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Combinatoric Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories: An ethnographic study

Combinatorial research, the incorporation of multiple domains in a unified research agenda, is a strong contributor to the growing corpus of scientific knowledge and technological advancements worldwide. In 2019, a study team at Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia, the Labs) used a systems approach to understand if and how combinatorial research agendas were playing out at Sandia, one of America’s premiere national security research venues. The study team used the data collection effort described in this report to ground the discussion of the broad social environment and particular organizational environments within which combinatorial research agendas are developed, as described in the full study. The team interviewed twenty-five staff members engaged in combinatorial research at Sandia in New Mexico and California during the months of June – September 2019. Analysis of this corpus of ethnographic data, combined with knowledge drawn from relevant literature, concluded that there is an individual type who would be most likely to engage in combinatoric research, described by both demographic and psychographic components. This type demonstrates both intellectual depth and the curiosity which leads to breadth. The analysis also showed that Sandia as an organization and as perceived by the respondents, set up tension for the combinatorial researcher. While Sandia was generally agnostic towards combinatorial research, that agnostic posture depended on whether the researcher was able to fulfill all her customer obligations – obligations that are structured primarily in transactional relationships with customers with relatively short time horizons. This report concludes with suggestions for additional research in the ethnographic domain.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Burrowing Owl Survey Report for Sandia National Laboratories: 2025

The Burrowing Owl Survey Report for Sandia National Laboratories: 2025 provides data and analysis on occupancy surveys that were conducted during the 2025 survey season. The surveys were conducted in partnership with Kirtland Air Force Base’s Natural Resource Program and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to maintain and expand on the long-term dataset on burrowing owls on base. Ecology Program biologists conducted roadside census surveys at survey areas previously identified by Kirtland Air Force Base along with several additional survey areas deemed suitable for occupancy. Remote sensor camera monitoring was also conducted on three nest burrows. In total, 12 breeding pairs of burrowing owls were confirmed in 2025. Several owls were confirmed to have leg bands, indicating previous captures and recurrence of these specific individuals on base. Occupancy surveys on burrowing owls continue to provide valuable information on ecosystem health and can serve to inform future management direction and decisions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Hawaiian Hoary Bat Report for Sandia National Laboratories, Kauai Test Facility

The Hawaiian Hoary Bat Report for Sandia National Laboratories, Kauai Test Facility (SNL/KTF) provides data and analysis of Hawaiian hoary bat occupancy of the SNL/KTF site. The monitoring period was from 2023-2025 and used passive acoustic detection at three locations to determine whether the Hawaiian hoary bat occurs at the site and if they roost and pup in the vegetation of the site. Bats were detected at all three locations, however, given the vegetation type at SNL/KTF, it is very unlikely

Jones, Amanda Kaye [Sandia National Laboratories (↗

Sandia National Laboratories FY21 Progress Report

The Energetic Neutrons campaign led by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) had a successful year testing electronic devices and printed circuit boards (PCBs) under 14 MeV neutron irradiation at OMEGA. During FY21 Sandia’s Neutron Effects Diagnostics (NEDs) and data acquisition systems were upgraded to test novel commercial off-the-shelf and Sandia-fabricated electronic components that support SNL’s National Security mission. The upgrades to the Sandia platform consisted of new cable chains, sample mount fixtures and a new fiber optics platform for testing optoelectronic devices.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Causal Trends for Occurrences at Sandia National Laboratories

A variety of issues and occurrences are reported at Sandia National Laboratories every year. The challenge is to filter through these occurrences and determine whether there are any notable trends related to work planning and control processes and whether some of the common problems can be mitigated or prevented. The hope is that some of the more common issues can be improved through training, communication, and/or documentation. These causal trends may also help to improve current training and work planning and control processes by revealing some opportunities for improvement.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Sandia National Laboratories FY20 Progress Report

The Energetic Neutrons campaign led by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) had a successful year testing electronic devices and printed circuit boards (PCBs) under 14 MeV neutron irradiation at OMEGA. During FY20 the Energetic Neutrons campaign increased the number and complexity of experiments, continued collaborations with external organizations, and generated knowledge that supports SNL’s National Security mission. In FY20 the Energetic Neutrons campaign was executed by an early career team led by a new PI. The SNL team members were trained to take over new responsibilities during the shot day to increase the number and complexity of experiments in the campaigns. Also, in FY20 for the first time the Energetic Neutrons campaign had a graduate student contributing with pre and post-irradiation characterizations at SNL of the semiconductor devices irradiated at OMEGA. In FY20 SNL collaborated with the Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center (AFNWC) and supported experiments related to radiation effects in semiconductor devices. SNL also gave the opportunity to ride along to Los Alamos National Laboratory and multiple scientists from MIT and LLE. SNL continued using the last two generations of the Neutron Effects Diagnostics (NEDs) to field active and passive experiments but also redesigned the latest generation of the NEDs to accommodate larger components and improve the vacuum sealing as shown in figure 1a. The redesigned NEDs allowed SNL to perform active tests of a high voltage (HV) PCB for the first time at OMEGA; where signals before, during and after the irradiation were recorded. The HV PCB installed in one of the SNL NEDs is shown in figure 1b where a 3D-printed nosecone was used to check for mechanical and electrical interference. Passive irradiations of multiple components were followed up with leakage current, gain measurements and radiation-induced defect characterization.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Development of Employee Health Services Scorecards and Dashboards for Sandia National Laboratories (SAND2020-2243 J)

The mission of Employee Health Services (EHS) at Sandia National Laboratories is to positively and efficiently impact the health of Sandia through patient-centered, cost-effective, community-connected care in support of its mission and people. We strive to continuously improve the delivery of health and wellness services. For the past few years, we have modeled our health programs around findings from the 2010 World Economics Forum (WEF): there are 8 top health risks and behaviors that drive 15 chronic conditions which account for 80% of the total health-care costs for all chronic illness worldwide. The WEF goes on to state that information and innovation are the keys to prevention, and EHS has decided to take a strong stand in both categories by utilizing health scorecards and department dashboards to visualize and share metrics with Sandia Leadership to foster improvements in employee wellness and optimize wellness offerings. Finally, these 2 types of information-sharing tools allow us to track the dollars spent and saved on our wellness programs, and show leadership where there is risk, where there is progress, and where there is need by providing current data that gives monthly, quarterly, and yearly feedback.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Magnetotelluric Investigations of the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

In 2002 and 2003 a collaborative effort was undertaken between Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Menlo Park, the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, and Electromagnetic Instruments Inc. to study the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii using the magnetotelluric (MT) technique. The work was motivated by a desire to improve understanding of the magma reservoirs and conduits within Kilauea and the East and Southwest Rift zones, which has implications for understanding Kilauea's plumbing system. An improved understanding of the rift zones has implications in understanding large-scale landslides that are generated in the Hilina Slump, which produce significant impacts on coastal communities. Up to eight stations operated simultaneously, with multiple remote reference sites, and data were processed using multi-station robust processing techniques. Data was acquired at 70 sites over the Southwest and East rift zones. Good to excellent quality data were obtained even in the harshest conditions, such as those encountered on the fresh lava flows of the East Rift Zone, where electrical contact resistances are on the order of 100 kΩ. A three-dimensional (3D) MT model study was done to guide interpretation of the observed MT measurements. Synthetic modeling demonstrates that conductive bodies in the upper 3 km can be spatially resolved where MT station sampling is good. Resistivity anomalies in the 3D inversions have a high degree of spatial correlation with previously published seismic velocity anomalies beneath Kilauea. Melt fractions between 0.096 and 0.117 are calculated for the Kilauea and Pu'u'ō'ō low resistivity anomalies, respectively.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Kilauea Magnetotelluric Dataset

In 2002 and 2003 a collaborative effort was undertaken between Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, the USGS Menlo Park, the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, and Electromagnetic Instruments Inc. to study the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii using the magnetotelluric (MT) technique. The work was motivated by a desire to improve understanding of the magma reservoirs and conduits within Kilauea and the East and Southwest Rift zones, which has implications for understanding Kilaueas plumbing system. An improved understanding of the rift zones has implications in understanding large-scale landslides that are generated in the Hilina Slump, which produce significant impacts on coastal communities. Up to eight stations operated simultaneously, with multiple remote reference sites, and data were processed using multi-station robust processing techniques. In total, data were acquired at 70 sites over the Southwest and East rift zones. Good to excellent quality data were obtained even in the harshest conditions, such as those encountered on the fresh lava flows of the East Rift Zone (ERZ), where electrical contact resistances are on the order of 100 kOhm. This data supports the continuing efforts to increase geothermal power on the island of Hawaii. Each of the 70 EDI files are the MT impedance tensors for 1 site. There is also a description of the processing of the data and a site map showing the locations of each site.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

Energy Equity and Environmental Justice Summit Report 2022

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) hosted a limited-engagement Energy Equity and Environmental Justice (EEEJ) Summit on September 28, 2022, with the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Economic Impact and Diversity (DOE-ED) and DOE national laboratories: Argonne National Laboratory, Idaho National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and Savannah River National Laboratory. The goal of the Summit was for labs to highlight their capabilities in the EEEJ space and connect them to DOE-ED’s mission and goals as well as share lessons learned and best practices in our various programmatic spaces. The event commenced with an opening address from Director Shalanda Baker (DOE-ED), which included a call to action for the national labs. Three presentation panels followed, giving insights to the programs stewarded by national laboratories that are currently taking steps to enhance the way science is implemented through equity and justice lenses. A roundtable discussion concluded the Summit and highlighted lessons learned, gaps, challenges, opportunities, and future needs that will improve the impact and partnership of EEEJ work at DOE, national laboratories, at other agencies and institutions, and in other programmatic areas. Interest among participants to stay connected and coordinated and to partner on EEEJ work across labs was emphasized, including a suggestion to establish an intra-laboratory community of practice.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

The ALEXIS data processing package: An IDL based system

The Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (ALEXIS) experiment consists of a mini-satellite containing six wide angle EUV/ultrasoft x-ray telescopes. Its purpose is to map out the sky in three narrow (approximately 5 percent) bandpasses around 66, 71, and 93 eV. The 66 and 71 eV bandpasses are centered on intense Fe emission lines which are characteristic of million degree plasmas such as the one thought to produce the soft x-ray background. The 93 eV bandpass is not near any strong emission lines and is more sensitive to continuum sources. The mission will be launched on the Pegasus Air Launched Vehicle in the second half of 1992 into a 400-nautical-mile, high inclination orbit and will be controlled entirely from a small ground station located at Los Alamos. The project is a collaborative effort between Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratory, and the University of California-Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory. The six telescopes are arranged in three pairs. As the satellite spins twice a minute they scan the entire anti-solar hemisphere. Each f/1 telescope consists of a spherical, multilayer-coated mirror with a curved, microchannel plate detector located at the prime focus. The multilayer coatings determine the bandpasses of the telescopes. The field of view of each telescope is 30 degrees with a spatial resolution of 0.5 degree, limited by spherical aberration. The data processing requirements for ALEXIS are large. Each event is one of the six telescopes is telemetered to the ground with its time of arrival and position on the detector. This information must be folded with the aspect solution for the satellite to reconstruct the direction on the sky from which the photon came. Because of the way the six telescopes scan the sky, the effective exposure calculation is also very computationally intensive. ALEXIS may generate up to 100 megabytes of raw data per day, which are converted into a gigabyte per day of processed data. While the processing job for ALEXIS is sizable, the programming staff is small. To maximize programming efficiency, and to make the best use of tools available in the public domain, we chose IDL as our software development platform. IDL was used from the start of instrument development through flight. We use IDL as a top-level executive for the processing tasks (replacing Unix shell scripts), as a device independent graphics engine, as a database manager, and as a final data manipulator. IDL routines spawn special purpose C programs to perform detailed telemetry deconvolution and other specialized functions. We discuss the use of IDL and C within the processing and archiving strategy for the ALEXIS data anlaysis system as implemented on a SPARCstation platform. We also show results from our End-to-End software simulation capability as processed by our analysis codes.

Bloch, J. J.↗

Quantifying Burst Repeatability for Godiva IV

The minimum resolvable relative change in the neutron source emission of Godiva IV between bursts, i.e., burst repeatability, was quantified using a combination of activation monitors and a resistance temperature detector (RTD). Measurements support changes in the neutron source emission between bursts can be determined with a precision of 2.7%. The measurements were performed during a series of twelve Godiva IV bursts and were a collaborative effort between Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Gold, iron, nickel, and sulfur activation monitors were positioned in a sample holder in the central cavity of Godiva IV for each burst. The RTD is part of the Godiva burst diagnostic system and is in a fixed location in the safety block of Godiva IV. It is used to determine the temperature rise of the burst, i.e., the difference between the maximum temperature recorded during the burst and the initial temperature prior to the burst. Differences in either the specific activity of the activation monitor reactions, or the temperature rise can be used to determine the relative change in the neutron source emission for separate bursts, but historic results have proven that each method is susceptible to various sources of biases which generally cannot be isolated using a single method. We address this issue by applying both measurement methods and analyzing the correlation between them. The results presented in this work will be used to support future experiments with Godiva IV at the National Criticality Experiments Research Center (NCERC).

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Co-op at Sandia National Laboratories (July - December 2019, Final Report)

This co-op was performed at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) within the Weapon Surety Engineering 11 Department (9435), which is a customer-focused organization that provides engineering and system analysis expertise to ensure a safe deterrent throughout the entire weapon lifecycle. Engineers in 9435 develop a deep knowledge in both component and system function to support rigorous evaluation and mitigation of potential failure modes. They operate across multiple engineering disciplines (mechanical, electrical, computer, materials and systems engineering) with opportunities to develop crossdisciplinary capability. The team supports a variety of stockpile systems and is part of the product teams during development, design and production, as well as advanced concept and exploratory efforts. 9435 engineers use their extensive component and system knowledge, as well as experimental data and modeling, to ensure products function as intended with assured safety. Members of the department learn the function of multiple components, how those components integrate within the system and apply surety principles and processes to ensure a safe, secure, reliable, and effective U.S. nuclear deterrent.

42 ENGINEERING↗