Preparation and characterization of slush hydrogen and nitrogen gels.
Slush H and N gels preparation and characteristics, including measurements of weight bearing capacity of gel as function of percent mass silica gelant
Daney, D. E.↗
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Slush and subcooled methane characterization
Methane gas condensed to liquid methane and slush using freeze-thaw method
Ludtke, P. R.↗
A summary of the characterization study of slush hydrogen
Hydrogen slush characteristics, discussing advantages of liquid-solid mixture over liquid hydrogen, production methods, aging effects, transfer and pumping losses, storage, instrumentation, etc
Sindt, C.↗
Instrumentation for hydrogen slush storage containers
Hydrogen liquid and slush tank continuous inventory during ground storage
Collier, R. S.↗
Microwave methods for cryogenic liquid and slush instrumentation
Microwave systems for cryogenic liquid and slush density and flow velocity measurements
Ellerbruch, D. A.↗
Instrumentation for storage and transfer of hydrogen slush
Hydrogen slush storage and transfer density and flow measuring instrumentation, emphasizing capacitance measurement
Cruz, J. E.↗
Microwave methods for cryogenic liquid and slush instrumentation
Microwave methods for nitrogen or hydrogen densities and flow rate measurement in single phase liquid and slush state
Ellerbruch, D. A.↗
Instrumentation for storage and transfer of hydrogen slush
Capacitance measurement technique for density and mass flow measurements for hydrogen slush storage and transfer
Cruz, J. E.↗
Microwave methods for cryogenic liquid and slush instrumentation
Microwave instrumentation for measuring cryogenic fluids density and flow rate, noting slush
Ellerbruch, D. A.↗
Characteristics of slush and boiling methane and methane mixtures.
Methane gas of two purities, 99.97% and 99%, was condensed to study the characteristics of the boiling liquid and the slush. In addition, binary mixtures of nitrogen and methane, and those of ethane and methane, and propane and methane, were also studied. Potential advantages of these gases when employed as fuels for high-performance aircraft, rocket engines, and motor vehicles are emphasized.
Sindt, C. F.↗
Technology issues associated with fueling the national aerospace plane with slush hydrogen
The National Aerospace Plane is a horizontal takeoff and landing, single stage-to-orbit vehicle using hydrogen fuel. The first flights are planned for the mid 1990's. The success of this important national program requires advances in virtually every discipline associated with both airbreathing and space flight. The high heating value, cooling capacity, and combustion properties make hydrogen the fuel of choice, but low density results in a large vehicle. Both fuel cooling capacity and density are increased with the use of slush hydrogen and result in significant reductions in vehicle size. A national program to advance this technology and to find engineering solutions to the many design issues is now under way. The program uses the expertise of the cryogenics production and services industry, the instrumentation industry, universities and governments. The program will be discussed to highlight the major issues and display progress to date.
Hannum, Ned P.↗
Fueling the National Aero-Space Plane with slush hydrogen
The National Aerospace Plane is a horizontal take off and landing, single stage-to-orbit vehicle using hydrogen as the fuel. The first flights are planned for the mid 1990s. The high heating value, cooling capacity, and combustion properties make hydrogen the fuel of choice, but the low density results in a large vehicle. Both the fuel cooling capacity and density are increased with the use of slush hydrogen and result in significant reductions in size of the vehicle. A national program to advance this technology and to find engineering solutions to the many design issues is now underway.
Hannum, Ned P.↗
Slush Hydrogen (SLH2) technology development for application to the National Aerospace Plane (NASP)
The National Aerospace Plane (NASP) program is giving us the opportunity to reach new unique answers in a number of engineering categories. The answers are considered enhancing technology or enabling technology. Airframe materials and densified propellants are examples of enabling technology. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Lewis Research Center has the task of providing the technology data which will be used as the basis to decide if slush hydrogen (SLH2) will be the fuel of choice for the NASP. The objectives of this NASA Lewis program are: (1) to provide, where possible, verified numerical models of fluid production, storage, transfer, and feed systems, and (2) to provide verified design criteria for other engineered aspects of SLH2 systems germane to a NASP. This program is a multiyear multimillion dollar effort. The present pursuit of the above listed objectives is multidimensional, covers a range of problem areas, works these to different levels of depth, and takes advantage of the resources available in private industry, academia, and the U.S. Government. The NASA Lewis overall program plan is summarized. The initial implementation of the plan will be unfolded and the present level of efforts in each of the resource areas will be discussed. Results already in hand will be pointed out. A description of additionally planned near-term experimental and analytical work is described.
Dewitt, Richard L.↗
Background, current status, and prognosis of the ongoing slush hydrogen technology development program for the NASP
Among the Hydrogen Projects at the NASA Lewis Research Center (NASA LeRC), is the task of implementing and managing the Slush Hydrogen (SLH2) Technology Program for the United States' National AeroSpace Plane Joint Program Office (NASP JPO). The objectives of this NASA LeRC program are to provide verified numerical models of fluid production, storage, transfer, and feed systems and to provide verified design criteria for other engineered aspects of SLH2 systems germane to a NASP. The pursuit of these objectives is multidimensional, covers a range of problem areas, works these to different levels of depth, and takes advantage of the resources available in private industry, academia, and the U.S. Government. A summary of the NASA LeRC overall SLH2 program plan, is presented along with its implementation, the present level of effort in each of the program areas, some of the results already in hand, and the prognosis for the effort in the immediate future.
Dewitt, R. L.↗
A survey of techniques for refrigeration, reliquefaction, and production of slush for hydrogen
Several techniques were surveyed for the refrigeration, reliquefaction and production of slush from hydrogen. The techniques included auger; bubbling helium gas; Simon desorption; the Petlier effect; Joule-Kelvin expansion using Stirling, Brayton, and Viulleumirer approaches; rotary reciprocating; a dilution refrigerator; adiabatic demagnetization of a paramagnetic salt; and adiabatic magnetization of a superconductor.
Overcash, Dan R.↗
Feasibility study of a low-energy gamma ray system for measuring quantity and flow rate of slush hydrogen
As part of a study to demonstrate the suitability of an X-ray or gamma ray probe for monitoring the quality and flow rate of slush hydrogen, mass attenuation coefficients for Cd-109 X- and gamma radiation in five chemical compounds were measured. The Ag-109 K rays were used for water and acetic acid, whereas E3 transition from the first excited state at 87.7 keV in Ag-109 provided the probe radiation for bromobenzene, alpha (exp 2) chloroisodurene, and cetyl bromide. Measurements were made for a single phase (gas, liquid, solid) as well as mixed phases (liquid plus solid) in all cases. It was shown that the mass attenuation coefficient for the selected radiations is independent of the phase of the test fluids or phase ratios in the case of mixed phase fluids. Described here are the procedure and the results for the five fluid systems investigated.
Singh, Jag J.↗
Slush hydrogen (SLH2) technology development for application to the National Aerospace Plane (NASP)
The National Aerospae Plane (NASP) program is giving us the opportunity to reach new unique answers in a number of engineering categories. The answers are considered enhancing technology or enabling technology. Airframe materials and densified propellants are examples of enabling technology. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Lewis Research Center has the task of providing the technology data which will be used as the basis to decide if slush hydrogen (SLH2) will be the fuel of choice for the NASP. The objectives of this NASA Lewis program are: (1) to provide, where possible, verified numerical models of fluid production, storage, transfer, and feed systems, and (2) to provide verified design criteria for other engineered aspects of SLH2 systems germane to an NASP. This program is a multiyear multimillion dollar effort. The present pursuit of the above listed objectives is multidimensional, covers a range of problem areas, works these to different levels of depth, and takes advantage of the resources available in private industry, academia, and the U.S. Government. The NASA Lewis overall program plan is summarized. The initial implementation of the plan will be unfolded and the present level of efforts in each of the resource areas will be discussed. Results already in hand will be pointed out. A description of additionally planned near-term experimental and analytical work is described.
Dewitt, Richard L.↗
Slush-Hydrogen Technology
Report briefly describes some developments in technology of use of slush hydrogen as fuel in proposed National Aero-Space Plane (NASP).
Whalen, Margaret V.↗