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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Master Technology Roadmap

The National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) is a research consortium formed to accelerate transformative research in desalination and treatment to lower the cost and energy required to produce clean water from nontraditional water sources and realize a circular water economy. Prior to developing this master roadmap, a team of NAWI researchers and water professionals engaged in a detailed process of evaluating water uses, state-of-the-art technologies, emerging technologies and existing uses of desalination and advanced water technologies within five major water user categories in the United States. The resulting Water User Sector Roadmaps were complemented by a Baseline Analysis of a suite of representative treatment systems conducted by NAWI researchers working in collaboration with the hub’s Industrial Partners. This Master Roadmap, which synthesizes the findings from these different efforts as well as feedback from members of NAWI’s Research Advisory Council, serves as the basis for identifying NAWI’s research Areas of Interest (AOIs).

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Suspended Membrane Evaporators Integrating Environmental and Solar Evaporation for Oily Wastewater Purification

Solar-driven evaporation is promising in oily wastewater treatment, in particular for emulsions, but conventional evaporators suffer from pore blocking by residual oil or contamination by volatile oil compounds in the condensed water. In the current research, we develop a suspended membrane evaporator integrating solar evaporation with oil-in-water emulsion separation. The heating and evaporating interface is separated from the rejecting interface to avoid oil escape and improve heat management. A temperature gradient forms on the membrane surface that can promote evaporation performance by combining both solar and environmental evaporation. Such an evaporator achieves a maximum evaporation rate of 1.645 kg/(m 2 ·h) as well as an apparent evaporation efficiency of 111.9%. Moreover, the superhydrophilic and superoleophobic membrane shows excellent oil repellence and emulsion rejection, which can achieve an oil removal efficiency above 98.8% in oil-in-water emulsion separation, and high evaporation rate recovery in cycling tests. Furthermore, a scaled-up membrane evaporator array produces ~8 kg/(m 2 ·d) of clean water from oily wastewater in outdoor experiments, further demonstrating the strong purification performance of this evaporator in oily wastewater treatment.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Estimating Vadose Zone Flow Properties at the 100 K-East Soil Flushing Site Using ERT Monitoring Data: 2023 Interim Report - 100 KE Soil Property Estimation

In situ soil flushing is being using at the Hanford 100 K-East (100 KE) area to transport mobile chromium contamination in the vadose zone to the water table, where it can be collected and treat through pump and treat operations. The efficacy of soil flushing is directly related to the volume of clean water that infiltrates through contaminated soils. In practice, it is infeasible to comprehensively monitor which regions of the vadose zone are being infiltrated through direct sampling of pore water. Consequently, there can be significant uncertainty about which regions of the subsurface have been treated, especially if hydrogeologic conditions are favorable for the development of unstable flows and preferred flow pathways through the vadose zone (Jarvis, Koestel, and Larsbo 2016). Current approaches for quantitative monitoring of soil flushing performance rely on contaminant concentration measurements collected from extractions wells. There is no quantitative information on the volume of flush water delivered to targeted regions of the vadose zone at the Hanford Site, leading to significant uncertainty regarding source term removal and long-term impacts to groundwater. If the subsurface hydrogeologic properties at the 100 KE Area were adequately known, qualitative metrics of soil flushing performance could be simulated, thereby negating expenses required to obtain quantitative performance information through borehole drilling/sampling. However, estimating in situ hydrogeologic properties has long proven elusive, due primarily to a lack of sufficient information to constrain heterogeneous property estimates to a useful degree of certainty. Estimating vadose zone hydrogeologic properties is particularly challenging due the dependence of hydraulic conductivity on saturation. This report describes progress toward a first-of-its-kind demonstration using surface time-lapse 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) monitoring data to estimate the hydrogeologic properties that control flush water transport at the 100 KE soil flushing site. The ultimate objective is (1) to verify sufficient information exists in the ERT monitoring data to adequately resolve vadose zone hydraulic properties, and (2) generate a “digital twin” (i.e., a numerical simulator) that can be used to simulate the amount of flush water that has been delivered to each targeted region of the vadose zone, and thereby assess the efficacy of flush water delivery. Resulting performance estimates can be used in leu of comprehensive borehole drilling and direct sampling (or wellbore logging) that would otherwise be required to obtain the same information.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Techno-Economic Analysis of a Microgrid System for Rural Communities in the United States

Access to running water has been a pressing issue in many developing countries across the globe, and also continues to be a problem in some rural areas in the United States. Today, more than two million Americans living in rural areas lack access to basic water supply and infrastructure. Rural communities tend to be located in environmentally fragile areas with poor economic conditions, making access to appropriate, low-cost technology for clean water supply and sanitation more challenging. In addition, many of the water resources located in these areas are being jeopardized by climate change in recent years. This research proposes a photovoltaic (PV)-battery microgrid system for powering water pumps in off-grid areas in an effort to identify economically and technologically feasible solution to the problems. Utilizing the HOMER Pro software, developed by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the case of the Navajo Nation is examined by analyzing the effects of this region's air temperature on the life and performance of battery storage and the economics of the proposed microgrid system.

battery↗
DOE OSTI2020

Subsurface Biogeochemical Research: Watershed System Science for Energy

The Subsurface Biogeochemical Research (SBR) program within the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Biological and Environmental Research is strategically aligned with DOE’s mission to ensure U.S. security and prosperity through watershed system science. Water resources critical for energy production are under pressure from growing water demand, contamination, drought, flooding, and saltwater intrusion. Sustainable management of watershed systems and their coupling with the built environment rely on understanding the hydrological and biogeochemical processes that control watershed system dynamics and water availability and quality. Next-generation science-based models of watershed systems are needed to address many U.S. energy and environmental challenges, including contaminant cleanup, clean water availability, safe storage of energy and nuclear byproducts in the subsurface, nutrient availability for sustainable biofuel crops, and recovery of subsurface energy resources.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Flexible operation of nuclear hybrid energy systems for load following and water desalination

Nuclear hybrid energy systems (NHES) have the potential to provide dependable and emission-free electricity to the grid while also increasing the flexibility and reliability of the electrical grid. Molten salt reactor (MSR) technology can provide consistent, carbon-free electricity while also increasing efficiency, security, and sustainability and reducing nuclear waste. This study investigates the integration of Molten Salt Reactors (MSR) and conventional Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) with desalination technologies: Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD), Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSFD), and Reverse Osmosis (RO). Dynamic first-principles models were developed and tested using real grid data from the New York Independent System Operator. The results demonstrate that nuclear power is capable of flexibly responding to changing grid demand while simultaneously producing clean water, particularly during periods of low electricity demand. The MSR-RO system was found to be the most efficient in electricity generation and water production, and all hybrid systems reduced CO2 emissions by 356,000 to 682,000 tons annually. Economic analysis reveals that nuclear desalination technologies are cost-competitive with conventional systems, especially when paired with RO. Finally, these findings confirm the technical feasibility and environmental benefits of nuclear hybrid systems for sustainable electricity and water production.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Brackish water desalination using reverse osmosis and capacitive deionization at the water-energy nexus

Here, we present a critical review of the reported performance of reverse osmosis (RO) and capacitive deionization (CDI) for brackish water (salinity < 5.0 g/L) desalination from the aspects of engineering, energy, economy and environment. We first illustrate the criteria and the key performance indicators to evaluate the performance of brackish water desalination. We then systematically summarize technological information of RO and CDI, focusing on the effect of key parameters on desalination performance, as well as energy-water efficiency, economic costs and environmental impacts (including carbon footprint). We provide in-depth discussion on the interconnectivity between desalination and energy, and the trade-off between kinetics and energetics for RO and CDI as critical factors for comparison. We also critique the results of technical-economic assessment for RO and CDI plants in the context of large-scale deployment, with focus on lifetime-oriented consideration to total costs, balance between energy efficiency and clean water production, and pretreatment/post-treatment requirements. Finally, we illustrate the challenges and opportunities for future brackish water desalination, including hybridization for energy-efficient brackish water desalination, co-removal of specific components in brackish water, and sustainable brine management with innovative utilization. Our study reveals that both RO and CDI should play important roles in water reclamation and resource recovery from brackish water, especially for inland cities or rural regions.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nickel Enhances InPd-Catalyzed Nitrate Reduction Activity and N 2 Selectivity

Palladium–indium (PdIn) is a well-established bimetallic composition for reductively degrading nitrate anions, one of the most ubiquitous contaminants in the groundwater. However, the scarcity and the variable price of these rare-earth and platinum group critical metals may hinder their use for water treatment. Nickel (Ni), a nonprecious metal in the same element group as Pd, could partially replace and lower Pd usage if the resulting trimetallic composition is sufficiently catalytically active. Herein, we report the synthesis and nitrate reduction catalysis of activated carbon-supported “In-on-Pd-on-Ni” catalysts (InPdNi/AC). While bimetallic InPd/AC (0.05 wt % In, 1.3 wt % Pd) was expectedly active, trimetallic InPdNi/AC containing the same In amount, much less Pd (0.1 wt %), and 1 wt % Ni was >17 more active (k cat ≈ 20 vs 349 L min –1 g surface metal –1 ). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that Pd gained electron density from Ni, correlating to the increased nitrate reduction activity. Ammonium byproduct selectivity for InPdNi/AC (18% at 50% nitrate conversion) was lower compared to that of InPd/AC (48%), suggestive of the higher surface coverage of NO or its greater reactivity with NO 2 – , which led to more N 2 . Accounting for the catalyst precursor, manufacturing costs, and spent metal recovery, we calculated that Ni incorporation lowered the net catalyst cost significantly (from $\$$1028/kg to $\$$170/kg). The trimetallic composition lowered, by ∼26 times, the catalyst cost of a stirred tank reactor sized to the same treatment capacity as that for the bimetallic case. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the partial replacement of the precious metal with an earth-abundant one leads to a higher efficiency and lower cost denitrification catalyst, via a material strategy that should be beneficial for other clean-water catalytic systems.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Membranes in Solar-Driven Evaporation: Design Principles and Applications

In this study, solar-driven evaporation process brings exciting opportunities to recover clean water and resources in a sustainable way from diverse sources like seawater and wastewater. Separation membranes, as a vital material in many environmental and energy applications, can contribute significantly to this process owing to their structural features. However, the unique roles of membranes in solar evaporator construction and process design are seldom recognized and not summarized yet from scientific principles and application demands, which forms the motivation of this review. Herein, the roles of membranes in different processes based on solar-driven evaporation are focused and the design principles of membrane materials and devices to meet the requirements of these applications are discussed. Fabrication strategies for photothermal membranes are introduced primarily, followed by a discussion on how to design membrane materials, devices, and processes to pursue optimal performance and realize advanced functions accompanied by evaporation. Furthermore, the future of this field is forecast with both challenges and opportunities.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Clarifying the trophic state concept to advance macroscale freshwater science and management

For over a century, ecologists have used the concept of trophic state (TS) to characterize an aquatic ecosystem's biological productivity. However, multiple TS classification schemes, each relying on a variety of measurable parameters as proxies for productivity, have emerged to meet use‐specific needs. Frequently, chlorophyll a, phosphorus, and Secchi depth are used to classify TS based on autotrophic production, whereas phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon, and true color are used to classify TS based on both autotrophic and heterotrophic production. Both classification approaches aim to characterize an ecosystem's function broadly, but with varying degrees of autotrophic and heterotrophic processes considered in those characterizations. Moreover, differing classification schemes can create inconsistent interpretations of ecosystem integrity. For example, the US Clean Water Act focuses exclusively on algal threats to water quality, framed in terms of eutrophication in response to nutrient loading. This usage lacks information about non‐algal threats to water quality, such as dystrophication in response to dissolved organic carbon loading. Consequently, the TS classification schemes used to identify eutrophication and dystrophication may refer to ecosystems similarly (e.g., oligotrophic and eutrophic), yet these categories are derived from different proxies. These inconsistencies in TS classification schemes may be compounded when interdisciplinary projects employ varied TS frameworks. Even with these shortcomings, TS can still be used to distill information on complex aquatic ecosystem function into a set of generalizable expectations. The usefulness of distilling complex information into a TS index is substantial such that usage inconsistencies should be explicitly addressed and resolved. To emphasize the consequences of diverging TS classification schemes, we present three case studies for which an improved understanding of the TS concept advances freshwater research, management efforts, and interdisciplinary collaboration. To increase clarity in TS, the aquatic sciences could benefit from including information about the proxy variables, ecosystem type, as well as the spatiotemporal domains used to classify TS. As the field of aquatic sciences expands and climatic irregularity increases, we highlight the importance of re‐evaluating fundamental concepts, such as TS, to ensure their compatibility with evolving science.

classification↗
DOE OSTI2021

Capturing the legacy of the U.S.-China EcoPartnerships program

Under the Ten Year Framework for Cooperation on Energy and Environment between the Governments of the United States and China, the two countries implemented a highly successful U.S.-China EcoPartnerships program . The program helped to grow 45 U.S.-China subnational partnerships and accelerate breakthroughs in technology and policy to achieve shared goals in clean air, clean water, and waste reduction. Following the culmination of the U.S.-China EcoPartnerships program in January 2021, this article captures the legacy of this impressive program by providing insights into its unique structure; the diverse set of projects that comprised U.S.-China EcoPartnerships; its commercial and environmental impacts; and the lessons that can be applied to future bilateral and multilateral subnational environmental programs.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nanoarchitectonics of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Capacitive Deionization via Controlled Pyrolyzed Approaches

Abstract Next‐generation desalination technologies are needed to meet the increasing demand for clean water. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a thermodynamically efficient technique to treat non‐potable water with relatively low salinity. The salt removal capacity and rate of CDI are highly dependent on the electrode materials, which are preferentially porous to store ions through electrosorption and/or redox reactions. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with “infinite” combinations of transition metals and organic linkers simplify the production of carbonaceous materials often with redox‐active components after pyrolysis. MOFs‐derived materials show great tunability in both compositions and structures but require further refinement to improve CDI performance. This review article summarizes recent progress in derivatives of MOFs and MOF‐like materials used as CDI electrodes, focusing on the structural and compositional material considerations as well as the processing parameters and electrode architectures of the device. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities associated with this research area are also discussed.

Wang, Hao↗
DOE OSTI2023

Co-Assembly of Carbon Nanotube Porins into Biomimetic Peptoid Membranes

Robust and cost-effective membrane-based separations are essential to solving many global crises, such as the lack of clean water. Even though the current polymer-based membranes are widely used for separations, their performance and precision can be enhanced by using a biomimetic membrane architecture that consists of highly permeable and selective channels embedded in a universal membrane matrix. Researchers have shown that artificial water and ion channels, such as carbon nanotube porins (CNTPs), embedded in lipid membranes can deliver strong separation performance. However, their applications are limited by the relative fragility and low stability of the lipid matrix. In this work, we demonstrate that CNTPs can co-assemble into two-dimension (2D) peptoid membrane nanosheets, opening up a way to produce highly programmable synthetic membranes with superior crystallinity and robustness. A combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements to verify the co-assembly of CNTP and peptoids are used and show that it does not disrupt peptoid monomer packing within the membrane. In conclusion, these results provide a new option for designing affordable artificial membranes and highly robust nanoporous solids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Choosing the Right Tool: A Comparative Study of Wetland Assessment Approaches

There are over 700 aquatic ecological assessment approaches across the globe that meet specific institutional goals. However, in many cases, multiple assessment tools are designed to meet the same management need, resulting in a confusing array of overlapping options. Here, we look at six riverine wetland assessments currently in use in Montana, USA, and ask which tool (1) best captures the condition across a disturbance gradient and (2) has the most utility to meet the regulatory or management needs. We used descriptive statistics to compare wetland assessments (n = 18) across a disturbance gradient determined by a landscape development intensity. Factor analysis showed that many of the tools had internal metrics that did not correspond well with overall results, hindering the tool’s ability to act as designed. We surveyed regional wetland managers (n = 56) to determine the extent of their use of each of the six tools and how well they trusted the information the assessment tool provided. We found that the Montana Wetland Assessment Methodology best measured the range of disturbance and had the highest utility to meet Clean Water Act (CWA§ 404) needs. Montana Department of Environmental Quality was best for the CWA§ 303(d) & 305(b) needs. The US Natural Resources Conservation Service’s Riparian Assessment Tool was the third most used by managers but was the tool that had the least ability to distinguish across a disturbance, followed by the US Bureau of Land Management’s Proper Functioning Condition.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Application of a Novel Heat Pump Model for Estimating Economic Viability and Barriers of Heat Pumps in Dairy Applications in the United States

Heat pumps represent an important opportunity for energy savings and decarbonization. This work investigates the techno-economic performance of high-temperature heat pumps (HTHPs) for use in the U.S. dairy industry. The studied heat pump performs a 50 °C temperature lift on a waste heat stream of cleaning water and applies the upgraded heat stream to a fluid milk pasteurization process. This work involved the creation of a HTHP model that estimated the coefficient of performance (COP), internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), and payback period (PBP), and emissions saved for a heat pump replacing a natural gas boiler. Capital costs, operations, and maintenance (O&M) cost, heat pump lifetime, electricity prices, natural gas prices, and a cost of carbon were varied to perform a parametric study on the factors affecting the break-even price of HTHPs. The results show that HTHP economics are highly sensitive to COP and energy price environment, and less sensitive to capital and O&M cost variance, leading to a large scatter of positive and negative NPVs based on U.S. location. PBPs demonstrate a defined threshold, based on energy price environment, below which favorable two-to-three-year PBPs predominate. This work is focused on the U.S. dairy industry, but international application in relation to fossil vs. electricity price regimes. Heat pumps have seen wider adoption in regions with a high ratio of fossil energy to electricity prices ($/MMBTU vs. $/kWh). The U.S. has plentiful natural gas resulting in lower fossil energy prices which has reduced heat pump adoption. This paper identifies potential first mover industries for HTHP adoption and their associated price regimes even in regions with lower ratios of fossil energy to electricity prices that exist many places globally.

ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION,↗
DOE OSTI2021

Highly efficient, rapid, and concurrent removal of toxic heavy metals by the novel 2D hybrid LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ]

According to a United Nations report, by 2050 nearly six billion people worldwide will suffer from clean water scarcity. This is mostly because of the exponential proliferation of world population, urbanization, industrialization, and water pollution. Heavy metals are common water pollutants that can pose grave public health consequences. Existing water purification systems are lack of materials that have the potential for quick, simultaneous, efficient, and cost-efficient removal of numerous toxic metals from wastewater. Here, in this work, we report the design and synthesis of an economically viable Layered Double Hydroxides - Stannic Sulfide, LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] that exhibits a rapid, efficient, selective, and concurrent removal of Cu 2+ , Ag + , Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Hg 2+ from parts per million (ppm) level to below 5 parts per billion (ppb) satisfying World Health Organization’s (WHO) safe drinking water limit. Moreover, LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] shows exceptionally high removal efficiencies of the above metals in acidic, neutral, and basic conditions. LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] also demonstrates enormous sorption capacities of 378, 978, 332, 579, and 666 mg/g for Cu 2+ , Ag + , Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Hg 2+ , respectively. Remarkably, LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] displays extraordinary tolerance to the concentrations of Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl - , CO 3 2– , NO 3 – ,and SO 4 2- , and other constituents in tap and river water, it efficiently sequestrates Cu 2+ , Ag + , Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Hg 2+ from ppm to safe drinking water levels in minutes. LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] shows pseudo-second-order sorption kinetics suggesting chemisorption adsorption mechanism involving M–S bonding. Altogether, the regeneratable LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] becomes an exceptional material that shows ultrahigh removal, unprecedented selectivity, rapid adsorption kinetics, wide pH stability, and a massive adsorption capacity. The integration of these features places LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] at the top of all adsorbents known to date and thus could be used for wastewater purifications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Logistics simulation of a remediation effort for a hypothetical radiological contamination scenario

To mitigate the effects following a large-scale nuclear or radiological material release in an urban environment and to expedite recovery, the Integrated Wash-Aid Treatment Emergency Reuse System (IWATERS) was developed. IWATERS consists of three operations: washing contaminated surfaces with an ionic wash solution, collecting, and treating the contaminated wash solution on-site to remove contaminants, and reusing the treated solution throughout operations to preserve the clean water resource. This study develops a framework to simulate the logistics of IWATERS deployment, thereby gaining an understanding of the timeline for decontamination operations. For this purpose, the Analysis of Mobility Platform and GoldSim were leveraged for a hypothetical contamination scenario covering 65,200 m 2 of an urban center. The framework reveals that remediation progress is limited by several resources, notably the availability of vermiculite, a reactive clay that is required to treat the contaminated wash solution. Further, this study also presents how the simulation approach can be used to characterize alternatives to reduce the influence of limited resources on operational progress. Overall, this work lays the foundation for evaluating different decontamination methods through detailed logistics simulation, i.e., by refining simulation assumptions and expanding the range of scenarios the simulation can depict.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effective removal of trace-level toxic metals from flue gas desulfurization wastewater using SiO 2 supported hydrogel sorbent

Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater generated from coal-fired power plants contain potentially harmful heavy metal pollutants that pose a threat to public health and clean water. In this work, we present a water stable polyethylenimine-n,n’-methylenebisacrylamide (PEI-MBAA) functionalized SiO 2 solid sorbent material (PMS-1.2/1/4) and investigate its metal adsorption kinetics, selectivity, regenerability, and space velocity. The kinetic studies of six of the toxic heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, and Hg) prepared with single elements in Milli-Q water showed the effect of chemical bonding and intraparticle mass transfer resistance on the sorption process. The selectivity studies demonstrated the significant adsorption efficiency toward trace-level heavy metals (Se, Cd, U, Al, etc.) from authentic industrial FGD wastewater. Through five consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles with the FGD (uptake)-citrate (release)-based buffer pair, the sorbent showed high heavy metal removal ability and good reusability. The maximum flow rate for the removal of Se from industrial FGD wastewater was determined to be as high as 8 bed volumes/minute of the sorbent bed. Finally, the results demonstrate the PMS-1.2/1.4 sorbent is a promising candidate for the removal of heavy metals from practical aqueous solutions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗