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DOE OSTI2024

A Perspective on Scalable AI on High-Performance Computing and Leadership Class Supercomputing Facilities [Industrial and Governmental Activities]

Many scientific applications that support the mission of the US Department of Energy (US-DoE) require modeling complex engineering and/or physical systems. Here, examples of such complex systems arise from: (a) materials science to develop new compounds with exceptional mechanical and thermodynamical properties (e.g., resistance to mechanical stresses and high temperatures), (b) structural and nuclear engineering to model the temporal evolution of the structural damage of concrete shields exposed to continuous neutron and gamma radiations emitted by the nuclear reactor core, (c) urban sciences (e.g., transportation and smart buildings), and (d) power grid systems.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2024

A Data-Driven Exploration of the Impact of Renewable Energy on Inter-Area Oscillations in the U.S. Eastern Interconnection

As increasing amounts of renewable energy (RE) resources are incorporated into the bulk-power grid, power system oscillations are expected to change. This work investigates how RE generation impacts the frequency and damping ratio (DR) of two dominant inter-area modes in the U.S. Eastern Interconnection (EI) using regularly updated estimates collected over a 12-month period. Quantile regression is used to derive the correlation between operating conditions and mode properties, and a bootstrap method is used to quantify the uncertainty associated with the correlation estimates. Results show that with an increase in system load, the frequency of a mode decreases and DR increases. Evidence that increasing RE generation results in an increase in frequency and decline in DR was found for one of the two modes studied. This work shows that increasing RE levels will impact the properties of inter-area oscillations in the EI, but it does not indicate the presence of immediate threats to grid stability. The outlined approach can be used to periodically assess changing mode properties as RE levels continue to grow and flag stability concerns before they become serious reliability threats.

Inter-area oscillation, mode meters, quantile regr↗

DOE OSTI2020

Prescient

Prescient is a software package for simulating electricity grid (power systems) operations, under both nominal and extreme event conditions. Core functionality includes discrete event simulation, commitment and dispatch optimization, probabilistic scenario construction, and reporting/visualization. SAND2020-0169 M Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Watson, Jean Paul↗

DOE OSTI2021

Model based co-simulation platform for integrated building system control and design optimization

Both steady-state and dynamic simulations have been widely used by HVAC&R industry to support product/equipment development for decades. Steady-state simulation focuses on the system mass, energy and momentum balance of an equilibrium state. It is based on high-fidelity components models, and thus is suitable for system and component design optimization. Dynamic simulation studies the system transient response and is generally used for controls development and verification. It usually does not require rigorous component models of high accuracy because 1) the commonly used PID control is feedback control whose control performance evaluation doesn’t require high fidelity system/plant model; 2) high-fidelity dynamic model significantly increases the number of equations and variables and creates tremendous challenge for math solver. For supervisory control, transactive control or optimization of an integrated building system, the HVAC&R equipment is often one of the sub-components to be controlled. High-fidelity equipment models are required for accurately evaluating control strategies. In addition, building equipment manufacturers have developed a lot of high-fidelity steady-state equipment/component models per their expertise. Thus, a platform that can integrate OEM high-fidelity steady-state model with dynamic building simulation and/or electric power system & grid simulation to support the development and verification of supervisory control for integrated building systems is necessary. In this study, ORNL’s heat pump design tool (HPDM) is utilized to develop a co-simulation platform for supervisory control and optimization in integrated building systems. It is based on a model that integrates high-fidelity steady-state simulation equipment models with dynamic building simulation. A practical case of using the proposed co-simulation platform to develop and evaluate the supervisory control and optimization is presented and discussed.

Sun, Jian↗

DOE OSTI2021

Process for fabrication of enhanced β″-alumina solid electrolytes for energy storage devices and energy applications

A dense β″-alumina/zirconia composite solid electrolyte and process for fabrication are disclosed. The process allows fabrication at temperatures at or below 1600° C. The solid electrolytes include a dense composite matrix of β″-alumina and zirconia, and one or more transition metal oxides that aid the conversion and densification of precursor salts during sintering. The composite solid electrolytes find application in sodium energy storage devices and power-grid systems and devices for energy applications.

Lu, Xiaochuan↗

DOE OSTI2021

A Novel Bi-directional AC/DC - DC/AC Wireless Power Transfer System for Grid Support Applications

The severity of the economic impact caused by grid outages has been the driving factor for creating innovative solutions that increases interest for the deployment of distributed energy resources to reduce the impact of grid outages. This paper presents a novel topology for providing export power applications. Proposed topology can be used for grid (primary)-side of bi-directional wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, mobile energy storage systems (ESSs), and electric vehicle (EV) batteries. The proposed concept here achieves energy transfer between sources by using a hybrid frequency bi-directional ac/dc converter without an additional front-end converter stage compared to the conventional systems. Due to inherent merit of the proposed bi-directional ac/dc converter, ac input with 60 Hz grid frequency can be directly transferred through the wireless coils and can be directly converted to the dc. Results demonstrate the performance and the functionality of the single-phase bi-directional system with the input / output of 110 V ac,rms and 200 V dc at 1 kW power. Full paper will demonstrate the converter operation at 10 kW power level with additional features and control aspects.

Asa, Erdem↗

DOE OSTI2022

Modeling and Feedback Compensator Design for Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop System for Medium-Voltage Grid-Connected Power Converters

Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) evaluation is a method in which the test subject is split into a physical part and a simulated part, and these parts are connected with interfaces to form a combined physical-numerical system. Power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) systems, where actual hardware is connected to a real-time model, can exhibit issues of instability, inaccuracy and errors when operating in a closed-loop. The challenges of generating a PHIL setup are that, first, because of the limited dynamic response of the different parts of the system, the test results might be inaccurate, and, second, because of the high frequency noise introduced by the sensors to the closed-loop system, it can be difficult to design a compensator for the real-time emulator response, while stabilizing the closed-loop system at the same time. In this paper, different parts of a PHIL system are characterized, and the feedback compensator system design is proposed for the stable operation of the closed-loop PHIL system. The issues as observed in a PHIL system without any compensator are demonstrated using experimental results, and the effectiveness of a first order phase lead compensator is validated.

compensator design↗

DOE OSTI2021

Artificial Intelligence for Energy Systems Cybersecurity

Artificial intelligence and machine learning systems have the potential to influence the future design and implementation of cybersecurity systems for the power grid. These systems may enhance the overall operation of the power system by leveraging and making sense of massive amounts of data. However, we must also understand how AI/ML will need to be protected from cyber threat actors. We discuss the existing insights the NREL team has developed using AI/ML systems and then present resources including ESIF and the Cyber Energy Emulation Platform that can be used to generate training data and insights. We end by offering suggestions on priority research paths for AI in cybersecurity.

artificial intelligence↗

DOE OSTI2021

Simplified Transactive Distribution Grids for Bulk Power System Mechanism Development

As distributed energy resources and smart devices become omnipresent in the electrical power grid, transactive energy control mechanisms are evolving. From real-time to day-ahead markets, these transactive energy algorithms involve more and more agents, whose behavior is going to affect the transmission and generation network. In order to study the interaction between the wholesale and retail energy markets, extensive co-simulations are performed. To be able to redesign, evaluate, and verify new control algorithms, the simulations need to provide results in a fast and reliable manner. This work has built and tested a transactive distribution grid model, the DSO-Stub, meant to offer a configurable distribution retail market while ensuring the computational burden is not significantly increased.

Transactive Energy, , Distribution System Operator↗

DOE OSTI2023

Interactive Power to Frequency Dynamics Between Grid-Forming Inverters and Synchronous Generators in Power Electronics-Dominated Power Systems

With increased attention on grid-forming inverters as a power system stabilizing device during high shares of inverter-based resource operations, there is a present need for a transparent and methodical investigation of the inverted and direct power to frequency control capabilities and impacts of these devices on emerging power systems. Here, analysis of the frequency dynamics of the droop-controlled grid-forming inverter and the synchronous generator illuminates the inverted active power-frequency relationship and the frequency response order reduction, forming the basis for novel, nonlinear frequency control approaches. Device-level electromagnetic transient domain simulations corroborate the order-reduction findings, establish that a properly designed dc-side system has a negligible impact on power transfer and will not impede frequency regulation, and confirm the primary frequency response improvement with nonlinear control. Simulations of the 9- and 39-bus test systems validate the order reduction and associated decoupling of the nadir and rate of change of frequency in larger networks. Oscillatory mode analysis confirms the grid-forming benefit of increased damping; decreased damping is observed at shares above 80%, but not at 100%. Finally, simulations on a validated Maui power system model with a 96% of inverter-based resources model yield a trend toward a first-order response.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2021

Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Smart Grid: A Survey

The smart grid is enabling the collection of massive amounts of high-dimensional and multi-type data about the electric power grid operations, by integrating advanced metering infrastructure, control technologies, and communication technologies. However, the traditional modeling, optimization, and control technologies have many limitations in processing the data; thus, the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in the smart grid are becoming more apparent. This survey presents a structured review of the existing research into some common AI techniques applied to load forecasting, power grid stability assessment, faults detection, and security problems in the smart grid and power systems. It also provides further research challenges for applying AI technologies to realize truly smart grid systems. Finally, this survey presents opportunities of applying AI to smart grid problems. The paper concludes that the applications of AI techniques can enhance and improve the reliability and resilience of smart grid systems.

energy systems↗

DOE OSTI2023

Optimal mitigation and control over power system dynamics for stochastic grid resilience

Optimal mitigation planning for highly disruptive contingencies to a transmission-level power system requires optimization with dynamic power system constraints, due to the key role of dynamics in system stability to major perturbations. We formulate a generalized disjunctive program to determine optimal grid component hardening choices for protecting against major failures, with differential algebraic constraints representing system dynamics (specifically, differential equations representing generator and load behavior and algebraic equations representing instantaneous power balance over the transmission system). We optionally allow stochastic optimal pre-positioning across all considered failure scenarios, and optimal emergency control within each scenario. This novel formulation allows, for the first time, analyzing the resilience interdependencies of mitigation planning, preventive control, and emergency control. Using all three strategies in concert is particularly effective at maintaining robust power system operation under severe contingencies, as we demonstrate on the western system coordinating council 9-bus test system using synthetic multi-device outage scenarios.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

DOE OSTI2022

Demonstrating Distribution System Resiliency through Grid-Edge Microgrids, on a Multi-Site Networked Hardware-in-Loop Platform

With the increasing penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) at the grid-edge, power systems include more energy storage, remote switches, relays, voltage regulators, and other intelligent electronic devices (IED). Effective control of these grid-edge devices by using Advanced Distribution Management Systems (ADMS) can yield substantial improvements to the resiliency and power quality of distribution systems. In this paper, improvements to the resiliency of a distribution system are demonstrated using a multi-site evaluation environment consisting of a real-time Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) setup in which DERs and other IEDs are modeled; and an ADMS which monitors and is able to control the distribution system assets. The HIL model and the ADMS are located 2400 km away, with communication between the sites enabled by a data manager using Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3), demonstrating the system's capabilities even over long distances. After a simulated transmission system failure in the HIL demonstration setup, DERs and other devices are operated to restore critical loads and node voltage profile (to within the 'nominal +/-5%' band) in the distribution system.

ADMS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Data Center Power Systems: Architectures, Impact on Grid Reliability, Modeling Considerations, and Megawatt-Scale Hardware Testing [Slides]

This slide deck describes typical power systems of large datacenters along with reliability problems to bulk power systems from large-scale integration of datacenters. The slide deck covers the architecture of datacenter power systems, different power electronic converters used inside datacenters, their operation modes, and R&Dopportunities in maintaining grid stability.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Protection of 100% Inverter-dominated Power Systems with Grid-Forming Inverters and Protection Relays – Gap Analysis and Expert Interviews

This report summarizes a gap analysis resulting from a literature review and expert interviews conducted by subject matter experts from Sandia National Laboratory, Siemens, and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in Spring 2023. The gap analysis consists of two main parts: The fault-ride through (FRT) behavior of grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBR) and the response of state-of-the-art protection relays to the fault currents and voltages from GFM IBRs.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Controllers for Distributed Grid Support for Power Systems using Hybrid DER plants with Electrolyzers [SWR-20-06]

This software presents the design and control for a hybrid DER site with integrated dispatchable electrolyzers. It is a comprehensive solution for regulating the dispatch of electrolyzer demand to support the grid using the respective control functions. Multiple control functions (ramp control, frequency support control, dispatch prioritization) are developed to integrate the proposed site for multiple services around load, voltage and frequency control. This allows the site owners to participate in both distribution and bulk system energy markets for grid ancillary services.

Jain, Rishabh↗

DOE OSTI2020

20-kW Bi-directional Wireless Power Transfer System with Energy Storage System Connectivity

Onar, Omer↗

DOE OSTI2026

A Large-Scale Hardware Experiment Demonstration of Operating High Inverter-Based Resource Power Systems With Grid-Forming Inverters

This paper presents experimental hardware results from a microgrid system as the penetration level of grid-forming (GFM) inverters increases. The experiment aims to showcase the advantages of GFM inverters in enhancing system stability and to investigate the operational challenges in systems relying entirely on inverter-based resources (IBRs). Five test scenarios are devised to progressively increase GFM inverter penetration levels: 0% (S1), 19% (S2), 37% (S3), 68% (S4), and 100% (S5). To ensure consistency, identical loading conditions and dynamic events are applied across all scenarios. The conducted tests include load step changes, output variation of grid-following (GFL) inverters during islanded mode, transition operations (such as synchronization to the grid and islanding), and rateof- change-of-frequency (ROCOF) and voltage jump tests during grid-connected mode. Key findings from the tests are summarized as follows: (1) Scenario S1 proved most challenging for load steps, and GFL variations because of insufficient GFM capacity, leaving the diesel generator unable to handle transient ridethrough; (2) Scenario S5 was the most difficult for transition operations, because the lack of a diesel generator to maintain stiff bus voltage resulted in unexpected reactive power flows during synchronization, causing the point of common coupling (PCC) breaker to trip; (3) Scenarios S4 and S5 were particularly challenging for ROCOF tests because of minimal system inertia, leading to large transients that triggered breaker trips; and (4) Scenario S4 exhibited the strongest voltage recovery capability because of the presence of the diesel generator and a higher number of GFM inverters, both of which possess the highest capacity for reactive power injection.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗