymers are crudely considered based on model calculations. The theory is quantitatively applied to recent experiments on dry ethylene vitrimers. Good agreements are found including that the bond exchange time follows an Arrhenius law at high enough temperatures but upward non-Arrhenius deviations emerge in the deeply supercooled regime, and a collapsed master curve of the segment alpha time exists over a wide range of cross-link densities and temperatures. Possible extensions to treat dynamic heterogeneity effects and penetrant transport in vitrimers are briefly discussed.
Strain relaxation in single crystal SrTiO{sub 3} grown on Si (001) by molecular beam epitaxy
An epitaxial layer of SrTiO{sub 3} grown directly on Si may be used as a pseudo-substrate for the integration of perovskite oxides onto silicon. When SrTiO{sub 3} is initially grown on Si (001), it is nominally compressively strained. However, by subsequent annealing in oxygen at elevated temperature, an SiO{sub x} interlayer can be formed which alters the strain state of SrTiO{sub 3}. We report a study of strain relaxation in SrTiO{sub 3} films grown on Si by molecular beam epitaxy as a function of annealing time and oxygen partial pressure. Using a combination of x-ray diffraction, reflection high energy electron diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy, we describe the process of interfacial oxidation and strain relaxation of SrTiO{sub 3} on Si (001). Understanding the process of strain relaxation of SrTiO{sub 3} on silicon will be useful for controlling the SrTiO{sub 3} lattice constant for lattice matching with functional oxide overlayers.
Uranyl Carbonate Complexes in Aqueous Solution and Their Ligand NMR Chemical Shifts and 17 O Quadrupolar Relaxation Studied by ab Initio Molecular Dynamics
Dynamic structural effects, NMR ligand chemical shifts, and 17 O NMR quadrupolar relaxation rates are investigated in the series of complexes UO 2 2+ , UO 2 (CO 3 ) 3 4– , and (UO 2 ) 3 (CO 3 ) 6 6– . Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) is used to simulate the dynamics of the complexes in water. NMR properties are computed on clusters extracted from the CPMD trajectories. In the UO 2 2+ complex, coordination at the uranium center by water molecules causes a decrease of around 300 ppm for the uranyl 17 O chemical shift. The final value of this chemical shift is within 40 ppm of the experimental range. The UO 2 (CO 3 ) 3 4– and (UO 2 ) 3 (CO 3 ) 6 6– complexes show a solvent dependence of the terminal carbonate 17 O and 13 C chemical shifts that is less pronounced than that for the uranyl oxygen atom. Corrections to the chemical shift from hybrid functionals and spin–orbit coupling improve the accuracy of chemical shifts if the sensitivity of the uranyl chemical shift to the uranyl bond length (estimated at 140 ppm per 0.1 Å from trajectory data) is taken into consideration. The experimentally reported trend in the two unique 13 C chemical shifts is correctly reproduced for (UO 2 ) 3 (CO 3 ) 6 6– . NMR relaxation rate data support large 17 O peak widths, but remain below those noted in the experimental literature. Furthermore, comparison of relaxation data for solvent-including versus solvent-free models suggest that carbonate ligand motion overshadows explicit solvent effects.
Low temperature dielectric relaxation in ordinary perovskite ferroelectrics: enlightenment from high-energy x-ray diffraction
Abstract not provided
Electric control of magnetization relaxation in thin film magnetic insulators.
Control of magnetization relaxation in magnetic insulators via interfacial spin scattering is demonstrated. The experiments use nanometer-thick yttrium iron garnet (YIG)/Pt layered structures, with the Pt layer biased by an electric voltage. The bias voltage produces a spin current across the Pt thickness. As this current scatters off the YIG surface, it exerts a torque on the YIG surface spins. This torque can reduce or enhance the damping and thereby decrease or increase the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth of the YIG film, depending on the field/current configuration.
THE ZENER RELAXATION AND A NEW MAGNETIC RELAXATION EFFECT IN FE-RICH FE-AL ALLOYS
Zener relaxation and a new magnetic relaxation effect in fe-rich fe-al alloys
Analyzing the effects of comfort relaxation on energy demand flexibility of buildings: A multiobjective optimization approach
Not Available
Theoretical investigation of the relaxation of the bending mode of CH{sub 2}(X{sup ~}) by collisions with helium
We have earlier determined the dependence on the bending angle of the interaction of the methylene radical (CH{sub 2}) in its X{sup ~3}B{sub 1} state with He [L. Ma, P. J. Dagdigian, and M. H. Alexander, J. Chem. Phys. 136, 224306 (2012)]. By integration over products of the bending vibrational wave function, in a quantum close-coupled treatment we have calculated cross sections for the ro-vibrational relaxation of CH{sub 2}(X{sup ~}). Specifically, we find that cross sections for a loss of one vibrational quantum (v{sub b} = 2 → 1 and 1 → 0) are roughly two orders of magnitude smaller, and those for a loss of two vibrational quanta (v{sub b} = 2 → 0) four orders of magnitude smaller, than those for pure rotational relaxation. In addition, no clear cut dependence on the energy gap is seen.
A fast determination method for transverse relaxation of spin-exchange-relaxation-free magnetometer
We propose a fast and accurate determination method for transverse relaxation of the spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometer. This method is based on the measurement of magnetic resonance linewidth via a chirped magnetic field excitation and the amplitude spectrum analysis. Compared with the frequency sweeping via separate sinusoidal excitation, our method can realize linewidth determination within only few seconds and meanwhile obtain good frequency resolution. Therefore, it can avoid the drift error in long term measurement and improve the accuracy of the determination. As the magnetic resonance frequency of the SERF magnetometer is very low, we include the effect of the negative resonance frequency caused by the chirp and achieve the coefficient of determination of the fitting results better than 0.998 with 95% confidence bounds to the theoretical equation. The experimental results are in good agreement with our theoretical analysis.
Time constant of defect relaxation in ion-irradiated 3 C -SiC
Above room temperature, the buildup of radiation damage in SiC is a dynamic process governed by the mobility and interaction of ballistically generated point defects. Here in this work, we study the dynamics of radiation defects in 3C-SiC bombarded at 100 °C with 500 keV Ar ions, with the total ion dose split into a train of equal pulses. Damage–depth profiles are measured by ion channeling for a series of samples irradiated under identical conditions except for different durations of the passive part of the beam cycle. Results reveal an effective defect relaxation time constant of ~3 ms (for second order kinetics) and a dynamic annealing efficiency of ~40% for defects in both Si and C sublattices. Finally, this demonstrates a crucial role of dynamic annealing at elevated temperatures and provides evidence of the strong coupling of defect accumulation processes in the two sublattices of 3C-SiC.