Study on the feasibility of V/STOL concepts for short haul transport aircraft
Weight standardization, tilt and stopped rotor optimization, and noise sensitivity analysis of V/STOL concepts for short-haul transport aircraft
V/STOL↗
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Civil Aviation Research and Development /CARD/ Policy Study.
The results of the study lead to a number of conclusions regarding priority areas for R and D. It was found that aircraft noise abatement deserves highest priority because of widespread concern for the environment and because the success of the noise-abatement program will affect the solutions to other problems. Congestion is next on the list of priority problems. Its solution will involve an organized effort directed at the combination of air traffic control, runway capacity, ground control of aircraft, terminal processing, access and egress, parking, and airport location, acquisition, and development. A new short-haul system could help relieve congestion at existing airports. Constant improvements in technology for long-haul vehicles and their propulsion systems are essential to continued U.S. leadership.
Syvertson, C. A.↗
Some applications of buoyancy systems and parawings to replace conventional and proposed transportation systems.
An exploratory study has been conducted to assess the performance potential of buoyant airships and parawings in short-haul passenger transportation. Results show that such systems can be used effectively, from a performance standpoint, in a VTOL or STOL mode of operation. A supplementary assessment of potential applications of such vehicles is examined, with a brief look at economic factors and an examination of missions for which they might be effectively used.
Havill, C. D.↗
STOL research at NASA.
Review of the overall goals, individual objects of ongoing and proposed programs, target dates, and fund requests of NASA's STOL research effort. The realization of a separate STOL short-haul transportation system with a 2000-foot field length capability is shown likely to reduce airport acreage requirements to less than one tenth, approach speed to nearly one half, and airspace required for terminal maneuvering to less than 10% of what conventional high-performance jet aircraft necessitate, and to promise terminal congestion alleviation in areas of high traffic density, improved safety in steep approach, noise abatement, and community annoyance reduction. NASA's described programs will provide the technical foundation upon which industry can base the design and development of aircraft and avionics for the new STOL systems in the latter 1970s, and upon which the government can establish criteria for the certification and regulation of such systems.
Kayton, G. G.↗
An assessment of repeated loads on general aviation and transport aircraft.
An assessment is made of recent repeated loads data from short-haul jet transports and several general aviation airplanes. The jet transport data indicate that except for check flight maneuvers the load histories are essentially independent of operator and airplane type. General aviation data show a large amount of scatter in the repeated load history. The use and geographical location of operations may be the primary means of specifying the repeated loads environment.
Donely, P.↗
Conceptual design of a V/STOL lift fan commercial short haul transport
Conceptual designs of V/STOL lift-fan commercial short-haul transport aircraft for the 1980-85 time period were studied to determine their technical and economic feasibility. Engine concepts studied included both integral remote fans. The scope of the study included definition of the hover control concept for each propulsion system, aircraft design, aircraft mass properties, cruise performance noise, and ride qualities evaluation. Economic evaluation was also studied on a basis of direct operating cost and route structure.
Source record↗
Study of buoyancy systems for flight vehicles
The performance potential of buoyant systems and flexible structures used in air vehicles for short-haul passenger transportation is discussed. The study was intended only to determine if sufficient performance potential existed, and to provide a focus for a more extensive design study, if such a study appeared desirable. A relatively conventional helium system was examined along with a more unusual configuration employing hot-air as the buoyant fluid. Both configurations were examined in the VTOL and STOL modes of operation. The helium system appears to have some superiority in the VTOL mode, while the hot-air system has a superiority in the STOL mode. Both configurations exhibit sufficient performance potential to suggest that a much more extensive design study might well be undertaken.
Havill, C. D.↗
Analysis of passenger acceptance of commercial flights having characteristics similar to STOL
Previous work in the development of quantitative models for the prediction of passenger reaction to motion and vehicle environment parameters in flight was extended to include a class of aircraft appropriate for low-density, short-haul service. The results indicate that it is possible to obtain quantitative response inputs from an usually small special test-subject group which will be representative of the general traveling public. Additional data which indicate the importance of comfort as a factor in evaluating ride quality was obtained, and identification of the factors which contribute to judgments regarding comfort level was improved. Seat comfort and seat spacing is very vital in the smaller aircraft. Mathematical modeling applied in conjuction with passenger reaction data was shown to be very useful for establishing ride-quality design criteria.
Kuhlthau, A. R.↗
Overview of technology sessions
Short takeoff aircraft technology development related to the requirements for an expanded and improved short-haul air transportation system is discussed. Systems requirements are summarized, principal aircraft requirements are identified, the status of STOL technology is analyzed, and the scope of the technology efforts covered by the conference are outlined. Charts and diagrams are provided to explain system requirements, lift capability trends, and terminal airspace requirements.
Wick, B. H.↗
Calculation procedures for potential and viscous flow solutions for engine inlets
The method and basic elements of computer solutions for both potential flow and viscous flow calculations for engine inlets are described. The procedure is applicable to subsonic conventional (CTOL), short-haul (STOL), and vertical takeoff (VTOL) aircraft engine nacelles operating in a compressible viscous flow. The calculated results compare well with measured surface pressure distributions for a number of model inlets. The paper discusses the uses of the program in both the design and analysis of engine inlets, with several examples given for VTOL lift fans, acoustic splitters, and for STOL engine nacelles. Several test support applications are also given.
Albers, J. A.↗
Door to door short haul.
Present drawbacks to short-haul air transportation are partly related to passenger and baggage processing at air terminals and ground access difficulties. It is pointed out that the widely used automobile is the most inefficient mode of transportation. Various new developments in the field of ground transportation are considered. It is suggested to develop an integrated transportation system which would replace the various competing modes of automobile, bus, rail, and air with a single system for moving people and goods from their origins to their destinations. The Intermodal Automated Transfer system discussed would treat the passenger, his baggage, and the seat in which he travels as a unit which would stay together throughout a trip, regardless of the carrier used.
Steven, F. R.↗
STOL aircraft flight and landing area considerations.
One proposed solution to the total short-haul transportation system problem is to use existing low-wing-loading turbopropeller STOL aircraft. Deflected slipstream turboprop aircraft have also been considered for early STOL service. Aspects of current aircraft research are discussed together with the NASA research aircraft, field length and aircraft performance considerations, crosswind landings, crosswind reducing fences, elevated STOL ports, a guaranteed friction STOL runway, and problems of runway containment.
Riebe, J. M.↗
Study of quiet turbofan STOL aircraft for short haul transportation
Conceptual designs of Quiet Turbofan STOL Short-Haul Transport Aircraft for the mid-1980 time period are developed and analyzed to determine their technical, operational, and economic feasibility. A matrix of aircraft using various high-lift systems and design parameters are considered. Variations in aircraft characteristics, airport geometry and location, and operational techniques are analyzed systematically to determine their effects on the market, operating economics, and community acceptance. In these studies, the total systems approach is considered to be critically important in analyzing the potential of STOL aircraft to reduce noise pollution and alleviate the increasing air corridor and airport congestion.
Higgins, T. P.↗
Effectiveness evaluation of STOL transport operations (phase 2)
A computer simulation program which models a commercial short-haul aircraft operating in the civil air system was developed. The purpose of the program is to evaluate the effect of a given aircraft avionics capability on the ability of the aircraft to perform on-time carrier operations. The program outputs consist primarily of those quantities which can be used to determine direct operating costs. These include: (1) schedule reliability or delays, (2) repairs/replacements, (3) fuel consumption, and (4) cancellations. More comprehensive models of the terminal area environment were added and a simulation of an existing airline operation was conducted to obtain a form of model verification. The capability of the program to provide comparative results (sensitivity analysis) was then demonstrated by modifying the aircraft avionics capability for additional computer simulations.
Welp, D. W.↗
Conceptual design studies of a V/STOL civil lift fan transport including effect of size and fan pressure ratio
Conceptual design studies of V/STOL Lift Fan Commercial short-haul transport aircraft for the 1980-85 time period were studied to determine their technical and economic feasibility. The remote lift fan configurations with a variation in fan pressure ratio from 1.2 to 1.5 were investigated. Also studied were variation in stage length from 200 nautical miles to 800 nautical miles and cruise Mach numbers of 0.75 and 0.85. These results indicate a four engine configuration was feasible. The 95 PNdb noise footprint would be approximately 45 acres and the DOC's would be about 60% greater than conventional transports.
Source record↗
Navigation and guidance requirements for commercial VTOL operations
The NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has undertaken a research program to develop the navigation, guidance, control, and flight management technology base needed by Government and industry in establishing systems design concepts and operating procedures for VTOL short-haul transportation systems in the 1980s time period. The VALT (VTOL Automatic Landing Technology) Program encompasses the investigation of operating systems and piloting techniques associated with VTOL operations under all-weather conditions from downtown vertiports; the definition of terminal air traffic and airspace requirements; and the development of avionics including navigation, guidance, controls, and displays for automated takeoff, cruise, and landing operations. The program includes requirements analyses, design studies, systems development, ground simulation, and flight validation efforts.
Hoffman, W. C.↗
Overall and blade-element performance of a 1.20-pressure-ratio fan stage at design blade setting angle
A 51-cm-diam. model of a short-haul fan stage was tested. Surveys of the air flow conditions ahead of the rotor, between the rotor and stator, and behind the stator were made over the stable operating range of the stage. At the design speed of 213.3 m/sec and weight flow of 26.7 kg/sec, the stage pressure ratio and efficiency are 1.18 and 0.87, respectively. The rotor peak efficiency of 0.92 occurred at flow rate of 30.5 kg/sec. Peak stage efficiency of 0.09 was obtained at 110 percent speed at a pressure ratio of 1.218 and a weight flow of 30.2 kg/sec. Maximum stage pressure ratio is 1.269 at 120 percent speed.
Lewis, G. W., Jr.↗
Highly noise suppressed bypass 6 engine for STOL application
A TF-34 engine with an acoustically treated ground test nacelle was built and tested to determine the feasibility of suppressing fan and core engine noise to the stringent levels required for STOL or short-haul commercial aircraft. The design incorporates wall treatment for the fan and core plus three treated splitter rings in the inlet and two treated splitters in the aft fan duct. Maximum suppression of fan tone noise of 40-45 dB was obtained from both the inlet and aft fan treatment. At rated fan speed, overall noise was reduced by 21 PNdB to a value of 94 PNdB on a 500-foot sideline. The overall noise reduction value was limited by the jet noise floor. Thrust losses due to the acoustic treatment are also discussed.
Jones, W. L.↗