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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Sequim Bay Underwater UXO Prototype Demonstration Site: Field Operations Summary, 2020

This report provides a summary of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s (PNNL’s) activities to initiate Phase II development of the Sequim Bay Underwater UXO Prototype demonstration site (MR-2735) in 2020. Testbed development and field operations were conducted by PNNL’s Coastal and Marine Research Laboratory (MCRL) in support of the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) underwater Munitions Response (MR) program. A series of standardized underwater unexploded ordnance (UXO) demonstration sites (“testbeds”) are being developed by SERDP/ESTCP to test, evaluate, and demonstrate technologies that can detect, geolocate, and classify proud and buried munitions in 0–35 m water depths. As a prototype demonstration site, Sequim Bay is a semi-enclosed marine waterbody containing sand and mud sediments with minimal clutter in 5–30 m water depths. MCRL is located at the entrance to Sequim Bay, where it provides operational, logistical, and facilities support for testbed activities.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2020

Xenon Abatement Simulations to Support the KAERI Medical Isotope Facility

To maintain and improve the verification regime that is outlined by the Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty there is a need to understand and reduce the radioxenon releases from medical isotope production facilities. In support of this objective Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) was tasked with, modeling and evaluate the abatement process and delay bed designs for the medical isotope production facility under construction by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). This report includes this analysis and provides PNNL proposed modifications to the KAERI adsorption bed design.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Molten Salt Loop Testing of Sensors and Off-Gas Components: FY23 progress

The Liquid Salt Test Loop (LSTL) at the US Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) was developed to demonstrate technology for high-temperature fluoride salt systems (Figure 1). The LSTL is primarily constructed using Inconel 600 alloy and operates at temperatures of up to 700°C. The facility is loaded with 165 kg of LiF-NaF-KF salt (FLiNaK). This salt provides a relevant test environment for de-risking technology while avoiding the costs and hazards associated with beryllium-based or uranium-bearing salts. FLiNaK is also an advantageous salt for the secondary side of molten salt reactors. The facility’s major components include a centrifugal pump for salt circulation, an air-based heat exchanger to reject heat, a suite of instrumentation, and trace heating to prevent salt freezing. Additional heating is available through an induction heater rated at 200 kW. The relatively large heating and cooling capability enables the formation of a temperature gradient across the loop (i.e., a hot and a cold side), which is important for chemistry and corrosion studies. The LSTL is a unique US capability for high-temperature molten halide salt testing. Although some efforts are underway at universities, the LSTL’s scale, co-located purification system, and relatively large power differentiates it from other testing systems. Furthermore, unlike efforts within industry, access to the DOE-supported facility and communication of results, which are generally disseminated publicly, result in a broad significance in the molten salt reactor community.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Potential safety impacts associated with production of gaseous PuF 6 due to reactions between 3013-compliant PuO 2 with Novec TM 1230 at temperature

A part of the NNSA/SRNS Surplus Plutonium Disposition (SPD) project is a planned expansion of an existing facility with capabilities to handle, process, package, and characterize large amounts of plutonium oxide materials for permanent disposition at WIPP. The facility design for this future processing capability will include glovebox operations, HEPA filters, and exhaust/ventilation systems. An NNSA review of the facility support systems included comments on the potential residual reactivity of previously-stabilized PuO 2 , and on the possibility of chemical interactions between stabilized PuO 2 and a new fire suppressant (Novec TM 1230), a replacement for chlorinated/brominated compounds such as HALON TM , to be employed in the event of a room/glovebox fire where PuO 2 will be processed.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Snowmass2021 Cosmic Frontier White Paper: Primordial black hole dark matter

Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) are a viable candidate to comprise some or all of the dark matter and provide a unique window into the high-energy physics of the early universe. This white paper discusses the scientific motivation, current status, and future reach of observational searches for PBHs. Future observational facilities supported by DOE, NSF, and NASA will provide unprecedented sensitivity to PBHs. However, devoted analysis pipelines and theoretical modeling are required to fully leverage these novel data. The search for PBHs constitutes a low-cost, high-reward science case with significant impact on the high energy physics community.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Microscopic Mechanisms of Superionic Na-ion Conductivity in Crystalline and Amorphous NaMOCl 4 (M = Nb, Ta) Solid Electrolytes

Sodium-ion solid electrolytes offer a sustainable route toward next-generation batteries, but few match the performance of their lithium counterparts. Halide-based NaMOCl 4 (M = Nb, Ta) has recently emerged as a promising analogue to LiMOCl 4 , yet its structure–transport relationships remain unclear due to poor crystallinity in experiments. Here, we combine density functional theory and machine-learned molecular dynamics to reveal that crystalline NaMOCl 4 exhibits negligible room-temperature conductivity with high activation barriers arising from vacancy-mediated diffusion below an order–disorder transition. Above this transition, rotational and translational motion of the [MO 2/2 Cl 4 – ] ∞ chains create new Na sites and enhances transport. In contrast, the amorphous phase inherently supports facile, three-dimensional Na diffusion through dynamic framework flexibility. These results show that ordered crystalline phases hinder ionic transport, while disorder – either thermally induced or structural – facilitates it, revising prior assumptions from the Li system and providing design principles for high-conductivity Na halide electrolytes.

Wei, Grace [University of California, Berkeley, CA↗
DOE OSTI2021

Tensorized Feature Spaces for Feature Explosion

In this paper 1 1 This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-000R22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan) This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract DE-AC05-000R22725., we present a novel framework that uses tensor factorization to generate richer feature spaces for pixel classification in hyperspectral images. In particular, we assess the performance of different tensor rank decomposition methods as compared to the traditional kernel-based approaches for the hyperspectral image classification problem. We propose Orion, which takes as input a hyperspectral image tensor and a rank and outputs an enhanced feature space from the factor matrices of the decomposed tensor. Our method is a feature explosion technique that inherently maps low dimensional input space in $\mathbb{R}^{K}$ to high dimensional space in $\mathbb{R}^{R}$ , where $R\gg K$ , say in the order of 1000x, like a kernel. We show how the proposed method exploits the multi-linear structure of hyperspectral three dimensional tensor. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method with experiments on three publicly available hyperspectral datasets with labeled pixels and compare their classification performance against traditional linear and non-linear supervised learning methods such as SVM with Linear, Polynomial, RBF kernels, and the Multi-Layer Perceptron model. Finally, we explore the relationship between the rank of the tensor decomposition and the classification accuracy using several hyperspectral datasets with ground truth.

Pasricha, Ravdeep Singh↗
DOE OSTI2024

Advancing Sustainability in Data Centers: Evaluation of Hybrid Air/Liquid Cooling Schemes for IT Payload Using Sea Water

Abstract-The growth in cloud computing, Big Data, AI and high-performance computing (HPC) necessitate the deployment of additional data centers (DC's) with high energy demands. The unprecedented increase in the Thermal Design Power (TDP) of the computing chips will require innovative cooling techniques. Furthermore, DC's are increasingly limited in their ability to add powerful GPU servers by power capacity constraints. As cooling energy use accounts for up to 40% of DC energy consumption, creative cooling solutions are urgently needed to allow deployment of additional servers, enhance sustainability and increase energy efficiency of DC's. The information in this study is provided from Start Campus' Sines facility supported by Alfa Laval for the heat exchanger and CO 2 emission calculations. The study evaluates the performance and sustainability impact of various data center cooling strategies including an air-only deployment and a subsequent hybrid air/water cooling solution all utilizing sea water as the cooling source. Here we evaluate scenarios from 3 MW to 15+1 MW of IT load in 3 MW increments which correspond to the size of heat exchangers used in the Start Campus' modular system design. This study also evaluates the CO 2 emissions compared to a conventional chiller system for all the presented scenarios. Results indicate that the effective use of the sea water cooled system combined with liquid cooled systems improve the efficiency of the DC, plays a role in decreasing the CO 2 emissions and supports in achieving sustainability goals.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Livability Assessment of Urban Communities considering the Preferences of Different Age Groups

Livability is one of the major guiding principles for urban planning and policymaking, of which the definition and evaluation have become the crucial research topic. As the progress in socioeconomic development accelerates, the microscale living conditions require more urgent attention. However, few researchers have addressed the assessment of urban livability at a finer spatial scale such as the community scale. Thus, this article aims to evaluate the urban environmental quality at the community level given the residential community as the basic unit of urban living areas. We select eighteen objective indicators from five dimensions to establish an objective indicator system. Taking the preferences of different age groups into account, a comprehensive evaluation framework for the livability of communities combining both subjective perceptions and objective indicator is constructed. Then, it is applied to evaluate the livability of 1,394 residential communities in Ningbo City. There are three significant results from the study. First, different age groups have diverse preferences of demands to the livability of an urban community. The indicators they valued most concentrated in the following two dimensions: the convenience of transportation and the completeness of supporting facilities. Second, there exists significant heterogeneity in the livability of communities among districts. Third, the livability of communities shows a decreasing spatial pattern from the city center to the surroundings. These empirical results can be advantageous to urban planning departments and other relevant stakeholders.

Liang, Xiaojin↗
DOE OSTI2024

ECP libraries and tools: An overview

The Exascale Computing Project (ECP) Software Technology and Co-Design teams addressed the growing complexities in high-performance computing (HPC) by developing scalable software libraries and tools that leverage exascale system capabilities. As we enter the exascale era, the need for reusable, optimized software solutions that can handle the unique challenges posed by these systems becomes increasingly important. The primary challenges the ECP teams faced were to create software libraries and tools that are performant on exascale architectures and portable and usable across diverse hardware platforms. Efforts addressed issues related to concurrent execution, memory management, and the integration of heterogeneous computing resources, such as GPUs from multiple vendors. The ECP’s strategy involved a structured development process encompassing the creation, optimization, and deployment of software in collaboration with industry, academia, and national laboratories. The project was organized into several technical areas: co-design of domain-specific suites with target applications, programming models and runtimes, development tools, mathematical libraries, data and visualization tools, and software ecosystem and delivery mechanisms. ECP has successfully developed a large portfolio of software libraries and tools that demonstrate significant improvements in performance and scalability on exascale systems. These products have been integrated into the Department of Energy’s computing facilities, supporting various scientific applications and ensuring robust performance across different hardware setups. ECP advancements in software development for exascale computing highlight the importance of a collaborative and adaptive approach to handling next-generation HPC systems complexities. The lessons learned emphasize the need for continuous engagement with end-users and vendors, and the importance of maintaining a balance between innovation and practical implementation. Future efforts will focus on ensuring scalability, keeping pace with rapid hardware advancements, and further enhancing the interoperability and usability of the software ecosystem. In conclusion, subsequent articles in this special issue provide in-depth discussions and case studies into specific library and tool efforts.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Model America - data and models of every U.S. building

The 5-year goal of the 'Model America' concept was to generate a model of every building in the United States. This data repository delivers on that goal. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed the Automatic Building Energy Modeling (AutoBEM) software suite to process multiple types of data, extract building-specific descriptors, generate building energy models, and simulate them on High Performance Computing (HPC) resources. For more information, see AutoBEM-related publications (bit.ly/AutoBEM). There were 125,714,640 buildings detected in the United States and this dataset contains 122,930,327 (97.8%) buildings which resulted in a successful simulation. Future, annual updates have been proposed that may include additional buildings, data improvements, or other algorithmic enhancements. This dataset of 122.9 million buildings includes: Models (state_county.zip) - OpenStudio (v3.1.0) and EnergyPlus (v9.4) building energy models. Please note that the download requires the free Globus Connect Personal (https://www.globus.org/globus-connect-personal); Each model has approximately 3,000 building input descriptors that can be extracted. Please see the EnergyPlus(v9.4) 2,784-page Input/Output Reference Guide (https://energyplus.net/sites/all/modules/custom/nrel_custom/pdfs/pdfs_v9.4.0/InputOutputReference.pdf) for everything that can be retrieved or simulated from these models. These models were derived from the following metadata, which is not included in this dataset: 1. ID - unique building ID 2. County - county name 3. State - state name 4. CZ - ASHRAE Climate Zone designation 5. Clim_Zone - text label of climate zone 6. est_year - estimated year of construction 7. est_commercial - estimated building type (0=residential, 1=commercial) 8. Centroid - building center location in latitude/longitude (from Footprint2D) 9. Footprint2D - building polygon of 2D footprint (lat1/lon1_lat2/lon2_...) 10. Height - building height (meters) 11. Area2D - footprint area (ft2) 12. BuildingType - DOE prototype building designation (IECC=residential) as implemented by OpenStudio-standards 13. WWR_surfaces - percent of each facade (pair of points from Footprint2D) covered by fenestration/windows (average 14.5% for residential, 40% for commercial buildings) 14. NumFloors - number of floors (above-grade) 15. Area - estimate of total conditioned floor area (ft2) 16. Standard - building vintage. These models are made free and openly available in hopes of stimulating any simulation-informed use case. Data is provided as-is with no warranties, express or implied, regarding fitness for a particular purpose. We wish to thank our sponsors which include Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD), U.S. Dept. of Energy's (DOE) Building Technologies Office (BTO), Office of Electricity (OE), Biological and Environmental Research (BER), and National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). This research used resources of the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. Please cite as: New, Joshua R., Adams, Mark, Bass, Brett, Berres, Anne, and Clinton, Nicholas (2021). 'Model America - data and models of every U.S. building. [Data set].' Constellation, doi.ccs.ornl.gov/ui/doi/339, April 14, 2021

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Machine Learning-Enhanced Multiphase CFD for Carbon Capture Modeling Run Data

Repository for the data generated as part of the 2023-2024 ALCC project "Machine Learning-Enhanced Multiphase CFD for Carbon Capture Modeling." The data was generated with MFIX-Exa's CFD-DEM model. The problem of interest is gravity driven, particle-laden, gas-solid flow in a triply-periodic domain of length 2048 particle diameters with an aspect ratio of 4. The mean particle concentration ranges from 1% to 40% and the Archimedes number ranges from 18 to 90. The particle-to-fluid density ratio, particle-particle restitution and friction coefficients and domain aspect ratio are held constant at values of 1000, 0.9, 0.25 and 4, respectively. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 using NERSC award ALCC-ERCAP0025948.

AMReX↗
DOE OSTI2020

ASCR@40

One page flyers on: A Revolution in Modeling and Simulation; Applying Equations to Complex Problems; Uncertainty Quantification; Moving Big Data; Grid Computing for High-Speed Collaboration; Making Sense of Big Data; Overcoming Scaling Challenges; Building Better Computers; World-Leading Computing Facilities; Supporting Science Through Open-Source Software; and Building the Computational Workforce. Content provided by Department of Energy multiprogram laboratory researchers. Prepared by the Krell Institute for the ASCAC Subcommittee on the 40-year History of ASCR.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nevada National Security Site Environmental Report 2019

This report presents the National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office environmental protection and monitoring programs data and the compliance status for calendar year 2019 at the Nevada National Security Site and at its two support facilities, the North Las Vegas Facility and the Remote Sensing Laboratory-Nellis. This report also addresses environmental restoration projects conducted by the Environmental Management Nevada Program Office at the Tonopah Test Range.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Area 6 Control Point: An Architectural Survey of the Area 6 Control Point, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO) proposes to demolish five buildings and five accessory resources in the Area 6 Control Point at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in Nye County, Nevada. The demolition and removal of the buildings and accessories constitute an undertaking subject to review under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) (54 United States Code [USC] § 306101) and its implementing regulations, 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 800. The buildings and accessories were recorded in Identification and Evaluation of 14 Architectural Resources Scheduled for Demolition, Area 6 Control Point and Vicinity, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada (Menocal et al. 2020). The report found that the five buildings were not individually eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP, National Register) but were potentially eligible as contributing elements to an unrecorded Area 6 Control Point district. The report also found that the five accessory resources were not individually eligible for the NRHP but they contributed to other historic properties, including the contributing elements to the unrecorded district. Finally, the report found that the undertaking would result in an adverse effect to historic properties. The State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) concurred with the report’s findings regarding the eligibility of the buildings and structures in the Area of Potential Effect (APE) and that the undertaking would result in an adverse effect (Reed 2020). The NNSA/NFO, in consultation with the SHPO, then developed the Memorandum of Agreement DE-GM58-21NA25543 Between the U.S. Department of Energy and the Nevada State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding Demolition of Fourteen Buildings and Structures in Area 6 of the Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, hereafter referred to as the MOA. The MOA stipulates that a district boundary be delineated with an accompanying boundary report and supporting photographs (Stipulation III.A) followed by an architectural survey of the potential historic district (Stipulation III.B). The SHPO reviewed and concurred with the proposed district boundary and accompanying boundary report and photographs (O’Neill et al. 2021) on August 23, 2021, in fulfillment of Stipulation III.A (Reed 2021). This architectural survey report has been prepared in accordance with Stipulation III.B. It includes an NRHP evaluation of the district, identifies contributing and non-contributing elements, and is accompanied by Architectural Resource Assessment (ARA) forms. The NRHP evaluation concludes that the Area 6 Control Point is recommended eligible as a historic district under the Secretary of the Interior’s Significance Criterion A at the national level as the location of the command center and various support facilities directly related to timing and firing operations for nuclear testing on the NNSS from 1951 to 1992. It is also recommended eligible under Significance Criterion C for embodying the distinctive characteristics of a nuclear command center in the context of the Cold War and as a significant and distinguishable entity. There are a total of 29 primary resources within the district boundary. Of these, 28 are recommended as contributing elements to the Area 6 Control Point Historic District and one is recommended as non-contributing.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hydrogen Blending into Natural Gas Pipeline Infrastructure: Review of the State of Technology

Hydrogen is an energy carrier that could play an important role in reducing emissions associated with difficult-to-decarbonize sectors including peaking and load-following electricity and industrial heating. Blending hydrogen into the natural gas pipelines has been proposed as an approach for achieving near-term emissions reductions and early-market access for hydrogen technologies such as electrolyzers. Numerous challenges and uncertainties complicate this approach to natural gas decarbonization, however, and this review summarizes current research on the material, economic, and operational factors that must be considered for hydrogen blending. First, this review explores previous research regarding the effects of blending hydrogen on gas mixture fluid and thermodynamic properties, pipeline materials and equipment performance within transmission and distribution networks, and supporting facilities such as underground storage and end-use hydrogen separation. We also investigate and summarize studies that developed mathematical models of natural gas pipeline networks with hydrogen blending, and the operational and techno-economic findings of these network studies. Finally, we discuss notable hydrogen blending demonstrations and their key outcomes. Many blending demonstrations internationally have proven that low hydrogen percentage blending is feasible under very specific scenarios with limited end-usage applications on both high-pressure transmission lines and low-pressure distribution lines. This report summarizes findings from literature into key areas of consensus and disagreement. Research gaps and disagreements between the literature are highlighted to provide directions for future hydrogen blending research.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2024

SYS-5620-Project - Achieving Robust Laser Performance utilizing Historical Shot Experiments - A Systems Engineering Proposal

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory precisely guides, amplifies, reflects, and focuses 192 powerful laser beams into a target about the size of a pencil eraser in a few billionths of a second, delivering more than 2 million joules of ultraviolet energy and 500 trillion watts of peak power. A crucial goal of the system is to trigger precise implosions of fuel capsules. This is achieved by delivering all 192 beams at user-specified times and locations on the target, minimizing any deviation from the requested performance. Power requirements can vary substantially on each experiment and the facility supports numerous amplifier pumping configurations and their attendant nonlinear effects. To achieve the tight performance required across such a broad array of configurations, constant comparison of measured and requested power delivery are tracked and long-term trends analyzed as a guide to understanding future performance. A very common question asked is given the current state of the laser today – how well would a similar experiment from the past perform today? Additionally, if one were to specify an alternate amplifier configuration using today’s model would and damage limits be exceeded and would there be an increase in performance. The physics model used to make these predictions and equipment protection checks is called the Virtual Beamline (VBL). VBL is used with an incoming desired pulse shape and energy to be delivered on target, and then does an iterative solve to predict the needed injected pulse in the front-end of the system to achieve this result. To effectively guide and predict future NIF experiment performance, laser scientists explore current amplifier configurations and compare them with historical data utilizing a tool called the Reverify Toolbox.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Time-dependent phenomena in correlated materials

Understanding time-dependent processes and light-matter interaction in strongly correlated materials, and the interplay between electronic, orbital, vibrational, and spin degrees of freedom, is a cornerstone of condensed matter. These mechanisms can be proven by measuring the response of the systems to time-dependent perturbations. The corresponding time scales are dictated by the way light couples to the different excitations, and how these excitations exchange energy and momentum. Our research advances our understanding of these processes, and the interpretation of different equilibrium and time-resolved spectroscopies. Our project encompasses two main themes: (i) developing and refining computational techniques to study non-equilibrium spectroscopies including non-perturbative effects and (ii) applications to non-equilibrium phenomena. We have developed a new computational approach that works directly in the time domain: by including all the degrees of freedom involved in the scattering process (e.g. electrons, photons, neutrons), we solve the time dependent problem: a faithful numerical simulation of the experiment. By measuring the energy and momentum of the outgoing particles, we can extract information about the energy and momentum absorbed by the system. Prior to our work, people attempting to model and calculate non-equilibrium spectral functions relied on a description of the scattering cross section based on a formulation in the frequency domain, a treatment that is extremely cumbersome and complex. Our technique works in and out of equilibrium and can reproduce spectra by several spectroscopic techniques, such as time-resolved photoemission, neutron scattering, Raman, X-ray spectroscopies (RIXS, Auger, XAS, XMCD), and, by not relying on analytical approximations, yields results that reveal novel overlooked transient mechanisms. These tools provide sorely needed intuition for understanding the phenomenology of strongly correlated materials and will help experimentalists in identifying signatures of relevant excitations in pump-probe experiments, such as those conducted in DOE supported facilities.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗