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This report is a compilation of information from Quarter Progress Reports submitted to the Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency Building Technologies Office (BTO) by SunPower Corporation. The report has been uploaded to OSTI by DOE as a substitute for the required Final Technical Report which was never received from the project recipient.
Electric vehicles (EVs) represent an important socio-economic development opportunity for islands and remote locations because they can lead to reduced fuel imports, electricity storage, grid services, and environmental and health benefits. This paper presents an overview of opportunities, challenges, and examples of EVs in islands and remote power systems, and is meant to provide background to researchers, utilities, energy offices, and other stakeholders interested in the impacts of electrification of transportation. The impact of uncontrolled EV charging on the electric grid operation is discussed, as well as several mitigation strategies. Of particular importance in many islands and remote systems is taking advantage of local resources by combining renewable energy and EV charging. Policy and economic issues are presented, with emphasis on the need for an overarching energy policy to guide the strategies for EVs growth. The key conclusion of this paper is that an orderly transition to EVs, one that maximizes benefits while addressing the challenges, requires careful analysis and comprehensive planning.
V2G AC is a type of grid interconnection by mobile battery that transforms an EV into a DER with the potential to stabilize the grid and lower costs for electricity. UL 1741SC is a critical new standard to enable grid interconnection of V2G AC-capable vehicles, by defining requirements for V2G AC-intended EVSEs as a gatekeeper between the grid and the EV to support grid safety, such as through redundant voltage trip (namely oversight). EVSE manufacturers need a clear set of conformance test cases and criteria by which to evaluate their equipment and confirm the compliance with UL 1741SC, so that the EVSEs performs as intended for the grid safety. Hence, NLR identified necessary conformance tests and performed the tests identified to understand the maturity.
This paper proposes the HIVE (Harmonized Integration of Vehicle Energy for Grid Support) model, a novel game-theoretic framework for decentralized coordination of electrified vehicles to enable black start and load restoration during grid outages. In the absence of a central controller, HIVE employs a cooperative game to model vehicle interactions, allowing autonomous decision-making while admitting to a Nash equilibrium for grid restoration. The framework addresses the heterogeneity of vehicles and their operational constraints, selecting a lead vehicle for grid-forming and coordinating grid-following vehicles to support prioritized loads. Applied to a hospital blackout scenario, HIVE demonstrates robust performance in forming an islanded microgrid and sustaining critical loads under varying vehicle availability, state of charge, and power constraints. Simulation results highlight the model’s effectiveness in ensuring decentralized coordination of energy allocation and prioritizing loads, offering a scalable solution for resilient grid operations.