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Results for “Rechargeable lithium batteries”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Regulating lithium deposition via electropolymerization of acrylonitrile in rechargeable lithium metal batteries

Here, we report acrylonitrile (AN) as an effective additive in carbonate-based electrolytes to enable uniform and dense lithium (Li) deposition and to improve the coulombic efficiency of Li metal anode. Our electrochemical, spectroscopic, and theoretical study reveal that AN is cathodically electropolymerized on the Li surface prior to the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte during Li deposition. The resultant polyacrylonitrile artificial solid electrolyte interphase enables uniform nucleation and growth of Li deposition with significantly reduced side reactions. The effectiveness of the AN additive is demonstrated in 0.4 Ah Li||LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 pouch cells (using 50-μm Li anode, 3 mAh cm -2 cathode areal capacity, and 4g Ah -1 electrolyte) with excellent cycle stability under realistic charge-discharge condition

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1995

Lithium Battery Space Experiment

The In-Space Technology Experiments Program selected the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to conduct a Phase A study of the Lithium Battery Experiment. The experiment will mark the first time a rechargeable lithium battery will be flown in space. The operation of the battery involves lithium deposition and dissolution processed. Micro gravity influences these processes significantly. The experiment will check the rate capability, discharge voltage, capacity and the phenomena affecting cycle life. The paper describes the design and methodology of this experiment.

Mueller, R.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Secondary Li battery incorporating 12-Crown-4 ether

A rechargeable lithium battery which utilizes a polyethylene oxide (PEO) solid polymeric electrolyte complexed with a lithium salt is disclosed. The conductivity is increased an order of magnitude and interfacial charge transfer resistance is substantially decreased by incorporating a minor amount of 12-Crown-4 ether in the PEO-lithium salt solid electrolyte film. Batteries containing the improved electrolyte permit operation at a lower temperature with improved efficiency.

Nagasubramanian, Ganesan↗
DOE OSTI2020

Interfacial engineering for stabilizing polymer electrolytes with 4V cathodes in lithium metal batteries at elevated temperature

Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) polymer electrolytes are promising candidates for next-generation rechargeable lithium batteries. However, the poor interfacial stability between 4 V cathodes and PEO electrolytes impedes their applications in 4 V lithium batteries with high energy density. Here, we demonstrate a facile and effective strategy to enhance the interfacial stability by the synergy of Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 (LAGP) coating on the cathode surface, and salt combination in the electrolyte, even with a cut-off voltage of 4.25–4.4 V vs. Li + /Li. Nano-LAGP coated Li|PEO|LiCoO 2 cell delivers stable cycling with a capacity retention of 81.9%/400 cycles and 84.7%/200 cycles at 60 °C when charged to 4.25 and 4.3 V in pure polyether electrolyte, respectively. Steady cycling is also demonstrated at room temperature and with LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 (NCM523) cathode. This work offers a viable and scalable approach to improve the stability between PEO electrolytes and 4 V cathodes and open up new possibilities for practical application of 4 V lithium metal batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Lithium Metal Electrode — Understanding Its Unique Characteristics and Functions

Lithium metal electrode (LME) is attractive for the next generation of commercial high-energy rechargeable lithium battery (RLB) design and development. As a light element with a very reducing electrochemical potential, Li metal certainly has the unique characteristics that also present challenges for its application in RLBs. To overcome technical barriers with LME such as the dendrite formation that causes uneven current distributions, excessive SEI formation that consumes Li inventory, and formation of inactive Li metal in granular forms that induces safety hazards, more fundamental understanding of the unique characteristics of LME and its impact on functions in performance in RLBs is critical. Here, we present some recent work based on temporally-correlated reactive molecular dynamics simulations to understand the Li deposition and the associated nucleation and growth process on the LME or graphitic electrode surfaces. Such a study provides some intriguing perspectives on how Li reacts with electrolytes on LME and conventional graphitic electrodes in the RLB operation. Such an insight could help improving our strategy to deal with LME problems and provide functional improvements for LME’s application in RLBs. This presentation is dedicated to Professor Robert Huggins for his life-long teaching of the fundamentals on solid state ionics and its implications in understanding the electrochemical behavior of Li in RLB applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ion Transport in Batteries with Polymer Electrolytes

We discuss polymer electrolytes for use in rechargeable lithium batteries. Polymer electrolytes have the potential to enable batteries with lithium metal anodes. These batteries have significantly higher theoretical energy densities than current lithium-ion batteries. We consider binary mixtures of polymers and salts. We also cover more complex systems such as polymer electrolytes swollen with a solvent (gel polymer electrolytes) and microphase separated polymer electrolytes. By covalently attaching the anions to the chains in a polymer solid, one obtains a single-ion conductor. We mainly focus on experiments wherein the polymer electrolyte is placed between two lithium metal electrodes. These experiments enable the determination of three transport parameters, ionic conductivity, salt diffusion coefficient, and transference number, and the thermodynamic factor. The properties of dry polymer electrolytes are contrasted with those of gel polymer electrolytes. The gel systems exhibit higher conductivity while the dry systems exhibit superior mechanical properties. We discuss interfacial impedance when lithium metal is contacted with polymer electrolytes and the importance of coulombic efficiency.

Yu, Xiaopeng↗
NASA NTRS1993

Gelled Electrolytes For Lithium Batteries

Gelled polymer electrolyte consists of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), LiBF4, and propylene carbonate (PC). Thin films of electrolyte found to exhibit stable bulk conductivities of order of 10 to the negative 3rd power S/cm at room temperature. Used in thinfilm rechargeable lithium batteries having energy densities near 150 W h/kg.

Nagasubramanian, Ganesan↗
DOE OSTI2021

In Situ/Operando (Soft) X-ray Spectroscopy Study of Beyond Lithium-ion Batteries

The lightweight, rechargeable lithium-ion battery is one of the dominant energy storage devices globally in portable electronics due to its high energy density, no memory effect, wide operating voltage, lightweight, and good charge efficiency. However, due to safety concerns, the depletion of lithium reserves, and the corresponding increase of cost, an alternative battery system becomes more and more desirable. To develop alternative battery systems with low cost and high material abundance, for example, sodium, magnesium, zinc, and calcium, it is important to understand the chemical and electronic structure of materials. Additionally, soft X-ray spectroscopy, for example, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), and resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS), is an element-specific technique with sensitivity to the local chemical environment and structural order of the element of interest. Modern soft X-ray systems enable operando experiments that can be applied to amorphous and crystalline samples, making it a powerful tool for studying the electronic and structural changes in electrode and electrolyte species. In this article, the application of in situ/operando (soft) X-ray spectroscopy in beyond lithium-ion batteries is reviewed to demonstrate how such spectroscopic characterizations could facilitate the interpretation of interfacial phenomena under in situ/operando condition and subsequent development of the beyond lithium-ion batteries.

(soft) X-ray spectroscopy↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ultrahigh coulombic efficiency electrolyte enables Li||SPAN batteries with superior cycling performance

Raising the coulombic efficiency of lithium metal anode cycling is the deciding step in realizing long-life rechargeable lithium batteries. Here, we designed a highly concentrated salt/ether electrolyte diluted in a fluorinated ether: 1.8 M LiFSI in DEE/BTFE (diethyl ether/bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ether), which realized an average coulombic efficiency of 99.37% at 0.5 mA cm -2 and 1 mAh cm -2 for more than 900 cycles. This electrolyte also maintained a record coulombic efficiency of 98.7% at 10 mA cm -2 , indicative of its ability to provide fast-charging with high cathode loadings. Morphological studies reveal dense, dendrite free Li depositions after prolonged cycling, while surface analyses confirmed the formation of a robust LiF-rich SEI layer on the cycled Li surface. Moreover, we discovered that this ether-based electrolyte is highly compatible with the low-cost, high-capacity SPAN (Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile) cathode, where the constructed Li||SPAN cell exhibited reversible cathode capacity of 579 mAh g -1 and no capacity decay after 1200 cycles. A cell where a high areal loading SPAN electrode (>3.5 mAh cm -2 ) is paired with only onefold excess Li was constructed and cycled at 1.75 mA cm -2 , maintaining a coulombic efficiency of 99.30% for the lithium metal. Computational simulations revealed that at saturation, the Li-FSI complex forms contact ion pairs, with a first solvation shell comprising DEE molecules, and a second solvation shell with a mix of DEE/BTFE. This study provides a path to enable high energy density Li||SPAN batteries with stable cycling.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

MoS 2 for beyond lithium-ion batteries

As a typical transition-metal chalcogenide material, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) has received tremendous attention because of its unique layered structure and versatile chemical, electronic, and optical properties. With the focus of this Perspective on the energy storage area, one of the most important contributions of MoS 2 is that it sparked the birth of the rechargeable lithium battery in the early 1980s, which later formed the foundation of commercial lithium batteries. After four decades, admitting that MoS 2 is still playing a significant role in the lithium-ion battery field and considerable effort was made to decipher the mechanism through ex situ and in situ studies and by means of MoS 2 nanostructure engineering that advances the lithium battery performance, it is also used in beyond lithium-ion batteries, such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum energy storage systems. Such alternative battery systems are desirable because of the safety concerns of lithium and the depletion of lithium reserves and corresponding increase in cost. In this Perspective, recent development on the fabrication of novel MoS 2 nanostructures was discussed, followed by the scrutinization of their application in beyond lithium-ion batteries and the in situ/operando methods involved in these studies. Finally, a brief summary and outlook that may help with the future advancement of the beyond lithium-ion batteries are presented.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Compositionally gradient nickel-rich cathode materials and methods for the manufacture thereof

The present invention relates to lithium rechargeable battery cathode materials. More specifically, the cathode materials are compositionally gradient nickel-rich cathode materials produced using single-source composite precursor materials containing inorganic and/or metalorganic salts of lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt. Methods and systems for manufacturing the cathode materials by a combined spray pyrolysis/fluidized bed process are also disclosed.

Kodenkandath, Thomas A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Symposium on High Power, Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries, 180th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Phoenix, AZ, Oct. 13-17, 1991, Proceedings

Papers presented in these proceedings are on the state of the art in high-power lithium batteries, a design analysis of high-power Li-TiS2 battery, the performance and safety features of spiral wound lithium/thionyl chloride cells, the feasibility of a superhigh energy density battery of the Li/BrF3 electrochemical system, and an enhanced redox process of disulfide compounds and their application in high energy storage. Attention is also given to the structure and charge-discharge characteristics of mesophase-pitch based carbons, a study of carbons and graphites as anodes for lithium rechargeable cells, Li metal-free rechargeable Li(1+x)Mn2O4/carbon cells, and rechargeable lithium batteries using V6O13/V5O5 as the positive electrode material. Other papers discuss the electrochemical stability of organic electrolytes in contact with solid inorganic cathode materials, the electrochemical behavior of methyl formate solutions, and the interface between a solid polymer electrolyte and lithium anode.

Clark, W. D. K.↗
NASA NTRS1992

High-Quality TiS2 For Li/TiS2 Cells

Modified process for synthesis of battery-grade titanium sulfide (TiS2) yields substantially improved material for Li/TiS2 electrochemical cells. Includes all-vapor-phase reaction between sulfur and titanium. Product less dense and more homogeneous, consists of smaller particles of higher crystalline quality, and purer. Cells have high cathode utilization and long cycle life performance. Expected to find applications in rechargeable lithium batteries for spacecraft, military equipment, telecommunication systems, automobiles, and consumer products.

Huang, Chen-Kuo↗
DOE OSTI2026

Universal Relationship between Limiting Current and Electrochemical Transport Properties in Malonate-Based Polymer Electrolytes

There is considerable interest in developing high-performance electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. For practical applications, the electrolyte must support large dc currents. However, the parameters most often reported in the literature, conductivity, κ, and current fraction, ρ + , reflect ion transport in the limit of infinitesimal currents. In this limit, the efficacy of an electrolyte is given by the product κρ + . The limiting current density, i lim , is the maximum current density that can be applied across an electrolyte; the cell voltage diverges if the applied current density exceeds ilim. This parameter reflects ion transport in the limit of large dc currents and is therefore of practical interest. It would therefore be convenient if i lim could be predicted from measurements of κρ + . In order to explore this possibility, we studied six malonate-based polymers and PEO at a fixed salt concentration (r = 0.08) and temperature (90°C) using symmetric cells with planar electrodes. Unfortunately, there is no correlation between ilim and κρ + . When the applied current density, i, is less than ilim, the cell voltage approaches a stable plateau, ϕ plateau . Here, we found a linear dependence between i and thickness-normalized plateau potential, ϕ plateau L –1 , irrespective of the magnitude of the applied current. In all seven polymer electrolytes, we found a linear correlation between ilim and the slopes of these lines, σ. In other words, measurements of σ can be used to predict the limiting current.

Jana, Rounak [Lawrence Berkeley National Laborator↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Quantitative Failure Analysis on Capacity Fade in Rechargeable Lithium Metal Cells

Rechargeable lithium battery (RLB) technology is transforming portable devices, vehicle electrification, and grid modernization. To make RLB durable, reliable and safe, conducting failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) to identify failure mechanism under the operating conditions is very desirable. However, this ability is often overlooked or even lacking. The failure analysis (FA) is often conducted by laboratory testing and postmortem analysis, and the knowledge typically empirical. Here we present a quantitative approach for FMEA that can reveal how failure modes and effects reduce the capacity of a RLB. This approach is based on the state of the battery for FMEA, contrary to the conventional approach based on operating or testing conditions. The key aspect of this FMEA method is to convert the experimental results to a state-of-charge (SOC)-based analytic methodology. Such a conversion can separate the thermodynamic and kinetic attributes of capacity fade based on compositional correspondence in the electrode, so the loss and the decreased utilization of the active materials can be determined respectively.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1986

The design analysis of a rechargeable lithium cell for space applications

Ambient temperature rechargeable lithium batteries are needed by NASA for advanced space power applications for future missions. Specific energies of not less than 100 Wh/kg and long cycle life are critical performance goals. A design analysis of a 35 Ah Li-TiS2 cell was carried out using literature and experimental data to identify key design parameters governing specific energy. It is found that high specific energies are achievable in prismatic cells, especially with the use of advanced hardware materials. There is a serious need for a greatly expanded engineering database in order to enable more quantitative design analysis.

Subba Rao, S.↗