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DOE OSTI2024

Drug providers’ perspectives on antibiotic misuse practices in eastern Ethiopia: a qualitative study

Objective Antibiotic misuse includes using them to treat colds and influenza, obtaining them without a prescription, not finishing the prescribed course and sharing them with others. Although drug providers are well positioned to advise clients on proper stewardship practices, antibiotic misuse continues to rise in Ethiopia. It necessitates an understanding of why drug providers failed to limit such risky behaviours. This study aimed to explore drug providers’ perspectives on antibiotic misuse practices in eastern Ethiopia. Setting The study was conducted in rural Haramaya district and Harar town, eastern Ethiopia. Design and participants An exploratory qualitative study was undertaken between March and June 2023, among the 15 drug providers. In-depth interviews were conducted using pilot-tested, semistructured questions. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, translated into English and analysed thematically. The analyses considered the entire dataset and field notes. Results The study identified self-medication pressures, non-prescribed dispensing motives, insufficient regulatory functions and a lack of specific antibiotic use policy as the key contributors to antibiotic misuse. We found previous usage experience, a desire to avoid extra costs and a lack of essential diagnostics and antibiotics in public institutions as the key drivers of non-prescribed antibiotic access from private drug suppliers. Non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing in pharmacies was driven by client satisfaction, financial gain, business survival and market competition from informal sellers. Antibiotic misuse in the setting has also been linked to traditional and ineffective dispensing audits, inadequate regulatory oversights and policy gaps. Conclusion This study highlights profits and oversimplified access to antibiotics as the main motivations for their misuse. It also identifies the traditional antibiotic dispensing audit as an inefficient regulatory operation. Hence, enforcing specific antibiotic usage policy guidance that entails an automated practice audit, a responsible office and insurance coverage for persons with financial limitations can help optimise antibiotic use while reducing resistance consequences.

General & Internal Medicine↗

DOE OSTI2026

An Updated Synthesis of the Projectile Point Typology and Chronology of Eastern Idaho

The eastern Idaho archaeological record is a unique confluence of the Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, and Great Plains, resulting in a diverse and complex projectile point sequence. This study presents a revised typology and chronology of projectile points in the region, grounded in a comprehensive review of over 750 diagnostic examples from 16 stratified sites and 110 associated radiocarbon dates. We reevaluate existing classifications and propose a revised chronological framework with regionally appropriate types. This study provides a thorough background to eastern Idaho projectile points and contributes to broader discussions of projectile point typology and chronology in the Desert West, offering a robust tool for future archaeological research in the region.

99 - GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2025

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - The Mer Bleue peatland is primarily a large ombrotrophic bog located in the Ottawa River Valley, 10 km east of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (45.40º N lat., 75.50º W long.). Mean annual temperature is 6.3ºC ranging from -10.5ºC in January to 21.0ºC in July. Mean annual precipitation is 943 mm, 268 mm of which falls during the summer months (Environment Canada; climate normals). Peat began to form approximately 8500 years ago, but the bog phase began later, about 6400 years ago (Lafleur et al., 2003; Richard, pers. comm.). The peat depth now ranges from 2 m at the edge to >5 m in the middle. Beaver ponds are found at the lagg margin of the bog. The bog is dominated by plant communities comprised primarily of the ericaceous shrubs Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench, Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, and Kalmia angustifolia L. Clusters of the deciduous shrub Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. and the tufted sedge Eriophorum vaginatum L. are fairly common across the bog. The most common tree species found in the bog are Larix laricina (Duroi) K. Koch., Betula populifolia Marshall and Picea mariana (Miller) BSP occurring less frequently. In the poor fen, located to the north of the bog proper, community composition is primarily composed of the ericaceous shrubs listed above, including higher densities of K. angustifolia and Andromeda glaucophylla Link. The primary sedge in this area is Carex oligosperma Michx. All sites are dominated by an under story of bryophytes, mainly Sphagnum magellanicum Brid., Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw., and Polytrichum strictum Brid. in the bog, with Sphagnum papillosum Lindb., and Sphagnum fallax (Klinggr.) Klinggr. common in the wetter portions of the poor fen

Humphreys, Elyn [Carleton University]↗

DOE OSTI2025

Simulation of Physics-Based 0-10Hz Strong Motion Using High Performance Computing Supporting Refinements to Regional Ground Motion Models for the Central Eastern US

In collaboration with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) the LLNL has developed a computationally efficient simulation platform designed to perform physics-based ground motion simulations for crustal earthquakes in the Stable Continental Regions of Central and Eastern US (CEUS), using high-performance computing. The main objective of the earthquake simulations was to use synthetic ground motion to provide constrains to refinements of existing ergodic Ground Motion Models (GMMs), for large magnitude earthquakes and near-fault distances, for which these models are less reliable. Physics-based broadband (0-10Hz) ground motion simulations were used to estimate the near-fault ground motion amplitudes and within event and between-event variabilities associated with fault rupture characteristics. In our simulations we used a 3D regional velocity model that was based on Saikia’s 1D velocity model (1994). In simulations performed during the first stage of this project the Saikia’s velocity model demonstrated better performance in modelling high frequency regional wave propagation for the CEUS region recorded during the Mw5.0 November 7, 2016, Cushing Oklahoma (Taylor et al., 2017), and Mw5.8 September 3, 2016, Pawnee Oklahoma earthquakes. The proposed regional 3D model includes random perturbations to the 1D background model using the stochastic scheme of Pitarka and Mellors (2021). In addition, validation analysis of the rupture generator and regional wave propagation models, using comparisons with different GMMs for Mw6.5 and Mw7.0 scenario earthquakes in the CEUS region resulted in a very good match between the simulated and empirical ground motion models. For the purposes of seismic hazard assessment at the existing and planned nuclear power plants, NRC is interested in studies aimed at improving the current ground motion models (GMM) for both Stable Continental Regions (SCR) in the Central and Eastern US and Active Crustal Regions (ACR) in the Western US. Due to lack of recorded data, these improvements require synthetic data for short fault distances and large magnitude earthquakes for which the existing recorded data is not enough to uniquely constrain the GMMs. The need for simulations and strong motion data is especially critical for the CEUS region where we do not have recorded data from potentially large damaging earthquakes with moment magnitudes 6.0 and higher. In this the project, we focused on 10Hz simulations of Mw7.0 scenario earthquakes with strike slip and thrust faulting mechanisms. We used more than 50 Mw7.0 earthquake rupture scenarios to investigate the ground motion uncertainty due to unknown earthquake rupture parameters, in particular, the slip distribution, rupture velocity, and faulting mechanism, and their implication on ground motion amplification due to forward rupture directivity effects.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Measurements and Analyses to Enable Science for the Eastern Pacific Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (EPCAPE)

Coastal cities provide the opportunity to characterize the substantial effects of manmade particles on marine cloud properties and processes. La Jolla lies to the north of San Diego, California, but it is often about a day directly downwind of the major pollution sources located in the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. The large dynamic range of aerosol particle concentrations combined with the multi-hour to multi-day persistence of stratocumulus cloud layers makes the site ideal for investigating the seasonal changes in cloud and aerosol properties as well as the quantitative relationships between cloud and aerosol properties. The Eastern Pacific Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (EPCAPE) characterized the extent, radiative properties, aerosol interactions, and precipitation characteristics of stratocumulus clouds in the Eastern Pacific across all four seasons at two coastal sites in La Jolla. This project was designed to enhance and expand the scientific uses of the ARM AMF1 measurements from EPCAPE. The goal was to ensure meaningful observations were collected that would enable science. The project included the following objectives: (1) Reviewing the ARM AMF1 measurements [ARM, 2021a; b] and circulating a summary of the measurements each week, (2) Comparing AMF1 measurements to those provided by collaborators (including filter measurements at the pier), (3) Collecting and analyzing filter samples from Scripps Pier by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), (4) Assisting in operations of instruments provided by Guest PIs when possible, and (5) Providing an initial compilation of EPCAPE aerosol and cloud seasonal differences. The expected outcomes of these objectives were enhanced proposals and publications using EPCAPE measurements by helping to identify instrument issues, expanded data access and awareness by distributing weekly plots and related summaries, improved source-related attribution of aerosols with elemental tracers, additional observations provided by Guest PIs, and accelerated ACI studies enabled by the compiled seasonal summaries of aerosol and cloud properties. Three examples of the science enabled by this project are findings that (i) aerosol and cloud aqueous production contributes more than half of sulfate particle mass concentration, (ii) upwind sources make chemical composition very similar at nearby sites despite local differences in meteorology, and (iii) most of the large mass concentration of semi-volatile organic components is co-emitted and co-evaporated with nitrate. Together these findings illustrate how ARM extended field campaigns in coastal regions can be used to constrain ACI processes with direct observations. By using the unique ARM suite of cloud radiative products in addition to the measured aerosol properties at a coastal location, we were able to address the more specific question of which aerosol particles cause how much of the effects on clouds. Identifying this signature in coastal areas provides an opportunity to test the representation of aerosol sources by global models in a range of clean and urban-influenced conditions.

Russell, Lynn [Univ. of California, San Diego, CA ↗

DOE OSTI2024

Value of Nuclear Energy to the Reliability of the North American Power System: Results for Western and Eastern Interconnections

This report documents the fulfillment of a milestone for the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program: completing a baseline study of regional impact of nuclear power plants and hydrogen production in maintaining grid services and power quality. Models have been comprehensively demonstrated for the Western Interconnection, or Western Electric Coordinating Council area, and in the Eastern Interconnection for scenarios representative of past extreme events (e.g., drought and heat waves). Understanding the impact on the reliability of the bulk electric system of any reduction in generation capacity from nuclear power, for any reason, is the motivation of this work. Factors that might lead to the premature or unplanned closure of nuclear plants, extended outages, or repurposing of nuclear power include: • Aging infrastructure: Many nuclear power plants in the U.S. are nearing the end of their designed operating lives. Upgrading aging infrastructure can be expensive, and some utilities may choose to retire plants rather than invest in costly upgrades. • Low wholesale electricity prices: The deregulation of the electricity market in many states has led to increased competition and driven down wholesale electricity prices, causing nuclear power operators to seek other revenue sources for their heat and power such as clean hydrogen production. • Renewables growth: The rapid growth of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power is posing a challenge to traditional generation sources like nuclear. While many see renewables as a key part of the clean energy transition, their intermittent nature requires additional grid solutions for reliable power supply. • The potential for regulatory decisions to be in conflict: In its 2021 rulemaking, EPA rule (86 FR 880), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set a compliance date for the ban on processing and distribution in commerce of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (DecaBDE). Since DecaBDE is in many components, particularly wiring, of nuclear power plants which are deemed safety-related or important to safety, three plants would not have been able to restart after their 2023 spring outages, and numerous others would have faced issues in the near future. Fortunately, in this case, the EPA provided relief to the nuclear energy industry. The report provides a summary of the significant role nuclear energy plays in the United States’ power generation mix, supplying around 20% of the nation’s electricity generation, spread across 28 U.S. states. Nuclear power is reliable, mostly unaffected by weather and seasonal changes, and provides a consistent source of baseload power. In terms of capacity, nuclear power plants account for as much as 26% of balancing area power generation capacity. Nuclear power also provides a substantial contribution (e.g., 10% of the inertia in the Eastern Interconnection) of the synchronous spinning mass/inertia that buffers the rate at which frequency changes when a load and generation imbalance occurs (e.g., a large plant trips or a load is suddenly shed due to a transmission outage). This contribution is critical for maintaining grid stability during sudden changes in load or generation.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Cloud-Based Demonstration of the Eastern Interconnection Situational Awareness Monitoring System (ESAMS)

This report describes a cloud-based implementation and field demonstration of the Eastern Interconnection Situational Awareness and Monitoring System (ESAMS). ESAMS was developed to support the detection and source localization of forced oscillations using synchrophasor measurements from tie-lines connecting areas served by different reliability coordinators (RCs), so that RCs could better coordinate their response to wide-area events. A previous effort had identified deployment barriers associated with hosting shared situational awareness tools at a single RC. To address these barriers, ESAMS was migrated to Amazon Web Services and evaluated in a six-month field demonstration. ISO New England (ISO-NE) and PJM streamed data to the platform using AWS Direct Connect and a site-to-site VPN, respectively. The resulting multi-utility measurement footprint enabled regional source localization across major portions of the U.S. Eastern Interconnection and supported routine identification of oscillation events. During the final three months of the trial, 24 events above 2 MW/MVAR were detected. The largest detected oscillation approached a 25 MW peak-to-peak amplitude, and the longest persisted intermittently for more than 11 hours. The demonstration also assessed operational considerations—including data transfer volumes, end-to-end latency, and cloud computing costs—and found that network and compute requirements were modest relative to typical cloud capabilities while providing performance comparable to prior on-premises deployments. Overall, the results indicate that cloud hosting can provide a practical path to shared interconnection-wide oscillation monitoring. The cloud ESAMS demonstration establishes a foundation for broader utility participation and for building future wide-area analytics that leverage measurements across organizational boundaries.

Follum, James D.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Ameletus Mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Ameletidae) of the Eastern Nearctic

Fourteen Ameletus species are recognized in the eastern Nearctic (south of the Artic zone), including six described as new. Keys to adult males and full-grown larvae are provided. Taxonomic decisions were based on morphologic and genetic evidence. Their justification is discussed in depth and four species groups are proposed. The vast majority of Ameletus encountered in the eastern Nearctic are members of one of three triploid, clonal parthenogenetic species, at least two of which are of hybrid origin. Bisexual progenitors of the parthenogens were inferred using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers. The parthenogens likely arose during the Late Pleistocene when glacial advances brought previously allopatric species/populations into contact, and as glaciers retreated the parthenogens rapidly expanded their range while the sexual lineages remained in presumed glacial refugia. Although parthenogenesis is relatively common in Ephemeroptera, these Ameletus represent the first known cases of polyploidy and hybrid origin.

Funk, David H.↗

DOE OSTI2026

Impact on cloud properties of reduced-sulphur shipping fuel in the Eastern North Atlantic

The global reduction in shipping fuel sulphur that culminated in 2020 with an ∼ 80 % reduction has created a large-scale natural experiment on the role of aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI) in the climate system. We compare observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program's Eastern North Atlantic site (ARM-ENA; 39.1° N, 28.0° W) during two June to September periods: 2016–2018 (pre-2020) and 2021–2023 (post-2020). We find a significant (∼ 15 %) decrease in cloud condensation nuclei concentrations post-2020, which resulted in a decrease in cloud droplet number (N d ) and an increase in effective radius (r e ) of marine boundary layer clouds. However, cloud liquid water path (LWP) increased post-2020. The increase in LWP offset the increase in r e , resulting in insignificant changes to optical depth. MODIS and CERES data in the vicinity of ENA during these periods produce similar results also with negligible change in albedo and optical depth. Regional cloud occurrence declined in line with changes in the large-scale meteorology. Our results highlight the complex interplay of factors that modulate cloud feedbacks in the Eastern North Atlantic.

Mace, Gerald G. [Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT↗

NASA NTRS1973

Seismicity and recent faulting in eastern California and western and central Nevada: A preliminary report

The author has identified the following significant results. ERTS-1 imagery covering the eastern California-Nevada seismic belt were utilized to study the fault pattern in relation to the distribution of earthquake epicenters and Quaternary volcanic rocks. Many suspected faults not previously mapped were identified. These include several suspected shear zones in Nevada, faults showing evidence of recent breakage, and major lineaments. Highly seismic areas are generally characterized by Holocene faulting and Quaternary volcanic activity. However, several major fault segments showing evidence of recent breakage are associated with little or no seismicity. The tectonic pattern strongly suggests that the eastern California-Nevada seismic belt coincides with a major crustal rift associated with zones of lateral shear. New data on potentially active fault zones have direct practical applications in national and local earthquake hazard reduction programs. Positive contacts have been made with Kern and Ventura Counties to make results of this investigation available for application to their earthquake hazards definition projects.

Abdel-Gawad, M.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Volcano spacings and lithospheric attenuation in the Eastern Rift of Africa

The Eastern Rift of Africa runs the gamut of crustal and lithospheric attenuation from undeformed shield through attenuated rift margin to active neo-oceanic spreading zones. It is therefore peculiarly well suited to an examination of relationships between volcano spacings and crust/lithosphere thickness. Although lithospheric thickness is not well known in Eastern Africa, it appears to have direct expression in the surface spacing of volcanoes for any given tectonic regime. This applies whether the volcanoes are essentially basaltic, silicic, or alkaline-carbonatitic. No evidence is found for control of volcano sites by a pre-existing fracture grid in the crust.

Mohr, P. A.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Ages of flow units in the far eastern maria and implications for basin-filling history

The spatial distribution of major units of uniform relative age exposed in the far eastern maria and Mare Humorum was determined using a crater density mapping technique. Correlation of crater densities and radiometric ages of Apollo and Luna landing sites provided estimates of the absolute ages for the units. The combination of such data with relative age data from previous crater morphology studies produced a complete map of the distribution of major age units in the lunar near-side maria. The map shows that there are young (2.5 + or - 0.5 billion years old) mare basalts in the eastern maria, although most young flows occur in the western maria. The vents for the young flows generally are found along the edges of basins. Because old mare units (greater than 3.5 billion years old) are also commonly found around the edges of the basins, it is suggested that the basins were subsiding during filling, probably as a result of isostatic compensation due to the weight of the lava.

Boyce, J. M.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Geochemical anomalies on the eastern limb and farside of the moon

A variety of orbital geochemistry and photogeologic data was used to investigate major geochemical anomalies on the east limb and farside of the moon and to determine the processes responsible for their formation. These anomalies are located in the following regions: (1) near Langemak crater, (2) Mare Marginis, (3) Balmer crater, (4) terrain north of Taruntius crater, and (5) Van de Graaff. It was concluded that these anomalies are related to episodes of extrusive igneous activity which produced deposits with a variety of ages and compositions. Some of the associated volcanic deposits exhibit albedos and surface morphologies similar to those of the nearside maria, while others are now thinly covered by highland debris and are commonly represented by light plains units which exhibit clusters of dark-haloed craters. Little evidence was found for a genuine episode of highland volcanism (e.g., Apollo 15 KREEP basalt, highland basalt, etc.). The existence of intermediate basalts on the eastern limb and farside supports previous suggestions that KREEP-like volcanism was not limited to a small area of the lunar nearside. Eastern limb and farside volcanic activity has been more extensive in both space and time and has produced a greater variety of compositions than has previously been thought. Since thinly covered basaltic units can exert a strong influence on regional surface chemistry as determined from orbit, caution is urged in interpreting the surface compositions of highland terrains which exhibit a high density of dark-haloed impact craters.

Hawke, B. R.↗

NASA NTRS1984

New maps of Lakshmi Planum and eastern Aphrodite, Venus

Interest on Venus has centered on three regions; (1) Aphrodite Terra, especially east of the main uplant portion, (2) Ishtar Terra, especially Lakshmi Planum and its bounding scarp and massifs, and (3) Beta Regio-Phoebe Regio. The last region is topographically similar to the East African rift system, and has been inferred to have a similar tectonic origin. The Aphrodite region is part of a 21,000 km long tectonic zone that seems best explained as due to extension, and that may represent hot spots clustered along an incipient divergent plate boundary. The most interesting and complex portion of this tectonic zone is that part of eastern Aphrodite between Thetis Regio and Atla Regio. In contrast, the Lakshmi Planum region has many topographic characteristics suggesting that it is a true continent, and thus indicative of convergence and a thick crust. Detailed topographic contour maps of eastern Aphrodite Terra and of Lakshmi Planum are included.

Mcgill, G. E.↗

NASA NTRS1984

An Eulerian transport/transformation/removal model for SO2 and sulfate. I - Model development. II - Model calculation of SO(x) transport in the eastern United States

A three-dimensional, time dependent Eulerian atmospheric SO2 and sulfate transport/transformation/removal model is described and applied to the eastern U.S. The model was developed in anticipation of increased input to the atmospheric sulfur content by coal-burning power plants in the near future and is intended as an aid in identifying sources of SO2. The Eulerian transport model incorporates functions for chemical transformations, dry deposition, spatial topographical variations, spatial and temporal variations of mixing layer heights, the wind field, eddy diffusivities, deposition velocities, and temperature and water concentration profiles. Attention is also given to the SO2 photochemical oxidation mechanism and rates. Results from a 72-hr simulation of SO(x) transport over the eastern U.S., using actual 1974 meteorological data, illustrate the model's capability to depict interactions between emissions, transport, chemistry and removal. Concentration distributions are demonstrated to have significant spatial and temporal variations.

Carmichael, G. R.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Nitric oxide measurements at a nonurban eastern United States site - Wallops instrument results from July 1983 GTE/CITE mission

The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/Wallops Flight Facility nitric oxide detector used in the July 1983 GTE/CITE 1 instrument intercomparison is a chemiluminescence system which, at that time, had a detection limit of about 2 pptv (S/N = 1) for 60-s integrations. A substantial amount of NO concentration data was taken with this system at Wallops Island, VA, a site that should be typical of numerous nonurban coastal areas of the eastern United States and for which little other data are available. Midday concentrations under conditions of northwest winds averaged about 200 pptv, a value low enough to imply lower NO(x) amounts than are generally thought to exist in the eastern United States. During a 2-day period when the sampled air had spent 1-2 days over the Atlantic Ocean, average NO concentrations of 70 and 33 ptv were observed. Measurements at night indicated an average NO concentration of 16 pptv under wind conditions making contamination of the sampled air by local anthropogenic sources unlikely.

Torres, A. L.↗

NASA NTRS1986

The megageomorphology of the radar rivers of the eastern Sahara

The Eastern Sahara is devoid of surface drainage; this unusual characteristic distinguishes its morphology from that of most other desert regions where running water dominates landscape development. A map derived from SIR-A/B and LANDSAT images and the literature, shows the major presently known paleodrainages in the Eastern Sahara. This compilation permits consideration of the key questions: Where did the radar rivers come from and where did they go? Analysis of SIR-A data led McCauley et al. to suggest that the radar rivers, because of their southwestward trends, once flowed into the Chad basin. This key North African feature is a regional structural low formed in the Early Cretaceous in response to initial opening of the South Atlantic. The problem of the origin of headwaters for the radar rivers was less tractable. The idea that the source areas of the radar rivers might originally have been the same as those later captured by the Nile was proposed tentatively. A more extensive review of the Cenozoic tectonic history of North Africa reveals no reason now to suppose that the Central African tributaries of the present Nile were ever connected to the large alluvial valleys in southwestern Egypt and northwestern Sudan. formed in the Early Cretaceous in response to initial opening of the South Atlantic. The problem of the origin of headwaters for the radar rivers was less tractable. The idea that the source areas of the radar rivers might originally have been the same as those (The Ethiopian Highlands) later captured by the Nile was proposed tentatively. A more extensive review of the Cenozoic tectonic history of North Africa reveals no reason now to support that the Central African tributaries of the present Nile were ever connected to the large alluvial valleys in southwestern Egypt and northwestern Sudan.

Mccauley, John F.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Carbon monoxide measurements over the eastern Pacific during GTE/CITE 1

As part of the Global Tropospheric Experiment's Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (GTE/CITE 1) intercomparison, carbon monoxide (CO) measurements were made from the NASA CV-990 aircraft during the fall of 1983 and again in the spring of 1984. The experimental measurements for CO obtained during those flight series over the eastern and mid-Pacific are presented here. Data were acquired from 10 to 20 deg N latitude over the mid-Pacific and from 30 to 37 deg N latitude over the eastern Pacific off the coast of California. A seasonal variation of approximately 34 parts per billion by volume was measured over the altitudes and latitudes sampled, and a small latitudinal variation was also noted. The data are discussed in terms of the meteorological context in which they were collected.

Condon, Estelle P.↗