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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Prospects for future studies using deep imaging: analysis of individual Galactic cirrus filaments

The presence of Galactic cirrus is an obstacle for studying both faint objects in our Galaxy and low surface brightness extragalactic structures. With the aim of studying individual cirrus filaments in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Stripe 82 data, we develop techniques based on machine learning and neural networks that allow one to isolate filaments from foreground and background sources in the entirety of Stripe 82 with a precision similar to that of the human expert. Our photometric study of individual filaments indicates that only those brighter than 26 mag arcsec −2 in the SDSS r band are likely to be identified in SDSS Stripe 82 data by their distinctive colours in the optical bands. We also show a significant impact of data processing (e.g. flat-fielding, masking of bright stars, and sky subtraction) on colour estimation. Analysing the distribution of filaments’ colours with the help of mock simulations, we conclude that most filaments have colours in the following ranges: 0.55 ≤g − r ≤ 0.73 and 0.01 ≤ r − i ≤ 0.33. Our work provides a useful framework for an analysis of all types of low surface brightness features (cirri, tidal tails, stellar streams, etc.) in existing and future deep optical surveys. For practical purposes, we provide the catalogue of dust filaments.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Future Physics Prospects with the CMS Detector at the High-Luminosity LHC

The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider is expected to deliver up to 3000 fb ^{-1} − 1 of proton-proton collisions at 14 TeV center-of-mass energy. We present prospects for selected heavy-ion, Standard Model and Higgs sector measurements with the CMS detector at the HL-LHC, and discuss potential sensitivity to several beyond-Standard Model new physics scenarios.

Henderson, Conor↗
DOE OSTI2023

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resilient Power and Energy Systems: Progress, Prospects, and Future Avenues

In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has garnered substantial attention in the context of enhancing resilience in power and energy systems. Resilience, characterized by the ability to withstand, absorb, and quickly recover from natural disasters and human-induced disruptions, has become paramount in ensuring the stability and dependability of critical infrastructure. This comprehensive review delves into the latest advancements and applications of DRL in enhancing the resilience of power and energy systems, highlighting significant contributions and key insights. The exploration commences with a concise elucidation of the fundamental principles of DRL, highlighting the intricate interplay among reinforcement learning (RL), deep learning, and the emergence of DRL. Furthermore, it categorizes and describes various DRL algorithms, laying a robust foundation for comprehending the applicability of DRL. The linkage between DRL and power system resilience is forged through a systematic classification of DRL applications into five pivotal dimensions: dynamic response, recovery and restoration, energy management and control, communications and cybersecurity, and resilience planning and metrics development. This structured categorization facilitates a methodical exploration of how DRL methodologies can effectively tackle critical challenges within the domain of power and energy system resilience. The review meticulously examines the inherent challenges and limitations entailed in integrating DRL into power and energy system resilience, shedding light on practical challenges and potential pitfalls. Additionally, it offers insights into promising avenues for future research, with the aim of inspiring innovative solutions and further progress in this vital domain.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Prime Editing Technology and Its Prospects for Future Applications in Plant Biology Research

Many applications in plant biology requires editing genomes accurately including correcting point mutations, incorporation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and introduction of multinucleotide insertion/deletions (indels) into a predetermined position in the genome. These types of modifications are possible using existing genome-editing technologies such as the CRISPR-Cas systems, which require induction of double-stranded breaks in the target DNA site and the supply of a donor DNA molecule that contains the desired edit sequence. However, low frequency of homologous recombination in plants and difficulty of delivering the donor DNA molecules make this process extremely inefficient. Another kind of technology known as base editing can perform precise editing; however, only certain types of modifications can be obtained, e.g., C/G-to-T/A and A/T-to-G/C. Recently, a new type of genome-editing technology, referred to as “prime editing,” has been developed, which can achieve various types of editing such as any base-to-base conversion, including both transitions (C→T, G→A, A→G, and T→C) and transversion mutations (C→A, C→G, G→C, G→T, A→C, A→T, T→A, and T→G), as well as small indels without the requirement for inducing double-stranded break in the DNA. Because prime editing has wide flexibility to achieve different types of edits in the genome, it holds a great potential for developing superior crops for various purposes, such as increasing yield, providing resistance to various abiotic and biotic stresses, and improving quality of plant product. In this review, we describe the prime editing technology and discuss its limitations and potential applications in plant biology research.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Detector Simulation Challenges for Future Accelerator Experiments

Detector simulation is a key component for studies on prospective future high-energy colliders, the design, optimization, testing and operation of particle physics experiments, and the analysis of the data collected to perform physics measurements. This review starts from the current state of the art technology applied to detector simulation in high-energy physics and elaborates on the evolution of software tools developed to address the challenges posed by future accelerator programs beyond the HL-LHC era, into the 2030–2050 period. New accelerator, detector, and computing technologies set the stage for an exercise in how detector simulation will serve the needs of the high-energy physics programs of the mid 21st century, and its potential impact on other research domains.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Future of US Particle Physics - The Snowmass 2021 Energy Frontier Report

This report, as part of the 2021 Snowmass Process, summarizes the current status of collider physics at the Energy Frontier, the broad and exciting future prospects identified for the Energy Frontier, the challenges and needs of future experiments, and indicates high priority research areas.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Accelerator Neutrinos

Neutrino beams generated by particle accelerators are essential for probing fundamental physics. This presentation will examine the creation of high-intensity, well-collimated neutrino beams, crucial for long-baseline experiments like DUNE and NOvA. These experiments are pushing proton beam power to multi-MW levels and utilizing large-scale detectors to overcome the challenge of limited event statistics. At LBNF, the DUNE experiment will rigorously test the three-neutrino flavor model and explore CP violation by analyzing oscillation signatures in high-intensity νμ(νμˉ)νμ​(νμ​ˉ​) to νe(νeˉ)νe​(νe​ˉ​) beams. We'll explore the technical complexities of beamline components, the drive towards higher beam powers, and the strategies for measuring and managing neutrino flux. The presentation will also cover advancements in neutrino beam instrumentation and efforts to enhance beam precision, which are key to achieving the next generation of multi-megawatt accelerator facilities. By reviewing past achievements and future prospects, this talk aims to provide a clear overview of the current state and future potential of neutrino beam technology.

Ganguly, Sudeshna↗
DOE OSTI2021

Modeling quasielastic interactions of monoenergetic kaon decay-at-rest neutrinos

Monoenergetic muon neutrinos at 236 MeV are readily produced in intense medium-energy proton facilities (≳2–3GeV) when a positive kaon decays at rest (KDAR; K + →μ + ν μ ). These neutrinos provide a unique opportunity to both study the neutrino interaction and probe the nucleus with a monoenergetic weak-interaction-only tool. We present cross-section calculations for quasielastic scattering of these 236-MeV neutrinos off 12 C and 40 Ar, paying special attention to low-energy aspects of the scattering process. Our model takes the description of the nucleus in a mean-field approach as the starting point, where we solve Hartree-Fock equations using a Skyrme type nucleon-nucleon interaction. Thereby, we introduce long-range nuclear correlations by means of a continuum random-phase approximation (CRPA) framework where we solve the CRPA equations using a Green's function method. The model successfully describes (e,e') data on 12 C and 40 Ca in the kinematic region that overlaps with the KDAR ν μ phase space. In addition to these results, we present future prospects for precision KDAR cross-section measurements and applications of our calculations in current and future experiments that will utilize these neutrinos.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Plasma Photocathodes

Abstract Plasma wakefield accelerators offer accelerating and focusing electric fields three to four orders of magnitude larger than state‐of‐the‐art radiofrequency cavity‐based accelerators. Plasma photocathodes can release ultracold electron populations within such plasma waves and thus open a path toward tunable production of well‐defined, compact electron beams with normalized emittance and brightness many orders of magnitude better than state‐of‐the‐art. Such beams will have far‐reaching impact for applications such as light sources, but also open up new vistas on high energy and high field physics. This paper reviews the innovation of plasma photocathodes, and reports on the experimental progress, challenges, and future prospects of the approach. Details of the proof‐of‐concept demonstration of a plasma photocathode in 90° geometry at SLAC FACET within the E‐210: Trojan Horse program are described. Using this experience, alongside theoretical and simulation‐supported advances, an outlook is given on future realizations of plasma photocathodes such as the upcoming E‐310: Trojan Horse‐II program at FACET‐II with prospects toward excellent witness beam parameter quality, tunability, and stability. Future installations of plasma photocathodes also at compact, hybrid plasma wakefield accelerators, will then boost capacities and open up novel capabilities for experiments at the forefront of interaction of high brightness electron and photon beams.

Habib, Ahmad Fahim↗
DOE OSTI2022

Muon to Positron Conversion

Lepton-flavor violation (LFV) has been discovered in the neutrino sector by neutrino oscillation experiments. The minimal extension of the Standard Model (SM) to include neutrino masses allows LFV in the charged sector (CLFV) at the loop level, but at rates that are too small to be experimentally observed. Lepton-number violation (LNV) is explicitly forbidden even in the minimally extended SM, so the observation of an LNV process would be unambiguous evidence of physics beyond the SM. The search for the LNV and CLFV process μ−+N(A,Z)→e++N′(A,Z−2) (referred to as μ−→e+) complements 0νββ decay searches, and is sensitive to potential flavor effects in the neutrino mass-generation mechanism. A theoretical motivation for μ−→e+ is presented along with a review of the status of past μ−→e+ experiments and future prospects. Special attention is paid to an uncertain and potentially dominant background for these searches, namely, radiative muon capture (RMC). The RMC high energy photon spectrum is theoretically understudied and existing measurements insufficiently constrain this portion of the spectrum, leading to potentially significant impacts on current and future μ−→e+ work.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Emerging Electrochemical Techniques for Probing Site Behavior in Single-Atom Electrocatalysts

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have aroused tremendous interest over the past decade, particularly in the community of energy and environment-related electrocatalysis. A rapidly growing number of recent publications have recognized it as a promising candidate with maximum atomic utilization, distinct activity, and selectivity in comparison to bulk catalysts and nanocatalysts. However, the complexity of localized coordination environments and the dispersion of isolated sites lead to significant difficulties when it comes to gaining insight into the intrinsic behavior of electrocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, the low metal loadings of most SACs make conventional ensemble measurements less likely to be accurate on the subnanoscale. Thus, it remains challenging to probe the activity and properties of individual atomic sites by available commercial instruments and analytical methods. In spite of this, continuing efforts have lately focused on the development of advanced measurement methodologies, which are very useful to the fundamental understanding of SACs. There have recently been a number of in situ/operando techniques applied to SACs, such as electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and other analysis methods, which support relevant functions to identify the active sites and reaction intermediates and to investigate the dynamic behavior of localized structures of the catalytic sites. This Account aims to present recent electrochemical probing techniques which can be used to identify single-atomic catalytic sites within solid supports. First, we describe the basic principles of molecular probe methods for the study and analysis of electrocatalytic site behavior. In particular, the in situ probing technique enabled by surface interrogation scanning electrochemical microscopy (SISECM) can measure the active site density and kinetic rate with high resolution. An alternative electrochemical probing technique is further demonstrated on the basis of single-entity electrochemistry, which allows the unique electrochemical imaging of the size and catalytic rate of single atoms, molecules, and clusters. Next, the merits and limitations of different electrochemical techniques are then discussed, along with perspectives for future prospects. Apart from this, we further showcase the powerful capability of emerging electrochemical probing techniques for determining significant effects and properties of SACs for various electrocatalytic reactions, including oxygen reduction and evolution, hydrogen evolution, and nitrate reduction. Overall, electrochemical techniques with atomic resolution have greatly increased opportunities for observing, measuring, and understanding the surface and interface chemistry during energy conversion. In the future, it is anticipated that the development of electrochemical probing techniques will be advanced with innovative perspectives on the behavior and features of SACs. We hope that this Account can contribute in several ways to promoting the fundamental knowledge and technical progress of emerging electrochemical measurements for studying SACs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Separation Process of Plant Fibers for Textile and Composite Application: A Review of Recent Advances

Plant fiber resources have gained significant attention for value-added utilization due to their renewability, sustainability, abundance, and widely acknowledged physical properties. The efficient and pragmatic separation of plant fibers is a critical process for their efficient utilization, yet a substantial gap persists between laboratory research advancements and their commercialization. To increase the possibility of research advancements for industrial application, this review summarizes the recent advances in different extraction methodologies of plant fiber research in textile and composite fields. It systematically outlines, compares, and contrasts physical (cryogenic, supercritical carbon dioxide, ultrasonic, steam explosion and microwave heating treatment), chemical (alkali, oxidation, organic solvents and deep eutectic solvents methods), and biological (natural retting, enzymatic and microorganism approaches) methods, addressing their respective mechanisms, strengths, limitations, research progress, and future prospects. In general, traditional chemical approaches have proven significantly effective but are accompanied by high pollution. Conversely, novel chemical treatments such as deep eutectic solvents and organic solvents offer a promising blend of efficiency and environmental friendliness but require deeper studies currently. Meanwhile, physical and biological treatments, though largely eco-friendly, tend to suffer from lower separation efficiencies. The research needs and future direction are also addressed to bridge the gap between scientific advancements and their widespread industrial application.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Semitauonic b-hadron decays: A lepton flavor universality laboratory

The study of lepton flavor universality violation (LFUV) in semitauonic b-hadron decays has become increasingly important in light of long-standing anomalies in their measured branching fractions, and the large datasets anticipated from the LHC experiments and Belle II. Here, in this review, a comprehensive survey of the experimental environments and methodologies for semitauonic LFUV measurements at the B factories and LHCb is undertaken, along with an overview of the theoretical foundations and predictions for a wide range of semileptonic decay observables. The future prospects of controlling systematic uncertainties down to the percent level, matching the precision of standard model (SM) predictions, are examined. Furthermore, new perspectives and caveats on combinations of the LFUV data are discussed and the world averages for the R(D(*)) ratios are revisited. Here it is demonstrated that different treatments for the correlations of uncertainties from D** excited states can vary the current 3σ tension with the SM within a 1σ range. Prior experimental overestimates of D**τν contributions may further exacerbate this. The precision of future measurements is also estimated; their power to exploit full differential information, and solutions to the inherent difficulties in self-consistent new physics interpretations of LFUV observables, are explored.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Cyclotron Production of PET Radiometals in Liquid Targets: Aspects and Prospects

: The present review describes the methodological aspects and prospects of the productionof Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radiometals in a liquid target using low-medium energymedical cyclotrons. The main objective of this review is to delineate and discuss the critical factorsinvolved in the liquid target production of radiometals, including type of salt solution, solutioncomposition, beam energy, beam current, the effect of irradiation duration (length of irradiation)and challenges posed by in-target chemistry in relation with irradiation parameters. We also summarizethe optimal parameters for the production of various radiometals in liquid targets. : Additionally, we discuss the future prospects of PET radiometals production in the liquid targetsfor academic research and clinical applications. Significant emphasis has been given to the productionof 68 Ga using liquid targets due to the growing demand for 68 Ga labeled PSMA vectors, [ 68 Ga]-Ga-DOTATATE, [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTANOC and some upcoming 68 Ga labeled radiopharmaceuticals.Other PET radiometals included in the discussion are 86 Y, 63 Zn and 89 Zr.

Pharmacology & Pharmacy↗
DOE OSTI2022

Leptonic cascade decays of a heavy Higgs boson through vectorlike leptons at the LHC

We demonstrate the potential of fully leptonic cascade decays of a heavy neutral Higgs boson through vectorlike leptons as a simultaneous probe for extended Higgs sectors and extra matter particles at the LHC. The processes we explore are unique in that their event topologies lead to di-boson-like leptonic final states with a lepton pair which does not reconstruct the mass of a gauge boson. By recasting existing $2\ell$ + $E^{\text{miss}}_{R}$ and $3/4\ell$ searches channels using run2 data from the LHC we obtain model independent bounds on the masses of heavy scalars and vectorlike leptons and use these results to explore future prospects at the HL-LHC. Our results can be directly applied to any kind of new physics scenarios sharing the final states and the event topology. For concreteness, we apply our results to a benchmark scenario: a two Higgs doublet model type-II augmented with vectorlike leptons. Remarkably, even with current data the sensitivity of our analysis shows a reach for masses of a heavy neutral Higgs and vectorlike leptons up to 2 TeV and 1.5 TeV, respectively. Even for low tan β ≳ 1, the analysis retains sensitivity to heavy Higgs masses slightly above 1 TeV. The future sensitivities at the HL-LHC extend the reach for heavy Higgses and new leptons to 2.7 TeV and 2 TeV, respectively.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Status and Prospects of SBND

The Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND) is one of the neutrino detectors positioned along the the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at Fermilab. It is the near detector in the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program, as well as having a wide-ranging independent physics program. The detector began taking neutrino data in the summer of 2024 and has already collected over 1 million neutrino events. Thanks to its unique combination of measurement resolution and statistics, SBND will soon carry out a rich program of neutrino interaction measurements and novel searches for physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM). As the SBN near detector, it will enable the full potential of the SBN sterile neutrino program by performing a precise characterisation of the unoscillated event rate and constraining BNB flux and neutrino-argon cross-section systematic uncertainties. In this talk, the physics reach, current status, and future prospects of SBND are discussed.

Paton, Josephine [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2021

Progress and prospects of thermo-mechanical energy storage – A critical review

The share of electricity generated by intermittent renewable energy sources is increasing (now at 26% of global electricity generation) and the requirements of affordable, reliable and secure energy supply designate grid-scale storage as an imperative component of most energy transition pathways. The most widely deployed bulk energy storage solution is pumped-hydro energy storage (PHES), however, this technology is geographically constrained. Alternatively, flow batteries are location independent and have higher energy densities than PHES, but remain associated with high costs and low lifetimes, which highlights the importance of developing and utilizing additional larger-scale, longer-duration and long-lifetime energy storage alternatives. Here, we review a class of promising bulk energy storage technologies based on thermo-mechanical principles, which includes: compressed-air energy storage (CAES), liquid-air energy storage (LAES) and pumped-thermal electricity storage (PTES). The thermodynamic principles upon which these thermo-mechanical energy storage (TMES) technologies are based are discussed and a synopsis of recent progress in their development is presented, assessing their ability to provide reliable and cost-effective solutions. The current performance and future prospects of TMES systems are examined within a unified framework and a thermoeconomic analysis is conducted to explore their competitiveness relative to each other as well as when compared to PHES and flow battery systems. This includes carefully selected thermodynamic and economic methodologies for estimating the component costs of each configuration in order to provide a detailed and fair comparison at various system sizes. The analysis reveals that the technical and economic characteristics of TMES systems are such that, especially at higher discharge power ratings and longer discharge durations, they can offer promising performance (round-trip efficiencies higher than 60%) along with high lifetimes (> 30 years), low specific costs (often below 100 $/kWh), low ecological footprints and unique sector-coupling features compared to other storage options. TMES systems have significant potential for further progress and the thermoeconomic comparisons in this paper can be used as a benchmark for their future evolution.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗