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DOE OSTI2025

Measuring type Ia supernova angular-diameter distances with intensity interferometry

This paper investigates the potential of intensity interferometry, based on the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect, for measuring supernova sizes and distances. With optimized telescope positioning, observing strategy, and advancements in single-photon detection technology, this method can provide precise angular size measurements of supernovae with apparent magnitudes as bright as 12 mag. For type Ia supernovae, this limiting brightness corresponds to a local volume extending to redshift z∼0.004 and an anticipated discovery rate of approximately 1 event per year. The combination of angular size data with known physical dimensions enables accurate distance determination. Multiple telescope pairs at different relative positions allow tomographic mapping of the ejecta structure while reducing distance uncertainties. As type Ia supernovae serve as standardizable candles for measuring the Universe’s expansion history, combining intensity interferometry distances with the supernova Hubble diagram facilitates measurements of the Hubble constant H0.

cosmological parameters↗

DOE OSTI2025

ExaCA v2.0: A versatile, scalable, and performance portable cellular automata application for additive manufacturing solidification

The previously established ExaCA software for performance portable alloy grain structure simulation has been updated to better represent the solidification behavior during complex alloy processing conditions, such as those encountered during metal additive manufacturing (AM), and for improved performance and scalability. Here, an extension to the time–temperature history input data format and the core ExaCA algorithm to include an arbitrary number of melting and solidification events yielded improved prediction of texture for various melt pool geometries, expanding the range of AM-relevant conditions that can be accurately simulated. Improved heat transport process simulation coupling, including the creation of large raster datasets from single track time–temperature history data and in-memory coupling with the new, performance portable finite difference code Finch, were also demonstrated in example studies on the effect of multilayer AM microstructure predictions on hatch spacing and cell size, respectively. Additional new features are detailed and demonstrated, including the ability to perform simulations using various interfacial response function forms, execute simulations on state-of-the-art hardware, improved usability through post-processing versatility, and improved strong and weak scaling performance. The performance, physics, and versatility improvements demonstrated here will further enable large-scale studies on AM process–microstructure relationships that were not previously possible. Furthermore, the usability improvements and ability to run coupled AM process–microstructure simulations using the Finch-ExaCA workflow will facilitate broader use of this open-source software by the computational materials community.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

External Radiation and Magnetic-Field Effects on the Coherence and Stability of Transmon Qubits

Superconducting transmon qubits are a central building block of modern quantum computing architectures, yet their coherence properties remain sensitive to external influences that can limit performance or introduce temporal instabilities. In this talk, I will discuss two experimental studies aimed at quantifying these effects. First, I will examine how ionizing radiation impacts qubit relaxation. Using the same transmon device operated at two locations with dramatically different radiation backgrounds—the above-ground SQMS facility at Fermilab (USA) and the deep-underground Gran Sasso Laboratory (Italy)—we observe a higher rate of radiation-induced decay events above ground, even though intrinsic noise remains the dominant source of single-shot errors. I will also discuss the detection efficiency of a radiation detector made using such a device. Second, I will present results on how small magnetic fields, applied either during cooldown or at millikelvin temperatures, influence device stability. We find that fixed-frequency transmons maintain robust coherence up to approximately 600 mG of trapped out-of-plane field, and that controlled application of magnetic field can reduce temporal fluctuations in T1. Together, these studies provide insight into how external environments shape transmon coherence and offer potential pathways for improving qubit stability in scalable quantum processors.

Roy, Tanay [Fermilab]↗

DOE OSTI2025

Enhancing fire emissions inventories for acute health effects studies: integrating high spatial and temporal resolution data

Daily fire progression information is crucial for public health studies that examine the relationship between population-level smoke exposures and subsequent health events. Issues with remote sensing used in fire emissions inventories (FEI) lead to the possibility of missed exposures that impact the results of acute health effects studies. This paper provides a method for improving an FEI dataset with readily available information to create a more robust dataset with daily fire progression. High temporal and spatial resolution burned area information from two FEI products are combined into a single dataset, and a linear regression model fills gaps in daily fire progression. The combined dataset provides up to 71% more PM 2.5 emissions, 69% more burned area, and 367% more fire days per year than using a single source of burned area information. The FEI combination method results in improved FEI information with no gaps in daily fire emissions estimates. The combined dataset provides a functional improvement to FEI data that can be achieved with currently available data.

63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTAN↗

DOE OSTI2024

The Ghent Hybrid model in NuWro: a new neutrino single-pion production model in the GeV regime

Neutrino-induced single-pion production constitutes an essential interaction channel in modern neutrino oscillation experiments, with its products building up a significant fraction of the observable hadronic final states. Frameworks of oscillation analyses strongly rely on Monte Carlo neutrino event generators, which provide theoretical predictions of neutrino interactions on nuclear targets. Thus, it is crucial to integrate state-of-the-art single-pion production models with Monte Carlo simulations to prepare for the upcoming systematics-dominated landscape of neutrino measurements. In this work, we present the implementation of the Ghent Hybrid model for neutrino-induced single-pion production in the NuWro Monte Carlo event generator. The interaction dynamics includes coherently-added contributions from nucleon resonances and a non-resonant background, merged into the pythia branching predictions in the deep-inelastic regime, as instrumented by NuWro. This neutrino-nucleon interaction model is fully incorporated into the nuclear framework of the generator, allowing it to account for the influence of both initial- and final-state nuclear medium effects. We compare the predictions of this integrated implementation with recent pion production data from accelerator-based neutrino experiments. The results of the novel model show improved agreement of the generator predictions with the data and point to the significance of the refined treatment of the description of pion-production processes beyond the ∆ region.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Nanoscale interfacial melting enables bonding during high velocity microparticle impacts

Melting during high-velocity particle impact has been understood to be typically detrimental to bonding by lowering the strength at the interface and promoting rebound before solidification can occur. Here we establish a possible remedy to this challenge: by dramatically restricting the volume of molten material, its resolidification is accelerated, effectively forming a nanoscale, braze-type joint during impact. In-situ single particle impact imaging is combined with post-mortem structural and chemical analyses to reveal a regime where adhesion is governed not by extensive plastic deformation, but by the kinetics of melt layer resolidification. Furthermore, these findings redefine the role of melting in impact-based processes, establishing transient melting and rapid solidification as a viable strategy for engineering successful adhesion events.

Additive manufacturing↗

DOE OSTI2025

Simultaneous Observation of Ion-scale Wave Packets with Opposite Polarizations and Their Implications on the Generation Region in the Inner Heliosphere

This paper reports a dispersion analysis of two wave packets simultaneously observed near the local proton gyrofrequency by the Parker Solar Probe. The observed wave event exhibits clear two-banded wave packets both propagating along the magnetic field, characterized by left-handed (L-mode) and right-handed (R-mode) polarizations simultaneously. By incorporating the Doppler shift effect into a linear dispersion analysis, we find two possible scenarios that explain these simultaneous opposite polarizations: (1) Two inherently L-mode waves in the plasma frame, propagate parallel and antiparallel to the solar wind velocity, with similar wave frequencies and wave numbers. The polarization of the antiparallel propagating wave reverses as it moves sunward in the plasma frame while still comoving with the solar wind in the stationary frame. This reversal manifests the polarization of the wave as an R-mode in the spacecraft frame. (2) Simultaneous L-mode and R-mode waves propagate parallel to the solar wind velocity, with different wave frequencies and wave numbers. Concurrent proton observations during the wave event reveal a dominant anisotropic ($T$⟂/$T$ ∥ > 1) core distribution with a drifting beam population. Estimation of the linear growth rate for both L-mode and R-mode waves suggests that both scenarios are plausible, indicating that the observation is near the wave-generation region. We explore the potential impact of these simultaneous waves on solar wind heating and scattering effects, hypothesizing that such waves might enhance efficiency compared to waves with a single wave packet, contingent upon the statistical significance of such waves.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Evaluating E3SM Global Storm‐Resolving Model Simulations of Deep Convection: Insights From DP‐SCREAM During TRACER

Global Storm-Resolving Models (GSRMs) are becoming increasingly vital for advancing climate modeling and improving the prediction of extreme weather events. Houston, a coastal region frequently affected by deep convective storms, offers an ideal setting to evaluate the ability of GSRMs to simulate deep convection. This study assesses the performance of the Doubly Periodic Simple Cloud-Resolving E3SM (Energy Exascale Earth System Model) Atmosphere Model (DP-SCREAM) using observations from the TRacking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER) campaign. DP-SCREAM effectively reproduces the diurnal cycles of clouds and precipitation, demonstrating much greater skill than the E3SM single column model. The DP-SCREAM is demonstrated to be applicable to coastal regions, partially due to the forcing data sets already capturing the influence of breezes. DP-SCREAM also replicates biases persistent in the global version of SCREAM: the underrepresentation of boundary layer shallow clouds, a lack of mid-level congestus clouds, and the popcorn convection, characterized by small and disorganized convective cells generating the strongest precipitation. To investigate these issues, two sensitivity experiments were conducted: increasing the mixing length and scaling up the buoyancy flux within the Simplified Higher Order Closure scheme. Increasing the mixing length improved mid-level congestus representation and reduced unrealistic early morning fog occurrence. Enhancing buoyancy flux only marginally improved the bias of underproduced big convective cells. In conclusion, an additional resolution sensitivity test at 0.5 km grid spacing demonstrated that a refined horizontal resolution alone is insufficient to resolve these biases.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

PMT calibration for the JSNS^2-II far detector with an embedded LED system

The JSNS^2-II (the second phase of JSNS^2, J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment aimed at searching for sterile neutrinos. Here, this experiment has entered its second phase, employing two liquid scintillator detectors located at near and far positions from the neutrino source. Recently, the far detector of the experiment has been completed and is currently in the calibration phase. The following properties of all functioning Photo-Multiplier-Tubes (PMTs) to detect the neutrino events in the far detector have been calibrated: PMT gain, its dependence of supplied High Voltage (HV), Peak-to-Valley (PV), and signal timing. This paper presents a detailed description of the calibration process utilizing the LED system. The LED system of the far detector uses two Ultra-Violet (UV) LEDs, which are effective in calibrating all of the PMTs at once. The UV light is converted into the visible light wavelengths inside liquid scintillator via the wavelength shifters, providing pseudo-isotropic light. To achieve a good energy resolution for physics events, a relative gain adjustment of up to 10% is required for all functioning PMTs. This will be achieved using the HV curves measured and the results of the LED calibration. The Peak-to-Valley (PV) ratio values, which distinguish the single photo-electron signal from the pedestal, are similar to those from the production company. Additionally, the precision of the PMT signal timing is measured to be 2.1 ns. This meets the event reconstruction requirement of 10 ns.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

The power reliability event simulator tool (PRESTO): A novel approach to distribution system reliability analysis and applications

The growing interest in onsite solar photovoltaic and energy storage systems is partially motivated by customer concerns regarding grid reliability. However, accurately assessing the effectiveness of PVESS in mitigating these interruptions requires a comprehensive understanding of location-specific outage patterns and the ability to simulate realistic scenarios. To address the gap, we introduce the Power Reliability Event Simulation TOol (PRESTO), the first publicly available tool that simulates location-specific power interruptions at the county level. PRESTO allows for a more realistic assessment of system reliability by considering the unpredictability and location-specific patterns of power interruptions. We applied PRESTO in a case study of a single-family home across three U.S. counties, examining the performance of a solar photovoltaic system with 10kWh of battery storage during short-duration power interruptions. Our findings show that this system reliably met 93% of energy demand for essential non-heating and cooling loads, fully serving these loads in 84% of events, despite the constraints of daily time-of-use bill management which limits the battery's state-of-charge reserve. However, when heating and cooling loads were included, system performance decreased significantly, with only 70% of demand met and full service in 43% of events. These results highlight the challenges of using solar photovoltaic and energy storage systems for short-duration outages, emphasizing the need to consider factors like battery size and grid charging strategies to improve reliability. Our study demonstrates the practical applications of PRESTO, providing valuable insights into potential mitigation strategies including grid charging and optimizing battery size.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Comparing multi-source urban flood indicators: satellite, simulation, and citizen-reported data

Urban flooding arises from complex mechanisms, making it challenging to capture accurately with a single detection method. This study evaluates three complementary approaches to detect flooding across three Chicago neighborhoods: (i) Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR), offering weather-independent, high-resolution (10 m) imagery of surface inundation; (ii) the storm water management model (SWMM), simulating combined sewer overflow and drainage performance; and (iii) citizen-generated 311 service requests, capturing observed flooding impacts. By analyzing six storms ranging from severe to mild, we examine how each source uniquely contributes to identifying urban flood events. SAR imagery effectively identifies standing water but can miss brief flooding due to satellite revisit constraints. SWMM provides detailed insights into system-wide drainage behavior yet may underestimate localized street-level flooding. Meanwhile, 311 calls reflect real-world flooding impacts but are vulnerable to underreporting. Statistical overlap analysis highlights chronic flood hotspots repeatedly identified across multiple detection methods, indicating persistent infrastructure and topographic vulnerabilities. Temporal analysis further reveals that while SWMM flooding aligns closely with rainfall peaks, 311 calls typically precede or persist beyond these peaks. Our findings emphasize the value of using satellite observations, hydrological modeling, and resident-reported data in a complementary manner to better interpret patterns in flood timing, severity, and spatial distribution—providing insights that can inform targeted infrastructure improvements and contribute to urban flood resilience planning.

311↗

DOE OSTI2025

Conditioned quantum-assisted deep generative surrogate for particle-calorimeter interactions

Particle collisions at accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), recorded by experiments such as ATLAS and CMS, enable precise standard model measurements and searches for new phenomena. Simulating these collisions significantly influences experiment design and analysis but incurs immense computational costs, projected at millions of CPU-years annually during the high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) phase. Currently, simulating a single event with Geant4 consumes around 1000 CPU seconds, with calorimeter simulations especially demanding. To address this, we propose a conditioned quantum-assisted generative model, integrating a conditioned variational autoencoder (VAE) and a conditioned restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM). Our RBM architecture is tailored for D-Wave’s Pegasus-structured advantage quantum annealer for sampling, leveraging the flux bias for conditioning. This approach combines classical RBMs as universal approximators for discrete distributions with quantum annealing’s speed and scalability. We also introduce an adaptive method for efficiently estimating effective inverse temperature, and validate our framework on Dataset 2 of CaloChallenge.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2025

Integrated Metrics for County-Level Resilience Ranking Using Entropy and TOPSIS

In the face of atypical weather events, power infrastructure failures, and limited resources for resilience investment, energy decision-makers need data-driven metrics to allocate resilience investments and maximize the reduction of power outage impacts. For state-level planning, for instance, ranking the resilience of each county is key to ensuring effective distribution of resources. In such cases, resilience for each spatial unit is multifaceted and is captured by a set of indicators (i.e., metrics) that can be combined into an overall score that reduces the complexity of power outage dynamics to a single decision metric. However, weighting of these indicators is often addressed by simplifying assumptions (i.e., equal weights) or semi-subjective methods that rely on user-defined weights that can introduce biases (e.g., weighted average score). Within the disaster risk reduction and resilience engineering community, a recurring challenge in multicriteria decision-making is the objective weighting of indicators for composite indices. To address this issue, we have leveraged a Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) combined with an entropy-based weighting approach to calculated the integrated scores. This method objectively determines the importance of each metric, better discerns between spatial units (i.e., counties), and offers a more reliable ranking of counties according to their relative resilience attributes. By improving methods for integrating resilience indicators, our approach helps planners and decision-makers prioritize resources more effectively for more efficient resilience investments.

Bhusal, Narayan [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (OR↗

DOE OSTI2024

Using a 1D Radially Symmetric Coda Envelope Model for Robust Moment Magnitude ( M w ) Estimation in Iraq’s Tectonically Diverse Zones

Robust estimation of moment magnitude (M w ) can be challenging for Iraq due to the strong lateral heterogeneity across diverse tectonic zones. We aim to improve moment magnitude estimation by investigating the reliability of using a 1D coda envelope model in diverse tectonic zones of different lateral effects and offer a way forward for reliable estimates of M w for small events that are difficult to waveform model. Iraq comprises two main tectonic zones: (1) the Outer platform, consisting of the northwestern Zagros fold-thrust belt and the Mesopotamian foredeep, and (2) the Inner Arabian platform which is overlain by the Iraqi desert. A simple 1D coda envelope model was used because coda waves have a low sensitivity to the source and path heterogeneity. Three separate coda calibrations were conducted to investigate the robustness of a single 1D calibration to fit the country: Whole-region calibration, Zagros calibration, and Mesopotamia calibration. In the whole-region calibration, we used stations from both the Zagros and Mesopotamia zones. In the two other calibration models, we used only stations that were in those particular zones. Ground-truth reference spectra derived from the coda spectral ratio method were used to constrain high-frequency site terms. There was no drastic difference when comparing the moment magnitudes calculated from the waveform modeling and the three calibration models. The results show that the 1D coda envelope model is a reliable method even for a region with diverse tectonic zones. Therefore, we recommend using the whole-region calibration model for moment magnitude estimation that provides more complete path coverage and avoids biases introduced by path correction failures. The proposed calibration is a fundamental step in updating the comprehensive earthquake catalog and probabilistic seismic hazard assessments for Iraq.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Fine-Grained Application Energy and Power Measurements on the Frontier Exascale System

The increasing complexity and power/energy demands of heterogeneous exascale systems, such as the Frontier supercomputer, present significant challenges for measuring and optimizing power consumption in applications. Current tools either lack the resolution to capture fine-grained power and energy measurements, fail to validate in-band measurements against out-of-band power sensors, or cannot integrate this information with application performance events in a scalable manner. This paper introduces a novel open-source performance toolkit that integrates extended PAPI components with Score-P plugins to enable in-band, fine-grained power and energy measurements, while also supporting validation using power meter measurements for both CPUs and GPUs. One key contribution is the ability to perform millisecond-level power and energy measurements for AMD MI250X GPUs, mapping them to application performance events within a single trace and measurement system that scales. Our toolkit combines coarse-grained measurements from cray_pm counters with high-resolution metrics from rocm_smi and RAPL, converting GPU instantaneous accumulated energy into power to capture both transient and steady-state power behavior, a capability often missed by out-of-band and monitoring tools. By mapping these metrics to specific application regions, developers can identify energy hotspots, address inefficiencies in GPU kernel execution, and validate in-band measurements against external measurements. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach through case studies using benchmarks such as GPU rocblas_sgemm, BLIS c_blas_dgemm, and rocHPL, highlighting the variability of the measurements and the impact of transient power spikes on kernel-level efficiency.

Hernandez Mendoza, Oscar [ORNL] (ORCID:00000002538↗

DOE OSTI2026

Mapping the Perseus galaxy cluster with XRISM: Gas kinematic features and their implications for turbulence

We present extended gas kinematic maps of the Perseus cluster based on a combination of five new XRISM/Resolve pointings observed in 2025 with four performance verification datasets from 2024, totaling a net exposure of 745 ks. To date, Perseus remains the only cluster that has been extensively mapped out to ≃0.7 r 2500 by XRISM/Resolve, while simultaneously offering sufficient spatial resolution to resolve gaseous substructures driven by mergers and active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. Our observations cover multiple radial directions and a broad range of dynamical scales, enabling us to characterize the kinematic properties of the intracluster medium up to a scale of ∼500 kpc. In the measurements, we detected high-velocity dispersions (≃300km s −1 ) in the eastern region of the cluster that are spatially coincident with the extended X-ray surface brightness excess and correspond to a nonthermal pressure fraction of ≃7 − 13%. The velocity field outside the AGN-dominant region can be effectively described by a single, large-scale kinematic driver based on the velocity structure function, which statistically favors an energy injection scale of at least a few hundred kpc. The estimated turbulent dissipation energy is comparable to the gravitational potential energy released by a recent merger, implying a significant role of turbulent cascade in the merger energy conversion. In the bulk velocity field, we observed a dipole-like pattern along the east-west direction with an amplitude of ≃ ± 200 − 300 km s −1 , indicating rotational motions induced by the recent merger event. This feature constrains the viewing direction to ≃30° −50° relative to the normal of the merger plane. Our hydrodynamic simulations suggest that Perseus has experienced at least two energetic mergers since redshift z ∼ 1, the most recent of which is associated with the radio galaxy IC310, in agreement with recent SRG/eROSITA findings. This study showcases exciting scientific opportunities for future missions with high-resolution spectroscopic capabilities (e.g., HUBS, LEM, and NewAthena).

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Precise measurement of the tt¯ production cross-section and lepton differential distributions in eμ dilepton events from s=13TeVpp collisions with the ATLAS detector

The inclusive top quark pair (tt¯$$t\bar{t}$$) cross-section σtt¯$$\sigma _{t\bar{t}}$$ has been measured in proton–proton collisions at s=13TeV$$\sqrt{s}=13\,\text {TeV}$$, using 140fb-1$$140\,{\text {fb}^{-1}} $$ of data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. Using events with an opposite-charge eμ$$e\mu $$ pair and b-tagged jets, the cross-section is measured to be: σtt¯=829.3±1.3(stat)±8.0(syst)±7.3(lumi)±1.9(beam)pb,$$\begin{aligned} \sigma _{t\bar{t}} & = 829.3\pm 1.3\,\mathrm {(stat)}\ \pm 8.0\,\mathrm {(syst)}\ \pm 7.3\,\mathrm {(lumi)}\ \\ & \quad \pm 1.9\,\mathrm {(beam)}\,\textrm{pb}, \end{aligned}$$where the uncertainties reflect the limited size of the data sample, experimental and theoretical systematic effects, the integrated luminosity, and the proton beam energy, giving a total uncertainty of 1.3%. The result is used to determine the top quark pole mass via the dependence of the predicted cross-section on mtpole$${m_{t}^\textrm{pole}}$$, giving mtpole=172.8-1.7+1.5$${m_{t}^\textrm{pole}}=172.8^{+1.5}_{-1.7}$$ GeV$$\text {GeV}$$. The same event sample is used to measure absolute and normalised differential cross-sections for the tt¯→eμνν¯bb¯$$t\bar{t} \rightarrow e\mu u \bar{ u }b\bar{b} $$ process as a function of single-lepton and dilepton kinematic variables. Complementary measurements of eμbb¯$$e\mu b\bar{b} $$ production, treating both tt¯$$t\bar{t}$$ and Wt events as signal, are also provided. Both sets of differential cross-sections are compared to the predictions of various Monte Carlo event generators, demonstrating that the state-of-the-art generators Powheg MiNNLO and Powhegbb4l describe the data better than Powheghvq.

Aad, G↗

DOE OSTI2025

Surface and sub-surface porosity effects on the initial free surface expansion in shocked single crystal aluminum

Defects and roughness at a material’s surface can allow for the formation of a material jet when a shockwave reaches a surface. The formation of a jet can lead to significant material damage of the shocked material, as well as the downstream material that the jet impacts. Here, we utilize planar shocks in single crystal aluminum to assess initial jetting formation for surface notches and sub-surface porosity. In the case of surface notches, we find that changing the width of the notch can cause the shock breakout response to transition from a standard jetting mechanism to an atomic atomization at high velocities. This transition occurs due to the mechanisms associated with lateral relaxations within the notch and how this interacts with the shock focusing event that induces jetting. For sub-surface pores, the pore collapse induces a re-shock, localized near the pore, that is stronger than the initial shock, but unsupported. Changing the pore dimensions and location relative to the surface influences the strength of the shock that emanates from its collapse when it reaches the surface, leading to a variety of different breakout conditions including jetting and localized material failure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗