AEWG Breakout Session Recap: High Capacity UAM Ports
A recap of the High Capacity UAM Ports Breakout session during the AAM Ecosystem Working Group discussion
Advanced Air Mobility↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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CSTI High Capacity Power
The SP-100 program was established in 1983 by DOD, DOE, and NASA as a joint program to develop the technology necessary for space nuclear power systems for military and civil application. During FY-86 and 87, the NASA SP-100 Advanced Technology Program was devised to maintain the momentum of promising technology advancement efforts started during Phase 1 of SP-100 and to strengthen, in key areas, the chances for successful development and growth capability of space nuclear reactor power systems for future space applications. In FY-88, the Advanced Technology Program was incorporated into NASA's new Civil Space Technology Initiative (CSTI). The CSTI Program was established to provide the foundation for technology development in automation and robotics, information, propulsion, and power. The CSTI High Capacity Power Program builds on the technology efforts of the SP-100 program, incorporates the previous NASA SP-100 Advanced Technology project, and provides a bridge to NASA Project Pathfinder. The elements of CSTI High Capacity Power development include Conversion Systems, Thermal Management, Power Management, System Diagnostics, and Environmental Interactions. Technology advancement in all areas, including materials, is required to assure the high reliability and 7 to 10 year lifetime demanded for future space nuclear power systems. The overall program will develop and demonstrate the technology base required to provide a wide range of modular power systems as well as allowing mission independence from solar and orbital attitude requirements. Several recent advancements in CSTI High Capacity power development will be discussed.
Winter, Jerry M.↗
A high capacity satellite switched TDMA microwave switch matrix
A description is given of the conceptual design of a high-capacity satellite switched-time division multiple access (SS-TDMA) microwave switch matrix fabricated with GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs), including integration of both microwave and control logic circuits into the monolithic design. The technology required for a 30/20 GHz communications system includes an on-board SS-TDMA switch matrix. A conceptual design study that has been completed for a wideband, high-capacity (typically 100 x 100) channel switch matrix using technology anticipated for 1987 is described, noting that the study resulted in a switch matrix design concept using a coupled crossbar architecture implemented with MMIC. The design involves basic building block MMIC, permitting flexible growth and efficient wraparound redundancy to increase reliability.
Cory, B. J.↗
Degradation-resistant TiO 2 @Sn anodes for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries
As the demand for higher-performance batteries has increased, so has the body of research on theoretical high-capacity anode materials. However, the research has been hindered because the high-capacity anode material properties and interactions are not well understood, largely due to the difficulty of observing cycling in situ. Using electrochemical scanning transmission electron microscopy (ec-STEM), we report the real-time observation and electrochemical analysis of pristine tin (Sn) and titanium dioxide-coated Sn (TiO 2 @Sn) electrodes during lithiation/delithiation. As expected, we observed a volume expansion of the pristine Sn electrodes during lithiation, but we further observed that the expansion was followed by Sn detachment from the current collector. Remarkably, although the TiO 2 @Sn electrodes also exhibited similar volume expansion during lithiation, they showed no evidence of Sn detachment. We found that the TiO 2 surface layer acted as an electrochemically activated artificial solid-electrolyte interphase that serves to conduct Li ions. As a physical coating, it mechanically prevented Sn detachment following volume changes during cycling, providing significant degradation resistance and 80% Coulombic efficiency for a complete lithiation/delithiation cycle. Interestingly, upon delithiation, TiO 2 @Sn electrode displayed a self-healing mechanism of small pore formation in the Sn particle followed by agglomeration into several larger pores as delithiation continued.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Tailoring the Redox Reactions for High-Capacity Cycling of Cation-Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes
Cation-disordered rocksalts (DRXs) have emerged as a new class of high-capacity Li-ion cathode materials. One unique advantage of the DRX chemistry is the structural flexibility that substantially lessens the elemental constraints in the crystal lattice, such as Li content, choice of transition metal redox center paired with appropriate d 0 metal, and incorporation of F anion, which allows optimization of the key redox reactions. Herein, a series of the DRX oxyfluorides based on the Mn redox have been designed and synthesized. By tailoring the stoichiometry of the DRX compositions, high-capacity cycling by promoting the cationic Mn 2+ /Mn 4+ redox reactions while suppressing those from anionic O is successfully demonstrated. A highly fluorinated DRX compound, Li 1.2 Mn 0.625 Nb 0.175 O 1.325 F 0.675 (M 0.625 F 0.675 ), delivers a capacity of ≈170 mAh g -1 at C/3 for 100 cycles. Furthermore, this work showcases the concept of balancing the cationic and anionic redox reactions in the DRX cathodes for improved electrochemical performance through the rational composition design.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Synchronized Phasor Measurement Unit-based Central Controller for Normal and Contingent Operation of a High-Capacity HVDC Macrogrid for the Continental US
This paper presents a Synchronized Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) based controller to support the coordination and operation of a high-capacity high-voltage direct current (HVDC) macrogrid transmission for the continental US. The proposed controller allows for optimal scheduling of each segment of the multi-terminal HVDC network under normal and contingent conditions, while considering minimum levels of frequency response requirements. The performance of the proposed controller is tested on a 100,222-bus representation of the US Eastern and Western interconnections. Results show that a centralized PMU-based controller improves the frequency nadir of the HVDC macrogrid under contingency conditions by 25.9%. Furthermore, the primary frequency response (PFR) of the HVDC macrogrid is increased by 33.4%. The performance of each interconnection under the largest credible contingency conditions is also discussed.
Mohan, Nihal↗
Novel One-Step Production of Carbon-Coated Sn Nanoparticles for High-Capacity Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries offer the highest energy density of any currently available portable energy storage technology. By using different anode materials, these batteries could have an even greater energy density. One material, tin, has a theoretical lithium capacity (994 mAh/g) over three-times higher than commercial carbon anode materials. Unfortunately, to achieve this high capacity, bulk tin undergoes a large volume expansion, and the material pulverizes during cycling, giving a rapid capacity fade. To mitigate this issue, tin must be scaled down to the nano-level to take advantage of unique micromechanics at the nanoscale. Synthesis techniques for Sn nanoparticle anodes are costly and overly complicated for commercial production. A novel one-step process for producing carbon-coated Sn nanoparticles via spark plasma erosion (SPE) shows great promise as a simple, inexpensive production method. The SPE method, characterization of the resulting particles, and their high-capacity reversible electrochemical performance as anodes are described. With only a 10% addition of these novel SPE carbon-coated Sn particles, one anode composition demonstrated a reversible capacity of ~460 mAh/g, achieving the theoretical capacity of that particular electrode formulation. These SPE carbon-coated Sn nanoparticles are drop-in ready for present commercial lithium-ion anode processing and would provide a ~10% increase in the total capacity of current commercial lithium-ion cells.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
High capacity and stable cathode materials
High energy density cathode materials, such as LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) cathode materials, with improved discharge capacity (hence energy density) and enhanced cycle life are described. A solid electrolyte, such as lithium phosphate infused inside of secondary particles of the cathode material demonstrates significantly enhanced structural integrity without significant or without any observable particle cracking occurring during charge/discharge processes, showing high capacity retention of more than 90% after 200 cycles at room temperature. In certain embodiments the disclosed cathode materials (and cathodes made therefrom) are formed using nickel-rich NMC and/or are used in a battery system with a non-aqueous dual-Li salt electrolytes.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Battery designs with high capacity anode materials to achieve desirable cycling properties
Improved high energy capacity designs for lithium ion batteries are described that take advantage of the properties of high specific capacity anode active compositions and high specific capacity cathode active compositions. In particular, specific electrode designs provide for achieving very high energy densities. Furthermore, the complex behavior of the active materials is used advantageously in a radical electrode balancing design that significantly reduced wasted electrode capacity in either electrode when cycling under realistic conditions of moderate to high discharge rates and/or over a reduced depth of discharge.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
High-Speed and Dynamic Diaphragm Compressor for High-Capacity Fueling (Final Technical Report)
Goal of the project is to scale the NEL hydrogen compressor technology from 1.1 kg/minute to 5.5 kg/minute capacity (scale 1:5). This will enable achievement of 330 kg/hour capacity, sufficient to achieve fast high-capacity heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) fueling. The technology readiness level (TRL) maturity objective is to develop and test a scaled-up compressor that is to advance from TRL3 to TRL7.
08 HYDROGEN↗
Programmatic status of NASA's CSTI high capacity power Stirling space power converter program
An overview is presented of the NASA Lewis Research Center Free-Piston Stirling Space Power Converter Technology Development Program. This work is being conducted under NASA's Civil Space Technology Initiative (CSTI). The goal of the CSTI High Capacity Power element is to develop the technology base needed to meet the long duration, high capacity power requirements for future NASA space initiatives. Efforts are focused upon increasing system thermal and electric energy conversion efficiency at least fivefold over current SP-100 technology, and on achieving systems that are compatible with space nuclear reactors. The status of test activities with the Space Power Research Engine (SPRE) is discussed. Design deficiencies are gradually being corrected and the power converter is now outputting 11.5 kWe at a temperature ratio of 2 (design output is 12.5 kWe). Detail designs were completed for the 1050 K Component Test Power Converter (CTPC). The success of these and future designs is dependent upon supporting research and technology efforts including heat pipes, gas bearings, superalloy joining technologies and high efficiency alternators. An update of progress in these technologies is provided.
Dudenhoefer, James E.↗
Programmatic status of NASA's CSTI High Capacity Power Stirling Space Power Converter Program
An overview is presented of the NASA Lewis Research Center Free-Piston Stirling Space Power Converter Technology Department Program. This work is being conducted under NASA's Civil Space Technology Initiative (CSTI). The goal of the CSTI High Capacity Power element is to develop the technology base needed to meet the long duration, high capacity power requirements for future NASA space initiatives. Efforts are focused upon increasing system thermal and electric energy conversion efficiency at least fivefold over current SP-100 technology, and on achieving systems that are compatible with space nuclear reactors. The status of test activities with the Space Power Research Engine (SPRE) is discussed. Design deficiencies are gradually being corrected and the power converter is now outputting 11.5 kWe at a temperature ratio of 2 (design output is 12.5 kWe). Detail designs were completed for the 1050 K Component Test Power Converter (CTPC). The success of these and future designs is dependent upon supporting research and technology efforts including heat pipes, gas bearings, superalloy joining technologies and high efficiency alternators. An update of progress in these technologies is provided.
Dudenhoefer, James E.↗
High-capacity reaction-wheel attitude control.
Design criteria for high capacity reaction wheel system for attitude control, derived from analytic development, digital computer simulation and experimental model
COMPUTER SIMULATION↗
CSTI high capacity power
In FY-88, the Advanced Technology Program was incorporated into NASA's Civil Space Technology Initiative (CSTI). The CSTI Program was established to provide the foundation for technology development in automation and robotics, information, propulsion, and power. The CSTI High Capacity Power Program builds on the technology efforts of the SP-100 program, incorporates the previous NASA SP-100 Advanced Technology project, and provides a bridge to NASA Project Pathfinder. The elements of CSTI High Capacity Power development include Converrsion Systems, Thermal Management, Power Management, System Diagnostics, and Environmental Interactions. Technology advancement in all areas, including materials, is required to assure the high reliability and 7 to 10 year lifetime demanded for future space nuclear power systems.
Winter, Jerry M.↗
Integration and flight demonstration of a high-capacity monogroove heat-pipe radiator
The cancellation of the TDRS-B satellite as the payload for the eighth Space Shuttle mission provided a unique opportunity to demonstrate on-orbit operation of the high-capacity monogroove heat pipe used in the space constructible radiator subsystem. In less than 4 months, a flight experiment was conceived, designed, fabricated, tested, integrated with a payload carrier, installed in the Orbiter Challenger payload bay, and successfully operated in flight. Still color photographs and direct crew visual observation of color changes in a pattern of temperature-sensitive liquid-crystal tapes provided the temperature data necessary to verify successful on-orbit startup and orbital transient response of the heat pipe when subjected to a heat load from its attached electrical heaters. This successful on-orbit demonstration verified analytical design tools and provided confidence in the use of high-capacity heat pipes for future space applications. The flight experiment hardware and the integration and test activities that led to the flight are described, and the actual flight results are compared to analytical performance predictions.
Rankin, J. G.↗
Establishing substitution rules of functional groups for high-capacity organic anode materials in Na-ion batteries
Tailoring molecular structures of organic electrode materials (OEMs) can enhance their performance in Na-ion batteries, however, the substitution rules and the consequent effect on the specific capacity and working potential remain elusive. Herein, by examining three sodium carboxylates with selective N substitution or extended conjugation structure, we exploited the correlation between structure and performance to establish substitution rules for high-capacity OEMs. Our results show that substitution position and types of functional groups are essential to create active centers for uptake/removal of Na+ and thermodynamically stabilize organic structures. Furthermore, rational host design and electrolytes modulation were performed to extend the cycle life to 500 cycles. A full cell based on the optimal 2,2’-bipyridine-4,4’-dicarboxylic acid disodium salt anode and the polyaniline cathode is demonstrated to confirm the feasibility of achieving all-organic batteries. Lastly, this work provides a valuable guideline for the design principle of high-capacity and stable OEMs for sustainable energy storage.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Research and development of a high capacity nonaqueous secondary battery first quarterly report
Engineering development of high capacity nonaqueous secondary battery
ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT↗
Research and development of a high capacity nonaqueous secondary battery Final report, Jul. 1963 - Sep. 1964
High capacity nonaqueous secondary battery - synthesis and electrochemical studies of dialkyl and diary beryllium compounds, organoberyllium complex salts, and other complex salt solutions
DRY CELL BATTERY↗