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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS2020

Far-Infrared Properties of Cyclic Olefin Copolymer

Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) is an amorphous thermoplastic with desirable dielectric and mechanical characteristics for optical applications. In particular, its low refractive index, overall mechanical strength, and absence of strong absorption features make it a promising substrate material for far-infrared applications, which include frequency-selective surfaces, scattering filters, and windows. The dielectric properties of selected COC formulations are surveyed from ≈10−700 per.cm (1000−14µm), and representative usage as a thin film membrane structure in optical filters is presented.

Wollack, Edward J.↗
NASA NTRS2018

A Dichroic Plate with Rounded Corners for NASA’s 34m Beam Waveguide Antenna

A S/K-band frequency selective surface (FSS) or a dichroic plate is designed, manufactured and tested for use in NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN) 34m beam waveguide (BWG) antennas. Due to its large size, the proposed dichroic incorporates a new design feature, waveguides with rounded corners to cut cost and allow ease of manufacturing the plate. The dichroic is designed using an analysis that combines the Finite Element Method (FEM) for arbitrarily shaped guides with the Method of Moments and Floquet mode theory for periodic structures. The software was verified by comparison with previously measured and computed dichroic plates. The large plate was manufactured with end-mill machining. Their RF performance was measured and is in excellent agreement with the analytical results. The dichroic has been successfully installed and in operational at three NASA Deep Space Stations.

Imbriale, William↗
NASA NTRS1984

Data documentation for the bare soil experiment at the University of Arkansas, June - August 1980

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the relationships between soil moisture and reflectivity of a bare soil, using microwave techniques. A drainage experiment was conducted on a Captina silt loam in cooperation with personnel in the Electrical Engineering Department. Measurements included soil moisture pressures at various depths, neutron probe measurements, gravimetric moisture samples, and reflectivity of the soil surface at selected frequencies including 1.5 and 6.0 GHz and at the incident angle of 45 deg. All measurements were made in conjuction with that of reflectivity data.

Sadeghi, A. M.↗
NASA NTRS1974

On the theory of compliant wall drag reduction in turbulent boundary layers

A theoretical model has been developed which can explain how the motion of a compliant wall reduces turbulent skin friction drag. Available experimental evidence at low speeds has been used to infer that a compliant surface selectively removes energy from the upper frequency range of the energy containing eddies and through resulting surface motions can produce locally negative Reynolds stresses at the wall. The theory establishes a preliminary amplitude and frequency criterion as the basis for designing effective drag reducing compliant surfaces.

Ash, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Design, Construction, and Testing of Lightweight X-ray Mirror Modules

Lightweight and high resolution optics are needed for future space-based X-ray telescopes to achieve advances in high-energy astrophysics. The Next Generation X-ray Optics (NGXO) team at NASA GSFC is nearing mission readiness for a 10 arc-second Half Power Diameter (HPD) slumped glass mirror technology while laying the groundwork for a future 1-2 arc-second technology based on polished silicon mirrors. Technology Development Modules (TDMs) have been designed, fabricated, integrated with mirrors segments, and extensively tested to demonstrate technology readiness. Tests include X-ray performance, thermal vacuum, acoustic load, and random vibration. The thermal vacuum and acoustic load environments have proven relatively benign, while the random vibration environment has proven challenging due to large input amplification at frequencies above 500 Hz. Epoxy selection, surface preparation, and larger bond area have increased bond strength while vibration isolation has decreased vibration amplification allowing for space launch requirements to be met in the near term. The next generation of TDMs, which demonstrates a lightweight structure supporting more mirror segments, is currently being fabricated. Analysis predicts superior performance characteristics due to the use of E-60 Beryllium-Oxide Metal Matrix Composite material, with only a modest cost increase. These TDMs will be larger, lighter, stiffer, and stronger than the current generation. Preliminary steps are being taken to enable mounting and testing of 1-2 arc-second mirror segments expected to be available in the future. A Vertical X-ray Test Facility (VXTF) will minimize module gravity distortion and allow for less constrained mirror mounts, such as fully kinematic mounts. Permanent kinematic mounting into a modified TDM has been demonstrated to achieve 2 arc-second level distortion free alignment.

contruction↗
NASA NTRS1977

Method of locating persons in distress

A method for locating any person in distress in a selected area on the surface of the earth who has deployed passive radio frequency (RF) reflectors in a predetermined arrangement is analyzed. A first transparency is made in the spatial frequency domain of an image of said predetermined arrangement of said RF reflectors. The said selected area of the surface of the earth is scanned by means of a side-looking radar, on board a satellite or aircraft, to produce radar images. Second transparencies in the conventional image domain are produced from the radar images. It is then determined from the first and second transparencies, by means of complex spatial filtering.

Sivertson, W. E., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Selection of optimum frequencies for atmospheric electric path length measurement by satellite-borne microwave radiometers

Numerical experiments using regressions by leaps and bounds have been performed to determine the optimum frequencies for satellite-borne microwave radiometers to estimate atmospheric electrical path length over the sea. The frequency range 5-40 GHz was searched. The effect of surface wind speed, sea surface temperature, and clouds was considered in the optimum frequency selection. The analysis indicates that approximately 0.6-cm rms accuracy is possible for one-way path length measurement using a proper pair of frequencies. The best two-channel subset selected by the leaps and bounds techniques is (16.0, 21.0) GHz.

Pandey, P. C.↗
NASA NTRS1978

A Microwave Pressure Sounder

An instrument to measure atmospheric pressure at the earth's surface from an orbiting satellite would be a valuable addition to the expanding inventory of remote sensors. The subject of this report is such an instrument - the Microwave Pressure Sounder (MPS). It is shown that global-ocean coverage is attainable with sufficient accuracy, resolution and observational frequency for meteorological, oceanographic and climate research applications. Surface pressure can be deduced from a measurement of the absorption by an atmospheric column at a frequency in the wing of the oxygen band centered on 60 GHz. An active multifrequency instrument is needed to make this measurement with sufficient accuracy. The selection of optimum operating frequencies is based upon accepted models of surface reflection, oxygen, water vapor and cloud absorption. Numerical simulation using a range of real atmospheres defined by radiosonde observations were used to validate the frequency selection procedure. Analyses are presented of alternative system configurations that define the balance between accuracy and achievable resolution.

Flower, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Resonant frequencies of irregularly shaped microstrip antennas using method of moments

This paper describes an application of the method of moments to determine resonant frequencies of irregularly shaped microstrip patches embedded in a grounded dielectric slab. For analysis, the microstrip patch is assumed to be excited by a linearly polarized plane wave that is normal to the patch. The surface-current density that is induced on the patch because of the incident field is expressed in terms of subdomain functions by dividing the patch into identical rectangular subdomains. The amplitudes of the subdomain functions, as a function of frequency, are determined using the electric-field integral equation (EFIE) approach in conjunction with the method of moments. The resonant frequencies of the patch are then obtained by selecting the frequency at which the amplitude of the surface-current density is real. The resonant frequencies of the equilateral triangular and other nonrectangular patches are computed using the present technique, and these frequencies are compared with measurements and other independent calculations.

Deshpande, Manohar D.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Test results for rotordynamic coefficients of anti-swirl self-injection seals

Test results are presented for rotordynamic coefficients and leakage for three annular seals which use anti-swirl self-injection concept to yield significant improvement in whirl frequency ratios as compared to smooth and damper seals. A new anti-swirl self-inection mechanism is achieved by deliberately machining self-injection holes inside the seal stator mechanism which is used to achieve effective reduction of the tangential flow which is considered as a prime cause of rotor instability in high performance turbomachinery. Test results show that the self-injection mechanism significantly improves whirl frequency ratios; however, the leakage performance degrades due to the introduction of the self-injection mechanism. Through a series of the test program, an optimum anti-swirl self-injection seal which uses a labyrinth stator surface with anti-axial flow injections is selected to obtain a significant improvement in the whirl frequency ratio as compared to a damper seal, while showing moderate leakage performance. Best whirl frequency ratio is achieved by an anti-swirl self-injection seal of 12 holes anti-swirl and 6 degree anti-leakage injection with a labyrinth surface configuration. When compared to a damper seal, the optimum configuration outperforms the whirl frequency ratio by a factor of 2.

Kim, C. H.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Low-frequency variability and wavenumber selection in models with zonally symmetric forcing

The authors consider a two-layer quasigeostrophic model with linear surface drag and forcing that relaxes to a zonal baroclinically unstable equilibrium state consisting of a meridionally confined temperature gradient. It is observed that the most energetic wave in the time-mean climate has near zero frequency and is not driven by upscale nonlinear energy transfers. This wave has a zonal scale near the long-wave cutoff of the equilibrium state, and its energy balance is mainly between baroclinic generation and dissipation. This maintenance mechanism is different from that suggested by beta-plane, two-dimensional, and quasigeostrophic turbulence arguments and may be relevant to the dynamics of zonally asymmetric low-frequency variability in the atmosphere, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere.

Whitaker, Jeffrey S.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Quasi-Steady Acceleration Direction Indicator in Three Dimensions

Many materials processing and fluids physics experiments conducted in a microgravity environment require knowledge of the orientation of the low-frequency acceleration vector. This need becomes especially acute for space experiments such as directional solidification of a molten semiconductor, which is extremely sensitive to orientation and may involve tens of hours of operations of a materials furnace. These low-frequency acceleration data have been measured for many Shuttle missions with the Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment. Previous attempts at using fluid chambers for acceleration measurements have met with limited success due to pointing and vehicle attitude complications. An acceleration direction indicator is described, which is comprised of two orthogonal short cylinders of fluid, each with a small bubble. The motion and the position of the bubble within the chamber will indicate the direction of the acceleration experienced at the sensor location. The direction of the acceleration vector may then be calculated from these data. The frequency response of such an instrument may be tailored for particular experiments with the proper selection of fluid and gas parameters, surface type, and geometry. A three-dimensional system for sensing and displaying the low-frequency acceleration direction via an innovative technique described in this paper has advantages in terms of size, mass, and power compared with electronic instrumentation systems.

DeLombard, Richard↗
NASA NTRS1977

Photoelectron spectrometer with means for stabilizing sample surface potential

An improved X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is disclosed, which includes circuit means to determine the surface potential of a sample, e.g., an insulator. The circuit means comprise an electron gun, whose potential is modulated at a preselected frequency above and below a selected potential with respect to the spectrometer common potential, e.g., ground. The beam of electrons is directed to the sample surface. The sample's surface potential is offset by an offset power supply with respect to the spectrometer common potential until the ac current which flows through the sample reaches a peak amplitude. A lock-in amplifier is included to measure the ac current in phase with the modulating frequency.

Grunthaner, F. J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Pyrotechnic shock measurement and data analysis requirements

A study of laboratory measurement and analysis of pyrotechnic shock prompted by a discrepancy in preliminary Mariner Jupiter/Saturn shock test data is reported. It is shown that before generating shock response plots from any recorded pyrotechnic event, a complete review of each instrumentation and analysis system must be made. In addition, the frequency response capability of the tape recorder used should be as high as possible; the discrepancies in the above data were due to inadequate frequency response in the FM tape recorders. The slew rate of all conditioning amplifiers and input converters must be high enough to prevent signal distortion at maximum input voltage; amplifier ranges should be selected so that the input pulse is approximately 50% of full scale; the Bessel response type should be chosen for digital shock analysis if antialiasing filters are employed; and transducer selection must consider maximum acceleration limit, mounted resonance frequency, flat clean mounting surfaces, base bending sensitivity, and proper torque.

Albers, L.↗
NASA NTRS2020

The Precipitation Rate Retrieval Algorithms for the GPM Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar

In this paper, precipitation rate retrieval algorithms for the Global Precipitation Measurement mission's Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) are developed. The DPR consists of a Ku-band radar (KuPR; 13.6 GHz) and a Ka-band radar (KaPR; 35.5 GHz). For the KuPR, an algorithm similar to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission's Precipitation Radar algorithm is developed, with the relation between precipitation rate R and massweighted mean diameter D m (R−D m relation) replacing the relation between the specific attenuation k and effective radar reflectivity factor Z e . The R−D m relation can also be applied to the KaPR and dual-frequency algorithms. In both the single-frequency and dual-frequency algorithms, the forward retrieval method is applied with an assumed adjustment factor for the R−D m relation (ε) and the results are evaluated to select the best value of ε. The advantages of the dual-frequency algorithm are the availability of the dual-frequency surface reference technique and the ZfKa method, which is a method to use the attenuation-corrected radar reflectivity factor Z f of KaPR, to select ε as well as the possibility to selectively use measurements from KuPR or KaPR. This paper also describes the derivation of the scattering table and the R−D m relation as well as the procedure for non-uniform beam filling correction in detail. The outputs are then statistically analyzed to demonstrate algorithm performance.

precipitation radar↗
NASA NTRS1990

Loop current eddy shedding estimated using Geosat altimeter data

A method for extracting periodic signals from altimeter data is applied in the Gulf of Mexico using data from the first two years of the Geosat Exact Repeat Mission. The least squares fitting of selected frequencies of sine and cosine functions to the time series of sea surface height at each point of the Geosat ground track is used to estimate the dominant frequency in the gulf for this time period. Optimal interpolation of the sine and cosine coefficients at the dominant frequency to a uniformly spaced grid allows reconstruction of the time series in the gulf and shows eddies shedding from the Loop Current with a period of approximately 10.5 months, consistent with shedding periods determined from numerical models and analysis of satellite infrared data. This technique is a novel method for investigation of periodic signals in Geosat altimetry and is not severely affected by the data outages present in the time series.

Jacobs, Gregg A.↗