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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3

Assessing the viability of a new subsize tensile specimen geometry for evaluation of structural nuclear and additively manufactured materials

The use of subsize specimens in nuclear materials testing has been a subject of ongoing interest due to radiation safety concerns and resource conservation needs. It is also of interest in additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D-printing, as subsize specimens can more accurately represent the behavior of the small, intricate geometries often produced using AM. A novel, extremely small geometry, called the Subsize Teeny (SST) was recently developed and is of interest for implementation. Given its extraordinarily small size and the complexities associated with subsize specimen testing, adequate vetting of this geometry is necessary to ensure data quality. Here, a variety of unirradiated nuclear structural materials were tested in the SST geometry and compared against the well-established SSJ3 geometry. In addition, two case studies implementing the SST as a screening geometry for AM materials were also conducted. The question of SST viability was found to be highly nuanced and will often be dependent on the context or application in question. It was determined, however, that the SST is a largely invalid geometry for exceptionally coarse-grained materials or in cases where the physical defect volume equals or exceeds 0.1 % or where the specimen machining parameters result in significant surface alterations. On the other hand, it was determined that the SST may be employed with confidence if the test material is nearly or totally free of physical defects, isotropic, demonstrates homogeneous plastic deformation, and possesses a fine-grained, nearly or totally homogeneous microstructure with at least twelve slip systems.

Additive manufacturing↗

Unlocking the value of recycling scrap from Li-ion battery manufacturing: Challenges and outlook

The growing global trend toward mobile electrification is primarily driven by the rising popularity of electric vehicles, leading to an unprecedented surge in demand for lithium-ion batteries. As a result, the importance of battery recycling has become increasingly apparent. Battery recycling aims to recover valuable materials from both spent batteries and battery manufacturing scraps. By recycling these resources, the reliance on raw material extraction is reduced, which benefits resource conservation and minimizes the need for new mining operations. While significant attention has been given to the recycling of spent batteries, less emphasis has been placed on the recycling and recovery of battery scraps. However, it is important to recognize that many gigafactories are still taking steps to improve their manufacturing processes, and end-of-life batteries take approximately 10 years to become suitable for recycling, the manufacturing scraps will serve as the primary sources for recycling in this decade. This review delves into the progress in recycling technologies associated with battery manufacturing scraps, shedding light on the challenges, opportunities, and evolving perspectives surrounding battery manufacturing scrap recycling. In conclusion, we aim to contribute to the knowledge base of battery manufacturing scrap recycling and promote a more comprehensive understanding of the subject.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Environmental Co‐Benefits of Maintaining Native Vegetation With Solar Photovoltaic Infrastructure

Abstract Co‐locating solar photovoltaics with vegetation could provide a sustainable solution to meeting growing food and energy demands. However, studies quantifying multiple co‐benefits resulting from maintaining vegetation at utility‐scale solar power plants are limited. We monitored the microclimate, soil moisture, panel temperature, electricity generation and soil properties at a utility‐scale solar facility in a continental climate with different site management practices. The compounding effect of photovoltaic arrays and vegetation may homogenize soil moisture distribution and provide greater soil temperature buffer against extreme temperatures. The vegetated solar areas had significantly higher soil moisture, carbon, and other nutrients compared to bare solar areas. Agrivoltaics in agricultural areas with carbon debt can be an effective climate mitigation strategy along with revitalizing agricultural soils, generating income streams from fallow land, and providing pollinator habitats. However, the benefits of vegetation cooling effects on electricity generation are rather site‐specific and depend on the background climate and soil properties. Overall, our findings provide foundational data for site preservation along with targeting site‐specific co‐benefits, and for developing climate resilient and resource conserving agrivoltaic systems.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Sorting rare earth magnets motors for recycling without opening the motors

Abstract A novel approach for sorting electric motors without dismantling them is reported in this article. This approach increases the likelihood that a motor selected from a mixture for recycling would contain rare earth elements (REEs), which are pivotal for numerous advanced green technologies. The challenge of inadvertently dismantling motors without REEs during recycling is addressed by this proposed innovative method. It relies on cogging interactions and power density for sorting motors with REEs. The process uses an algorithm introduced in this work to sort motors in two steps by (a) distinguishing induction motors from permanent magnet motors, and (b) distinguishing motors with critical REEs (e.g., Nd, Pr, Dy, Tb) from ferrite-based motors, all without opening the motors. The former was accomplished with 100% accuracy while the latter was accomplished with ~ 78% accuracy. Such high accuracy improves the recycling efficiency of critical REEs from motors, alleviating concern about supply disruption and supporting resource conservation and sustainability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Elemental characterization of crystalline silicotitanate following Hanford tank waste processing

To expedite vitrification of low activity waste at the Hanford Site, a Tank-Side Cesium Removal system is being evaluated. This method utilizes an inorganic ion exchange (IX) media, crystalline silicotitanate (CST), to remove 99.9% of the 137Cs from tank waste supernate. Laboratory scale testing of the ion exchange process has been conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to evaluate Cs removal with CST in supernates collected from Hanford tanks 241-AP-107 and 241-AW-102 under prototypic plant operating conditions. In an effort to understand the selectivity and partitioning of other analytes toward CST, specifically Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous metals, selected +2 cations, and transuranic elements, a method for the complete dissolution of CST and Cs removal from the digestate was applied to the spent CST post-processing Hanford tank waste. The CST was shown to adsorb a relevant fraction of Ca, Cd, Pb, Sr, and potentially Fe by IX and/or other mechanisms. The spent CST also adsorbed actinides, including U, Pu, Np, and Am. This work discusses digestion of CST and removal of Cs from the digestate allowing effective analysis and provides insight as to what analytes may be competing for IX sites on the CST media.

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Mechanisms underlying leaf photosynthetic acclimation to warming and elevated CO 2 as inferred from least‐cost optimality theory

Abstract The mechanisms responsible for photosynthetic acclimation are not well understood, effectively limiting predictability under future conditions. Least‐cost optimality theory can be used to predict the acclimation of photosynthetic capacity based on the assumption that plants maximize carbon uptake while minimizing the associated costs. Here, we use this theory as a null model in combination with multiple datasets of C 3 plant photosynthetic traits to elucidate the mechanisms underlying photosynthetic acclimation to elevated temperature and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The model‐data comparison showed that leaves decrease the ratio of the maximum rate of electron transport to the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation ( J max / V cmax ) under higher temperatures. The comparison also indicated that resources used for Rubisco and electron transport are reduced under both elevated temperature and CO 2 . Finally, our analysis suggested that plants underinvest in electron transport relative to carboxylation under elevated CO 2 , limiting potential leaf‐level photosynthesis under future CO 2 concentrations. Altogether, our results show that acclimation to temperature and CO 2 is primarily related to resource conservation at the leaf level. Under future, warmer, high CO 2 conditions, plants are therefore likely to use less nutrients for leaf‐level photosynthesis, which may impact whole‐plant to ecosystem functioning.

Smith, Nicholas G.↗

Scripts and raw/processed precipitation NRCS network data, Upper Colorado, 2008-2017

This data package consists of scripts and data that were used to generate all the results and figures for Mital et al., 2020 (https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2020.00020). The purpose of the study was to develop a new algorithm to impute (or gap-fill) missing daily precipitation data. Study area was the Upper Colorado Water Resources Region (UCWRR), over a time period of 2008-2017. In terms of data, the package consists of raw precipitation measurements from Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) network. These raw measurements are compiled into a single csv file (NRCS_dates_2008_2017.csv). The corresponding metadata are compiled in Metadata_processed.csv. The package also consists of outputs generated during Baseline and Sequential imputation runs as documented in Mital et al., 2020. Scripts used to generate all the results and figures for Mital et al., 2020 are also uploaded. A readme file documenting the layout of the data archive is also uploaded, and a KML file shows the geographic range for the data.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Data from: "Warming of alpine tundra enhances belowground production and shifts community towards resource acquisition traits"

This archive contains data used to draw conclusions in “Warming of alpine tundra enhances belowground production and shifts community towards resource acquisition traits”, by Yang et al. 2020. Data were collected on Niwot Ridge, in an alpine meadow within the Alpine Treeline Warming Experiment (ATWE) field sites in Colorado, USA. Samples were also processed in the U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, in Boise, Idaho. File formats in this archive include comma-separated values (.csv), portable document format (.pdf), Microsoft Excel (.xlsx), and two types of geospatial files: keyhole markup language (.kml), and ESRI shapefiles (.shp). Leaf scans are .jpg images, and root scans are .tiff/.tif images.The .csv files can be opened using R, Microsoft Excel, or any simple text-editing software such as TextEdit and Notepad. Microsoft Excel files can be opened using Microsoft Excel, and .pdf files can be opened with Adobe Acrobat Reader, Preview, or other compatible programs. Scanned images can be opened using any photo and/or picture viewing software.The .kml file can be opened using Google Earth and Google Maps, and the shapefiles can be opened by any programs compatible with shapefiles, such as the ArcGIS Desktop suite, and QGIS.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Measures of belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) are required to understand whether aboveground net primary production (ANPP) changes reflect changes in allocation or are indicative of a whole plant NPP response. Plant functional traits provide a key way to scale from the individual plant to the community level, and provide insight into drivers of NPP responses to environmental change. We used infrared heaters to warm an alpine plant community at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, and applied supplemental water to compensate for soil water loss induced by warming. We measured ANPP, BNPP, and leaf and root functional traits across treatments after 5 years of continuous warming. Community-level ANPP and total NPP (ANPP + BNPP) did not respond to heating or watering, but BNPP increased in response to heating. Heating decreased community-level leaf dry matter content and increased total root length, indicating a shift in strategy from resource conservation to acquisition in response to warming.

13C/12C isotope ratio↗

Results for the Fourth Quarter Calendar Year 2018 Tank 50 Salt Solution Sample

In this Technical Report, the chemical and radionuclide contaminant results from the Fourth Quarter Calendar Year 2018 (CY18) sample of Tank 50 salt solution are presented in tabulated form. The information from this characterization will be used by Savannah River Remediation (SRR) for the transfer of aqueous waste from Tank 50 to the Saltstone Production Facility (SPF), where the waste will be treated and disposed in the Saltstone Disposal Facility. This Technical Report compares results, where applicable, to SPF Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) Limits and Targets. The chemical and radionuclide contaminant results from the characterization of the Fourth Quarter CY18 sampling of Tank 50 were requested by SRR personnel via a Task Technical Request (TTR) and details of the testing are presented in the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) Task Technical and Quality Assurance Plan (TTQAP). This Technical Report is part of Deliverable 2 relating to Task 1 from the SRR request. Data pertaining to the regulatory limits for Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals will be documented at a later time per the TTQAP for the Tank 50 Saltstone task.

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Saltstone third quarter calendar year 2019 (3QCY19) toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results

The aqueous waste from Tank 50 (salt solution) is sampled quarterly for transfers to the Saltstone Production Facility (SPF). Salt solution is treated at SPF and disposed of in the Saltstone Disposal Facility (SDF). Per request of customer, X-TAR-Z-00008, Revision 01, two SDF waste form (saltstone) samples were prepared in the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) from the Tank 50 Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) sample and Z-Area premix material for the third quarter of calendar year 2019 (3QCY19). One sample contained a Full Premix which included 10:45:45 (by weight) of cement, slag and fly ash. The second sample contained 60:40 (by weight) of slag and fly ash only referred to as the “Cement-Free grout sample”. Results from this technical report support Task 2: ‘Grout Leaching Analyses’ of the Task Technical Request (TTR) prepared by Savannah River Remediation (SRR). After a 28 day cure, a sample of each of the SDF waste forms was collected and shipped to a certified laboratory for analysis using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The 3QCY19 saltstone (Full Premix) and the Cement-Free grout samples met the South Carolina (SC) Code of Regulations for Hazardous Waste Management Regulations (HWMR) 61-79.261.24 and 61-79-268.48 requirements for a non-hazardous waste form with respect to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals and Underlying Hazardous Constituents (UHCs), and also met the SPF WAC.

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Intensified Flue Gas Desulfurization Water Treatment for Reuse, Solidification, and Discharge

The goal of this final project report is to summarize the work conducted on project DE-FE0031555. In accordance with the Statement of Project Objectives (SOPO), the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (UK CAER) (Recipient) developed a hybrid electrochemical-membrane technology for treating wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) blowdown from coal-fired power generation plants that (1) removes government-regulated species and total suspended solids (TSS) via electrocoagulation with solid/liquid separation to avoid further treatments by a biological method specifically for selenium, and (2) reduces total dissolved solids (TDS) in a nanofiltration unit to promote water recycle and reduce freshwater intake. Additional technological configurations were pursued, including (1) nanofiltration combined with zeolite dewatering for a near-zero liquid discharge (ZLD) scenario, and (2) polishing discharge from zeolite dewatering using capacitive deionization (CDI) with 90+% salt rejection to produce water with less than 100ppm TDS for more beneficial use. Project results verified that UK CAER’s hybrid approach addressed the complexities of WFGD blowdown with simplified unit operation at relatively low capital investment by demonstrating: (1) an effective in-situ generated solid sorbent material, green-rust (GR), that specifically removes regulated dissolved species in WFGD blowdown, including selenium, arsenic, and nitrates; (2) a low-cost, high flux nanofiltration treatment that removes both monovalent and divalent species at >80% rejection to adequately provide water recycle and extend the life of FGD equipment by mitigating chloride aided pitting corrosion mechanisms; and (3) a solidification and stabilization process using pozzolanic agents that retain regulated species and satisfy the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) leachate requirements. UK CAER proved electrocoagulation with GR to be an intensified solution for effluent limit guidelines (ELG), and based on preliminary techno-economic analysis (TEA), in comparison to DOE’s Case 1 for Biological Wastewater Treatment that had a purchased equipment cost (PEC) of $\$$5.26 million and a Total plant cost (TPC) of $\$$30.0 million, the EC process had a PEC of $\$$2.67 million and the TPC of $\$$17.0 million. While the electricity consumption for Case 1 was 53 kW, it was 110 kW for the EC process due to dissolving iron for a three-stage reaction design. However, electricity consumption for the EC process could be significantly reduced by adopting a counter-current reactor design for at least a 6-stage chemical reaction operation.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

Results of The Solvent Hold Tank Disposal Sample

Multiple samples from the Solvent Hold Tank (SHT) at the Modular Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Unit (MCU) were delivered to SRNL and composited for comprehensive analysis in support of a disposal pathway for this organic liquid. A suite of radiochemical and nonradiochemical analyses show that the solvent composition is as expected with respect to the solvent components. The radiochemical analyses confirm the assumption that very few radioactive species are associated with the solvent (other than cesium) and those that have measurable values are typically a few tens of pCi/mL in activity concentration. The solvent has a total activity of ≤1.99E- 08 Ci/g, or ≤6.27E-05 Ci/gal. The cesium in the solvent has an activity of ≤1.76E-08 Ci/g, or ≤5.55E-05 Ci/gal. For the non-radiochemical analyses, the results are as anticipated. The solvent shows no or minimal propensity to take up Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) metals, except for mercury, likely due to uptake of methyl-mercury compounds known to be in the feed stream.

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Evaluation of Technologies for Enhancing Grout for Immobilizing Hanford Supplemental Low-Activity Waste (SLAW)

An expert panel consisting of the document authors was assembled by Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC (WRPS) and tasked with (1) identifying technical and regulatory limitations to treating and disposing of grouted low-activity waste (LAW), and (2) with identifying and evaluating a wide range of technical solutions to these limitations. The analysis included technologies to allow inventory management and/or improve retention of iodine, technetium, and nitrate either in the waste packages, or within the Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF), and, technologies to ensure regulated organics are below Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) Land Disposal Restriction (LDR) levels.

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Results of the Analyses of SMECT Mercury Sample Collected During Mercury Pump (MB1) Functional Check

A pump added to remove mercury from the sump of the Slurry Mix Evaporator Condensate Tank (SMECT) in DWPF was successfully tested in 2020, resulting in a sample of contaminated mercury obtained from the Mercury Purification Process (MPP) cell. The mercury in the sump of the SMECT was present as a result of steam stripping of sludge slurry in the Sludge Receipt and Adjustment Tank (SRAT) at DWPF. A schematic of the MPP system provided by DWPF personnel is shown in Appendix A. DWPF personnel supplied the following detailed description of the Hg sampling: “The sample provided is the result of DWPF extraction of mercury by means of the Mercury Pump-Water Cart. The Mercury Pump extracted the sample from the SMECT mercury sump. The pump uses pressurized water to transfer a small amount of mercury to a leachate bucket located at the Lab Mercury cell. The mercury and water were allowed to be self separated, and mercury was gravity decanted from the leachate bucket.” DWPF personnel indicate that the leachate bucket is equipped with both a top stopcock/drain and a lower/bottom stopcock/drain from which the mercury was decanted or drained out, while the separated water layer remained above the mercury during draining. The DWPF customer requested SRNL to analyze the sample for the following: gross alpha/nonvolatile beta analysis and perform a Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) per the Environmental Protection Agency's Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste: Physical/Chemical Methods, SW-846. While the TCLP was preferred, a Total Metals analysis of the eight Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals was deemed acceptable.2 The analytical data collected on this mercury sample will be used in planning for sample disposition as well to start a profile for future Hg disposition of Hg collected from steam stripping.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Soil Sampling Results for Closure of a Portion of Solid Waste Management Unit #16

The U.S. Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/ NNSA) and National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS), the management and operating contractor for Sandia National Laboratories/California (SNL/CA), has prepared this soil sampling results report for closure of a portion of Solid Waste Management Unit (SWMU) #16. The entire network of SNL/CA sanitary sewer lines, including building laterals, was identified as SWMU #16 under a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Facility Assessment conducted for SNL/CA in April 1991 (DOE 1992). Along with the previous SWMU #16 investigation results (SNL/CA 2019), the results of this investigation are intended to support closure decisions by the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB), as discussed below. SNL/CA personnel completed upgrading its sanitary sewer discharge network in 2019. These upgrades included installing new sections of underground lines and decommissioning certain sections of the old piping system by capping in place. To date, several sections of the sewer line have been abandoned-in-place by capping as new sewer lines were installed or flow was rerouted to other existing lines. To formally close these abandoned sections of the sewer line, the RWQCB required that SNL/CA personnel collect soil samples to be analyzed for contaminants potentially released from the sewer lines. SNL/CA personnel hired Weiss Associates (Weiss) of Emeryville, California to prepare a sampling and analysis plan, implement the sampling plan and report the results of the investigation under Purchase Order #2166257. The Sampling and Analysis Plan for Partial Closure of Solid Waste Management Unit #16 (SAP) was submitted to the RWQCB on August 14, 2020 by Weiss on behalf of SNL/CA. The RWQCB approved the SAP on September 30, 2020 after Weiss updated the method detection limit and reporting limits for total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and individual aroclors. Soil sampling was conducted in accordance with the SAP except that fewer locations were sampled due to site constraints, as discussed below. This report presents the results of the sampling effort and documents all associated field activities including borehole clearing, soil sample collection, storage and transportation to the analytical laboratories, borehole backfilling and surface restoration, and storage of investigation-derived waste (IDW) for future profiling and disposal by SNL/CA waste management personnel.

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Saltstone First Quarter Calendar Year 2021 (1QCY21) Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Results

The aqueous waste from Tank 50 (salt solution) is sampled quarterly for transfers to the Saltstone Production Facility (SPF). Salt solution is treated at SPF and disposed of in the Saltstone Disposal Facility (SDF). Per request of customer, X-TTR-Z00023, Revision 0, two SDF waste form (saltstone) samples were prepared in the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) from the Tank 50 Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) sample and Z-Area premix material for the first quarter of calendar year 2021(1QCY21). One sample contained a Full Premix which included 10:45:45 (by weight) of cement, slag and fly ash. The second sample contained 60:40 (by weight) of slag and fly ash only referred to as the “Cement-Free grout sample”. Results from this technical report support Task 2: ‘Grout Leaching Analyses’ of the Task Technical Request (TTR) prepared by Savannah River Remediation (SRR). After at least 28 days cured, a sample of each of the SDF waste forms was collected and shipped to a certified laboratory for analysis using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The 1QCY21 saltstone (Full Premix) and the Cement-Free grout samples met the South Carolina (SC) Code of Regulations for Hazardous Waste Management Regulations (HWMR) 61-79.261.24 and 61-79-268.48 requirements for a non-hazardous waste form with respect to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals and Underlying Hazardous Constituents (UHCs), and also met the SPF WAC that was in effect at the time of the tank sampling.

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Tank 50 Salt Solution Sample (2QCY21)

In this Technical Report, the chemical and radionuclide contaminant results from the Second Quarter Calendar Year 2021 (CY21) sample of Tank 50 salt solution are presented in tabulated form. The information from this characterization will be used by Savannah River Remediation (SRR) for the transfer of aqueous waste from Tank 50 to the Saltstone Production Facility (SPF), where the waste will be treated and disposed in the Saltstone Disposal Facility. This Technical Report compares results, where applicable, to SPF Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) Limits and Targets that were established at the time the Tank 50 sample was obtained. The chemical and radionuclide contaminant results from the characterization of the Second Quarter CY21 sampling of Tank 50 were requested by SRR personnel via a Task Technical Request (TTR) and details of the testing are presented in the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) Task Technical and Quality Assurance Plan (TTQAP). This Technical Report is part of Deliverable 2 relating to Task 1 from the SRR request. Data pertaining to the regulatory limits for Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals per Task 2 from the SRR request, will be obtained semi-annually for the 1QCY21 and 3QCY21 Tank 50 samples.

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