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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Electrospun Separator Based on Sulfonated Polyoxadiazole with Outstanding Thermal Stability and Electrochemical Properties for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Traditional polyolefin separators used in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are seriously limited by the issues of inferior security and poor electrolyte wettability. Most of the very promising candidate separators based on heat-resistant polymers are, however, inherently difficult to process. Herein, a unique sulfonated aromatic heterocyclic polymer, lithiated poly(diphenyl ether oxadiazole) sulfonate (Li-SPEOD), was synthesized through a simple one-pot method and further electrospun to act as a novel separator (es-Li-SPEOD) for LIBs. In this work, the prepared Li-SPEOD possesses a high degree of sulfonation with a high molecular weight (M w = 4.31 × 10 5 ). The es-Li-SPEOD separator exhibits excellent mechanical and fire-resistance properties and is able to maintain dimensional stability at a temperature of even up to 400 °C in air. The ionic conductivity (3.57 mS cm –1 ) and lithium-ion transference number (0.37) of the es-Li-SPEOD with an electrochemical stability window of 4.5 V vs Li + /Li can be improved by 382.4 and 32.1%, respectively, compared to those of Celgard-2500 in the LiPF 6 electrolyte. The enhanced rate capability and cycle performance of the LiFePO 4 –Li half-cell are therefore obtained. Moreover, the es-Li-SPEOD displays an outstanding dendrite-suppressing effect for the lithium metal anode. This research proves that the Li-SPEOD-based separator has a broad application perspective in next-generation lithium batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Modulating physicochemical interfaces enables li-rich oxides based ceramic solid-state li batteries under ambient conditions

Li-rich layered oxides exhibit promising potential applications in high-energy-density solid-state lithium metal batteries. Nevertheless, the strong oxidative oxygen species generate at high voltage, which poses great challenges to positive electrode-side interface stability. Herein, a robust in-situ polymerization gel polymer electrolyte with bifunctional additives is designed for interface modification. These additives, include lithium difluoro(oxalate) borate and LiPO 2 F 2 , regulate the Li + chemical environment in gel polymer electrolyte to enhance crosslink density without residual oligomer, which reduce gas generation and suppress contact loss, thus avoiding interfacial impedance divergence. Concurrently, the designed gel polymer electrolyte enables a wide electrochemical stability window (up to 4.7 V) and a high Li + transference number (0.82). Additionally, the additives induced F- and B-rich inorganic cathode-electrolyte interphase inhibits side reactions and oxygen/transition metal loss effectively, stabilizing the chemical interface. The as-constructed Li-rich layered oxides-based ceramic solid-state lithium metal batteries with gel polymer electrolyte interface modification exert a high discharge capacity of 276.5 mAh g -1 at 30 °C without external pressure, delivering a retention of 81.7% after 100 cycles at 25 mA g -1 during 2.0-4.7 V. This work provides a guideline for developing high-voltage solid-state lithium metal batteries via interfacial design.

Hu, Xinchao [Xiamen University (China)]↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tuning collective anion motion enables superionic conductivity in solid-state halide electrolytes

Halides of the family Li 3 MX 6 (M = Y, In, Sc and so on, X = halogen) are emerging solid electrolyte materials for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. They show greater chemical stability and wider electrochemical stability windows than existing sulfide solid electrolytes, but have lower room-temperature ionic conductivities. Here, in this work, we report the discovery that the superionic transition in Li 3 YCl 6 is triggered by the collective motion of anions, as evidenced by synchrotron X-ray and neutron scattering characterizations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Based on this finding, we used a rational design strategy to lower the transition temperature and thus improve the room-temperature ionic conductivity of this family of compounds. We accordingly synthesized Li 3 YCl x Br 6-x and Li 3 GdCl 3 Br 3 and achieved very high room-temperature conductivities of 6.1 and 11 mS cm -1 for Li 3 YCl 4.5 Br 1.5 and Li 3 GdCl 3 Br 3 , respectively. These findings open new routes to the design of room-temperature superionic conductors for high-performance solid batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

A family of dual-anion-based sodium superionic conductors for all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries

The sodium (Na) superionic conductor is a key component that could revolutionize the energy density and safety of conventional Na-ion batteries. However, existing Na superionic conductors are primarily based on a single-anion framework, each presenting inherent advantages and disadvantages. Here we introduce a family of amorphous Na-ion conductors (Na 2 O 2 –MCl y , M = Hf, Zr and Ta) based on the dual-anion framework of oxychloride. Benefiting from a dual-anion chemistry and with the resulting distinctive structures, Na 2 O 2 –MCl y electrolytes exhibit room-temperature ionic conductivities up to 2.0 mS cm -1 , wide electrochemical stability windows and desirable mechanical properties. All-solid-state Na-ion batteries incorporating amorphous Na 2 O 2 –HfCl 4 electrolyte and a Na 0.85 Mn 0.5 Ni 0.4 Fe 0.1 O 2 cathode exhibit a superior rate capability and long-term cycle stability, with 78% capacity retention after 700 cycles under 0.2 C (1C = 120 mA g -1 ) at room temperature. The discoveries in this work could trigger a new wave of enthusiasm for exploring new superionic conductors beyond those based on a single-anion framework.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Li + (ionophore) nanoclusters engineered aqueous/non-aqueous biphasic electrolyte solutions for high-potential lithium-based batteries

The use of aqueous/non-aqueous biphasic electrolyte solutions in Li-based battery systems circumvents the limitations of poor reductive stability of aqueous electrolyte solutions, broadening their electrochemical stability window. However, aqueous/non-aqueous electrolytes suffer from biphasic mixing and high impedance when Li ions cross the biphasic interface. Here we propose the use of 12-crown-4 (12C4) and tetraglyme (G4) as lithium ionophores to form Li + (ionophore) nanoclusters in both non-aqueous and aqueous phases to overcome the interface challenges in biphasic electrolytes. The Li + (ionophore) nanoclusters have the H 2 O-excluding inner Li + solvation structure in non-polar 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE), allowing fast charge transport across the biphasic interface without solvent mixing or water shuttling. Further, a tailored electrolyte formulation comprising the lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt, 12C4, TTE and H 2 O solvents (labelled LiTFSI-12C4@TTE/H 2 O) demonstrates low impedance (2.7 Ω cm -2 ) at the TTE/H 2 O interface and enabling 2,000 cycles of prelithiated graphite||LiFePO 4 coin cells at 850 mA g -1 with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.8%. Single-layer 22.5 mAh Li||LiMn 2 O 4 pouch cells using LiTFSI-12C4@TTE/H 2 O electrolyte with G4 delivered a stable discharge capacity of about 1.3 mAh cm -2 for 80 cycles at 0.5 mA cm -2 .

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Chemical interaction and enhanced interfacial ion transport in a ceramic nanofiber–polymer composite electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries

This article reports the synergy between ceramic nanofibers and a polymer, and the enhanced interfacial Li-ion transport along the nanofiber/polymer interface in a solid-state ceramic/polymer composite electrolyte, in which a three-dimensional (3D) electrospun aluminum-doped Li 0.33 La 0.557 TiO 3 (LLTO) nanofiber network is embedded in a polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) matrix. Strong chemical interaction occurs between the nanofibers and the polymer matrix. Addition of the ceramic nanofibers into the polymer matrix results in the dehydrofluorination of the PVDF chains, deprotonation of the –CH 2 moiety and amorphization of the polymer matrix. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra reveal that lithium ions transport via three pathways: (i) intra-polymer transport, (ii) intra-nanofiber transport, and (iii) interfacial polymer/nanofiber transport. In addition, lithium phosphate is coated on the LLTO nanofiber surface before the nanofibers are embedded into the polymer matrix. The presence of lithium phosphate at the LLTO/polymer interface further enhances the chemical interaction between the nanofibers and the polymer, which promotes the lithium ion transport along the polymer/nanofiber interface. This in turn improves the ionic conductivity and electrochemical cycling stability of the nanofiber/polymer composite. As a result, the flexible LLTO/Li 3 PO 4 /polymer composite electrolyte membrane exhibits an ionic conductivity of 5.1 × 10 -4 S cm -1 at room temperature and an electrochemical stability window of 5.0 V vs. Li/Li + . A symmetric Li|electrolyte|Li half-cell shows a low overpotential of 50 mV at a constant current density of 0.5 mA cm -2 for more than 800 h. In addition, a full cell is constructed by sandwiching the composite electrolyte between a lithium metal anode and a LiFePO 4 -based cathode. Such an all-solid-state lithium metal battery exhibits excellent cycling performance and rate capability.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effects of dilution in ionic liquid supercapacitors

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are synthetic electrolytes that have a large electrochemical stability window, making them attractive candidates for electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) applications. Due to their high viscosities and low ionic conductivities, RTILs are often diluted with organic solvent for practical use. Here, we study the effects of dilution on the performance of RTIL EDLCs using a simple mean-field model. We find that dilution diminishes the unfavorable hysteresis that results from a spontaneous surface charge separation (SSCS). As a result, the RTIL concentration can be used to modulate the proximity to the SSCS transition, and maximize capacitance. The interplay between the concentration and the correlation strength gives rise to complex zero-potential phase behavior, including a tricritical point and a λ-line, very similar to the Blume–Capel dilute Ising model. Additionally, electrodes that are solvophilic aid in the prevention of SSCS by drawing solvent molecules to the electrode and displacing ions. Solvophilic electrodes give rise to a phase transition at finite potential where the surface charge rapidly increases with a small increase in potential, leading to a substantial increase in capacitance and energy storage.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Resolving the Solvation Structure and Transport Properties of Aqueous Zinc Electrolytes from Salt-in-Water to Water-in-Salt Using Neural Network Potential

Zn Cl 2 solutions are promising electrolytes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Here, we report a joint computational and experimental study of the structural and dynamic properties of aqueous Zn Cl 2 electrolytes with concentrations ranging from salt-in-water to water-in-salt (WIS). By developing a neural network potential (NNP) model, we perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with accuracy but at much larger lengths and longer timescales. The NNP predicted structures are validated by the structure factors measured by X-ray total scattering experiments. The MD trajectories provide a comprehensive and quantitative picture of the Zn 2 + solvation shell structures. Additionally, we find that the O − H covalent bonds in water are strengthened with increasing salt concentration, thus expanding the electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes. In terms of dynamic properties, the calculated and experimentally measured conductivities are in good agreement. Through the analysis of the calculated cation transference number, we propose a three-stage charge carrier transport mechanism with increasing concentration: independent ion transport, strongly correlated ion transport, and small positive charge carrier diffusion through negatively charged polymeric clusters. Our study provides fundamental atomic scale insights into the structure and transport properties of the Zn Cl 2 electrolyte that can aid the optimization and development of WIS electrolytes. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

High-voltage water-scarce hydrogel electrolytes enable mechanically safe stretchable Li-ion batteries

Soft Li-ion batteries, based on conventional organic electrolytes, face performance degradation challenges due to moisture penetration and safety concerns due to possible leakage of toxic fluorine compounds and flammable solvents under mechanical damage. We design a water-scarce hydrogel electrolyte with fluorine-free lithium salt to achieve wide electrochemical stability window (up to 3.11 volts) in ambient air without hermetic packaging while balancing high stretchability (1348%), ion conductivity (41 millisiemens per centimeter), and self-healing capabilities for mechanically and chemically safe stretchable Li-ion batteries. Molecular synergy between hydrophilicity and lithiophilicity of zwitterionic polymer backbone is revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. The battery exhibits capacity retention under harsh mechanical stresses—enduring stretching, twisting, folding, and multiple through-punctures by a needle—while self-healing from repeated through cuts by a razor blade. Stable ambient operation for 1 month over 500 charge-discharge cycles (average coulomb efficiency, 95%) is achieved. A prototype self-healing electronic system with embedded soft batteries demonstrates practical application as a durable embodied energy source.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Methods—Meso-Scale Electrodes for Characterizing Diffusion-Reaction Properties of Redox-Active Organics in Viscous Electrolytes

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have recently gained interest as flow battery electrolytes. Their advantages include a wider electrochemical stability window compared to aqueous electrolytes, higher solubility for redox-active species, and negligible volatility. However, DESs are often highly viscous, and suffer from low ionic conductivities. This can make assessing redox kinetics difficult when attempting to determine their viability for energy storage. In classical voltammetric measurements, low ionic conductivity manifests as high solution resistance, thereby requiring "live" compensation of the electrolyte ohmic drop when performing fast-scan voltammetry. An uncompensated or inadequately-compensated ohmic drop leads to misinterpretation of the voltammetric behavior, e.g., assessing reversibility vs. irreversibility of a redox reaction. Here, we present micro-fabricated electrodes as facile "meso-scale" electrodes, which overcome these issues by nearly eliminating the ohmic drop while retaining uniformity of the current distribution over the electrode surface. Their use in precise transport-kinetics measurements is demonstrated using a redox-active organic, i.e., 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO in an aqueous medium and in ethaline, which is a viscous DES. This study provides a methodical approach to design and to implement voltammetry experiments using meso-scale electrodes leading to reliable measurements of diffusion-reaction properties of 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electrochemical Recovery of Iron from Spent Pickle Liquor by Chloride-Based Molten Salt Electrolysis

Spent pickle liquor (SPL) is a waste stream generated in the steel industry that presents both a disposal challenge and a potential resource for metal recovery. This study investigates the electrochemical extraction of high-purity iron metal from SPL using chloride-based molten salt electrolysis (CMSE). Electrochemical characterization of diluted SPL confirmed Fe 2+ as the dominant species. Thermal dehydration of SPL under inert atmosphere yielded FeCl 2 -rich solids, which were directly employed as feedstock for electrolysis in LiCl–KCl eutectic melts at 500 °C. Cyclic voltammetry of FeCl 2 in this melt revealed well-defined Fe 2+ /Fe 0 redox behavior within the electrochemical stability window of the supporting electrolyte. High coulombic efficiency (>85%) electrodeposition was achieved demonstrating that iron metal can be produced from dehydrated SPL by CMSE. The electrodeposited iron exhibited >98 wt% purity, which was further enhanced to 99.9 wt% via arc melting. The resulting iron powder was ferromagnetic, and its size distribution was found to be suitable for powder metallurgy applications. This work demonstrates a scalable, energy-efficient pathway for valorizing SPL into high-purity iron metal, advancing circular economy strategies in the steel industry.

Materials science↗
DOE OSTI2021

Helical Covalent Polymers with Unidirectional Ion Channels as Single Lithium-Ion Conducting Electrolytes

Single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes have attracted great attention as safe alternatives to liquid electrolytes in high energy density lithium-ion batteries. Herein, we report the first example of a crystalline anionic helical polymer as a single lithium-ion conducting solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). Single-crystal X-ray analysis shows that the polymer folds into densely packed double helices, with bundles of unidirectional negatively charged channels formed that can facilitate lithium-ion transportation. Such a helical covalent polymer ( HCP) exhibits excellent room temperature lithium-ion conductivity (1.2 x 10 -3 S cm -1 ) in the absence of external lithium salts, a high transference number (0.84), low activation energy (0.14 eV), and a wide electrochemical stability window (0.2-5 V). We found that nonflammable, nonvolatile ionic liquid can serve as a solvating medium and excellent conductivity enhancer (>1000 times increase). These ion-conducting properties are comparable to the best polyethylene oxide-based polymer electrolytes mixed with lithium salts. Finally, we show that the solvated HCP SPE enables the reversible cycling of an all-solid-state cell prepared with a high-voltage NMC 811 cathode. Our study opens up new possibilities for developing next-generation high-performance solid-state electrolytes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS2003

Preliminary Evaluations of Polymer-based Lithium Battery Electrolytes Under Development for the Polymer Electrolyte Rechargeable Systems Program

A component screening facility has been established at The NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) to evaluate candidate materials for next generation, lithium-based, polymer electrolyte batteries for aerospace applications. Procedures have been implemented to provide standardized measurements of critical electrolyte properties. These include ionic conductivity, electronic resistivity, electrochemical stability window, cation transference number, salt diffusion coefficient and lithium plating efficiency. Preliminary results for poly(ethy1ene oxide)-based polymer electrolyte and commercial liquid electrolyte are presented.

Manzo, Michelle A.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Thermodynamic Water Activity Explains the Unusual Electrochemical Stability of Aqueous Deep Eutectic Solvents

The presence of water in nonaqueous deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolytes has been debated in recent years, with efforts ranging from its complete removal to willful addition. It was shown that controlled amounts of water can be beneficial, as it not only enhances the physicochemical properties of these electrolytes but also has no significant detrimental effects on their electrochemical stability. Despite these advantages, there is still limited understanding of how water interacts with DES systems at the molecular level. This study examines the water activity in ethylene glycol and glycerol, as well as their binary mixtures with choline chloride to form the DESs ethaline and glyceline, respectively. In this work, we show that the high electrochemical stability of glyceline is related to its lower water activity compared to ethaline and can be attributed to the robust H-bonding network formed by the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol. Its 3D H-bond network effectively integrates water molecules within its solvent structure, reducing degradation and maintaining stability at higher water contents. The deviations from the ideal Raoult's law behavior are reflected in the water activity and activity coefficients, which highlight the intricate H-bond interactions within DES-water mixtures. Water acts like a lubricant within the more viscous DES mixtures without being detrimental to their electrochemical performance. The presented results emphasize the necessity of customizing DES-water compositions to enhance their performance as electrolytes, especially in flow battery applications where electrochemical stability, ionic conductivity, and fluidity are of utmost importance.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Polyacrylonitrile-based electrolytes: How processing and residual solvent affect ion transport and stability

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is one of the alternative candidate polymer hosts to form solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) besides the widely used poly(ethylene oxide). In this study, we systematically investigate the processing of PAN based SPEs containing lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt, using dimethylformamide (DMF) as the solvent. The effects of PAN processing procedure including solution mixing, casting, and drying on the morphology, ion transport, solvation structure, Li and oxidative stability of PAN electrolytes are thoroughly examined. In particular, four drying conditions are investigated and the amount of residual DMF is accurately determined using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Varying the drying conditions can lead to five orders of magnitude decrease in the ionic conductivity. As DMF content decreases, the SPE's stability again Li metal dramatically improves. The practical oxidative stability is also strongly affected by the residual DMF content, ranging from 2.5 V to 3.5 V, much lower than reported values. Finally, the role of the residual DMF solvent is elucidated. DMF content vitally influences ion solvation structure at different concentration regimes, which ultimately dictates the ion conduction mechanism and oxidative stability of PAN based SPEs. In conclusion, this thorough study lays the groundwork for future development of PAN based electrolytes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Closo ‐Borate Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Remarkable Electrochemical Stability and a Wide Operating Temperature Window

Abstract A major challenge in the pursuit of higher‐energy‐density lithium batteries for carbon‐neutral‐mobility is electrolyte compatibility with a lithium metal electrode. This study demonstrates the robust and stable nature of a closo ‐borate based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), which enables outstanding electrochemical stability and capacity retention upon extensive cycling. The GPE developed herein has an ionic conductivity of 7.3 × 10 −4 S cm −2 at room temperature and stability over a wide temperature range from −35 to 80 °C with a high lithium transference number ( = 0.51). Multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared are used to understand the solvation environment and interaction between the GPE components. Density functional theory calculations are leveraged to gain additional insight into the coordination environment and support spectroscopic interpretations. The GPE is also established to be a suitable electrolyte for extended cycling with four different active electrode materials when paired with a lithium metal electrode. The GPE can also be incorporated into a flexible battery that is capable of being cut and still functional. The incorporation of a closo ‐borate into a gel polymer matrix represents a new direction for enhancing the electrochemical and physical properties of this class of materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

A structural and electrochemical study of perfluoropolyether-poly(ethylene oxide) solid polymer electrolytes

Solid polymer electrolytes offer attractive safety, processability, and interfacial adhesion for enabling high–energy solid-state lithium batteries, but they are often limited by narrow oxidative stability windows and low lithium-ion transference numbers. In an attempt to broaden the electrochemical stability window and increase lithium-ion transference number of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes, we produce an optically clear, crosslinked membrane of PEO and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) using a mixed solvent method and subsequently infuse the membrane with a lithium salt. Structural and thermal analyses reveal nanoscale phase separation between fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon domains with characteristic spacings of 7–8 nm and an elevated glass transition for the hydrocarbon phase. Consistent with this, PFPE-containing membranes exhibit substantially lower ionic conductivity than PEO analogs (dry and plasticized). The transference number and electrochemical stability are similar to pure PEO. These results demonstrate that fluorination implemented as segregated nanoscale domains does not deliver the anticipated transport or stability benefits; instead, phase separation increases tortuosity and suppresses hydrocarbon-phase dynamics. The work underscores the importance of fluorine placement and morphology control, guiding the design of partially fluorinated solid polymer electrolytes toward architectures that avoid detrimental nanoscale phase separation.

Carden, Peyton [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000162296538)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Crystal Structure and Preparation of Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) Solid-State Electrolyte and Doping Impacts on the Conductivity: An Overview

As an essential part of solid-state lithium-ion batteries, solid electrolytes are receiving increasing interest. Among all solid electrolytes, garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) has proven to be one of the most promising electrolytes because of its high ionic conductivity at room temperature, low activation energy, good chemical and electrochemical stability, and wide potential window. Since the first report of LLZO, extensive research has been done in both experimental investigations and theoretical simulations aiming to improve its performance and make LLZO a feasible solid electrolyte. These include developing different methods for the synthesis of LLZO, using different crucibles and different sintering temperatures to stabilize the crystal structure, and adopting different methods of cation doping to achieve more stable LLZO with a higher ionic conductivity and lower activation energy. It also includes intensive efforts made to reveal the mechanism of Li ion movement and understand its determination of the ionic conductivity of the material through molecular dynamic simulations. Nonetheless, more insightful study is expected in order to obtain LLZO with a higher ionic conductivity at room temperature and further improve chemical and electrochemical stability, while optimal multiple doping is thought to be a feasible and promising route. This review summarizes recent progress in the investigations of crystal structure and preparation of LLZO, and the impacts of doping on the lithium ionic conductivity of LLZO.

Raju, Md Mozammal (ORCID:0000000319040523)↗