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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Doping Metallic Grain Boundaries to Control Atomic Structure and Damage Tolerance

Grain boundaries often act as sites for crack and void nucleation during plastic deformation of metallic materials. While it is known that grain boundary character and structure can greatly influence this damage nucleation process, the current level of control over such details is limited. The objective of this project was to obtain a fundamental understanding of how metallic grain boundary structure can be controlled through intelligent doping, with the idea of inducing planned amorphous grain boundary phases or complexions. The effect of amorphous complexion structure on dislocation accommodation mechanisms was studied, to improve the field’s understanding of damage nucleation at a promising type of interface. Different microstructural descriptors were studied, as grain boundaries can have large variations and complexity of local structure, and influence the mechanical damage resistance of these features was tested. Nanocrystalline systems that contain amorphous grain boundary complexions were prioritized, as these have more extreme variations in interfacial structure and damage tolerance, with an emphasis on isolating the importance of complexion population (type, thickness, etc.), network topology, local structure, and local chemistry. This research used a combination of computational, experimental, and characterization techniques to isolate and understand the importance of nanoscale grain boundary structure and interfacial chemistry. Amorphous grain boundary complexions were found to clearly increase a material’s resistance to mechanical damage, with the local distribution of structural short-range order within the complexions found to be an important descriptor for damage and the proposed focus of future work in this area.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Evolution at the Garnet Solid Electrolyte–Cathode Interface

Solid-state batteries promise higher energy density and improved safety compared with lithium-ion batteries. However, electro-chemomechanical instabilities at the solid electrolyte interface with the cathode and the anode hinder their large scale implementation. Here, in this study, we focus on resolving electro-chemo-mechanical instability mechanisms and their onset conditions between a state-of-the-art cathode, LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 (NMC622), and the garnet Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO) solid electrolyte. We used thin-film NMC622 on LLZO pellets to place the interfacial region within the detection depth of the X-ray characterization techniques. The experimental probes of the near-interface region included in operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and ex situ focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical degradation was not observable during cycling at room temperature with 4.3 V versus Li/Li + charge voltage cutoff, or with stepwise potentiostatic hold up to 4.1 V versus Li/Li + . In contrast, secondary phases including reduced transition metal species (Ni 2+ , Co 2+ ) were found after cycling up to 4.3 V versus Li/Li + at 80 °C and during potentiostatic hold at 4.3 V versus Li/Li + (Ni 2+ ). Intergranular cracks between NMC622 grains and delamination at the NMC622|LLZO interface occurred readily after the first charge. These interface reaction products and mechanical failure lowered the capacity and cell efficiency due to partial loss of the NMC622 phase, partial loss of contact at the interface, and a higher polarization resistance. Electrochemical instability between delithiated NMC622 and LLZO could be mitigated by using a low charge voltage cutoff or cycling at lower temperature. Ways to engineer the mechanical properties to avoid crack deflection and delamination at the interface are also discussed for enhancing mechanical stability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Investigating the effect of heterogeneities across the electrode|multiphase polymer electrolyte interfaces in high-potential lithium batteries

Polymer electrolytes hold great promise for safe and high-energy batteries comprising solid or semi-solid electrolytes. Multiphase polymer electrolytes, consisting of mobile and rigid phases, exhibit fast ion conduction and desired mechanical properties. However, fundamental challenges exist in understanding and regulating interactions at the electrode|electrolyte interface, especially when using high-potential layered oxide active materials at the positive electrode. Here we demonstrate that depletion of the mobile conductive phase at the interface contributes to battery performance degradation. Molecular ionic composite electrolytes, composed of a rigid-rod ionic polymer with nanometric mobile cations and anions, serve as a multiphase platform to investigate the evolution of ion conductive domains at the interface. Chemical and structural characterizations enable the visualization of concentration heterogeneity and spatially resolve the interfacial chemical states over a statistically significant field of view for buried interfaces. We report that concentration and chemical heterogeneities prevail at electrode|electrolyte interfaces, leading to phase separation in polymer electrolytes. In conclusion, understanding the hidden roles of interfacial chemomechanics in polymer electrolytes enables us to design an interphase tailoring strategy based on electrolyte additives to mitigate the interfacial heterogeneity and improve battery performance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Hybrid additive manufacturing of AISI 316L via asynchronous powder and hot-wire laser directed energy deposition

Hybrid Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers a way to leverage the advantages of different AM technologies, enabling the efficient production of sizeable parts without compromising material properties or geometric complexity capabilities. This study presents an asynchronous hybrid Directed Energy Deposition (DED) strategy employing laser powder DED and laser hot-wire DED. AISI 316L parts comprising multiple powder and wire segments were fabricated with optional machining on AISI 316L substrates to investigate how quality is impacted by (i) alternative process sequences (laser powder DED followed by laser hot-wire DED and vice versa), (ii) machined vs. as-printed interfacial conditions, and (iii) material deposition on top vs. alongside previously built segments. Optical microscopy, X-ray computed tomography, and Vickers hardness were used to characterize the morphology and microstructure of the parts, localized porosity and lack of fusion defects, bulk density, and mechanical properties. Interfacial machining was necessary for dimensional control but promoted lack of fusion voids, resulting in a 99.71 ± 0.01% dense part. As-printed interfaces resulted in a denser part (99.82 ± 0.02%) at the expense of dimensional accuracy. The hardness of the parts with as-printed and machined interfaces was 196 ± 0.37 HV and 192 ± 0.40 HV, respectively, compared to 156 ± 1.4 HV for the substrate. Depositing powder alongside or on top of wire sections resulted in interfaces with a hardness of 217 ± 2.2 HV, compared to 185 ± 3.4 HV for the wire-powder interfaces.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry for Characterization of Pt-Coated Porous Transport Layers in PEM Water Electrolyzers

Titanium-based porous transport layers (PTLs) and iridium-based catalyst layers (CLs) are two main components of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs). PTLs are typically coated with platinum to minimize interfacial losses and to support long-term operation. Optimizing coatings and the PTL-CL interface requires comprehensive characterization. This study establishes time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) as a valuable technique for PTL characterization, addressing capabilities and limitations related to PTL morphology. A methodology was developed that uses a Cs + sputter beam for dynamic depth profiling, with data collected in both positive-ion (MCs + ) and negative-ion modes to generate depth profiles, 2D ion maps, and 3D ion reconstructions. ToF-SIMS detected relative differences in platinum-layer thickness between samples; these trends were validated by cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) measurements and flat-titanium substrate controls. Interfacial oxide layers are identified in both ion modes, with enhanced oxide sensitivity in negative mode. The technique’s high sensitivity enables detection of nanometer-scale coatings and trace impurities within the bulk PTL structure. These results provide a methodological framework for analyzing Pt-coated PTLs, with the potential to extend to other components in PEMWEs and other electrolyzer systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Multi-phase characterization of pitch-carbon coated nano-silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Silicon (Si) is a leading next-generation Li-ion battery anode candidate that meets rigorous performance demands for portable power including enhanced power and energy density with robust cycling performance. However, a series of complex and interrelated reactions lead to reduced calendar life in Si-containing systems and therefore challenge practical adoption. In the present work, we probe the mechanisms underlying observed performance improvements by adding a pitch-carbon coating onto nano-Si material. We pair solid-phase (X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared), semi-volatile phase (solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), and gas-phase (gas chromatography-flame-ionization detector) characterization signals to comprehensively evaluate the impact of pitch-carbon coating on the evolution of the Si solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the associated impacts on electrode/electrolyte reactivity. The pitch-carbon is found to serve as a physicochemical barrier, reducing the electro-active surface area for Si/electrolyte reactivity and preventing Si oxidation. Further, the pitch-carbon coating promotes the evolution of a more-favorable SEI by subsuming substantial functionality typically associated with the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) electrolyte additive - such as alkoxide scavenging and suppression of transesterification pathways - and by shifting the competitive electrolyte degradation pathways' favorability. The multi-phase characterization approach enables holistic end-products evaluation from complex (electro)chemical interfacial reactions, which informs a robust interpretation of the carbon coating's role in electrochemical performance improvements. The present mechanistic evaluation aids the rational design for improved nano-Si materials.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Flux Upcycling of Degraded Layered Cathodes to LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 (NMCs) with Gradient Transition Metal Distribution

The rising demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has intensified the need for efficient recycling methods to address both supply chain constraints and environmental impacts. Direct upcycling, distinguished by its ability to achieve both the structural and compositional integrity of cathode materials, has gained prominence as a sustainable alternative to conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes. However, the current direct upcycling methods are typically limited by incorporating Li and/or Ni, significantly constraining the adaptability across diverse LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 (NMCs). Here, in this study, a versatile molten salt approach is reported that expands the scope of direct upcycling by enabling simultaneous incorporation of Li, Ni, and Mn. This methodology facilitates flexible conversion among diverse NMC compositions, including non-stoichiometric Co/Mn systems such as upcycling degraded LiCoO 2 (D-LCO), LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 (D-NMC111), LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (D-NMC811) to surface Mn enriched NMC111, LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 (NMC532), and NMC811, respectively. The gradient transition metal distribution in upcycled products, characterized by Mn-enriched outer layers and Co/Ni-enriched cores enhances the interfacial stability of NMC cathodes, addressing critical challenges in long-term performance and structural integrity. These results highlight the potential of flux methods for advancing the upcycling of spent cathodes and producing high-performance materials for next-generation LIBs applications.

lithium -ion batteries↗
DOE OSTI2024

Creep and failure at metal-oxide interfaces

Small-scale bicrystal creep experiments were performed on contacts formed via in situ high-temperature diffusion bonding of metal-oxide interfaces including Ag-ZrO 2 , Pd-ZrO 2 , Pt-ZrO 2 , and Ag-high entropy oxide. This work characterizes deformation and failure at metal-oxide interfaces during mechanical loading. Interfacial sliding can be activated easily, while tensile interfacial creep was not observed at any condition of stress or temperature measured. Plastic strain, instead, localizes within the metal under tensile loading. A variety of mechanisms for plastic strain occur in the metal including lattice dislocation-mediated plasticity, twinning, low-angle grain boundary formation, and low-angle grain boundary creep. Surface and low-angle grain boundary diffusion occur under conditions where no metal-oxide tensile creep is observed, highlighting the significant differences in their interfacial mechanical response. High-temperature interfacial failure occurs when the mean curvature at the contact neck is approximately zero and the applied stresses comparable to brittle fracture stresses. The brittle fracture stresses were measured to be σ ƒ = 180 ± 90 MPa at the Ag-ZrO 2 interface at 225 °C, σ ƒ = 460 ± 160 MPa at the Pd-ZrO 2 interface at 680 °C, and σ ƒ = 640 ± 440 MPa at the Pt-ZrO 2 interface at 1010 °C.

Creep↗
DOE OSTI2025

LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 Thin Films Prepared by Polymer-Assisted Deposition for the Study of Cathode-Electrolyte Interphases in Lithium-Ion Batteries

High-nickel layered oxide cathodes such as LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) are critical for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their superior energy density and reduced reliance on cobalt. However, many Ni-rich cathodes suffer from rapid capacity fade and structural instability originating from complex interfacial reactions at the cathode-electrolyte interface. Traditional composite electrodes exhibit degradation mechanisms that are challenging to quantitatively understand due to additives, including binders and carbon black. In this study, we demonstrate a new synthesis approach for binder- and additive-free NMC811 thin films using polymer-assisted deposition (PAD). PAD-NMC811 are model thin-film cathodes for investigating interfacial phenomena that can be obscured in composite cathodes. Structural and chemical characterization by X-ray diffraction, soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy show that PAD-NMC811 films possess high phase purity, crystallinity, chemical homogeneity, and morphological uniformity. Electrochemical analyses using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling revealed electrochemical behavior consistent with that of composite electrodes, along with a moderate capacity fade indicative of cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) formation. Our findings illustrate the effectiveness of PAD synthesis of thin films tailored for detailed mechanistic studies, which offer critical insights into CEI evolution and cathode degradation pathways.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Phonon modes and electron–phonon coupling at the FeSe/SrTiO 3 interface

The remarkable increase in superconducting transition temperature (T c ) observed at the interface of one-unit-cell FeSe films on SrTiO3 substrates (1 uc FeSe/STO) has attracted considerable research into the interface effects. Although this high T c is thought to be associated with electron-phonon coupling (EPC), the microscopic coupling mechanism and its role in the superconductivity remain elusive. Here we use momentum-selective high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy to atomically resolve the phonons at the FeSe/STO interface. We uncover new optical phonon modes, coupling strongly with electrons, in the energy range of 75-99 meV. These modes are characterized by out-of-plane vibrations of oxygen atoms in the interfacial double-TiO x layer and the apical oxygens in STO. Our results also demonstrate that the EPC strength and superconducting gap of 1 uc FeSe/STO are closely related to the interlayer spacing between FeSe and the TiOx terminated STO. These findings shed light on the microscopic origin of the interfacial EPC and provide insights into achieving large and consistent T c enhancement in FeSe/STO and potentially other superconducting systems.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Enhancing surface activity and durability in triple conducting electrode for protonic ceramic electrochemical cells

With the material system operating at lower temperatures, protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) can offer high energy efficiency and reliable performance for both power generation and hydrogen production, making them a promising technology for reversible energy cycling. However, PCEC faces technical challenges, particularly regarding electrode activity and durability under high current density operations. To address these challenges, we introduce a nano-architecture oxygen electrode characterized by high porosity and triple conductivity, designed to enhance catalytic activity and interfacial stability through a self-assembly approach, while maintaining scalability. Electrochemical cells incorporating this advanced electrode demonstrate robust performance, achieving a peak power density of 1.50 W cm −2 at 600 °C in fuel cell mode and a current density of 5.04 A cm −2 at 1.60 V in electrolysis mode, with enhanced stability on transient operations and thermal cycles. The underlying mechanisms are closely related to the improved surface activity and mass transfer due to the dual features of the electrode structure. Additionally, the enhanced interfacial bonding between the oxygen electrode and electrolyte contributes to increased durability and thermomechanical integrity. This study underscores the critical importance of optimizing electrode microstructure to achieve a balance between surface activity and durability.

Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells↗
DOE OSTI2024

Decoupling first-cycle capacity loss mechanisms in sulfide solid-state batteries

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) promise more energy-dense storage than liquid electrolyte lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, first-cycle capacity loss is higher in SSBs than in LIBs due to interfacial reactions. The chemical evolution of key interfaces in SSBs has been extensively characterized. Electrochemically, however, we lack a versatile strategy for quantifying the reversibility of solid electrolyte (SE) redox for established and next-generation SSB electrolytes. In this work, we perform tailored electrochemical tests and operando X-ray diffraction to disentangle reversible and irreversible sources of capacity loss in positive electrodes composed of Li 6 PS 5 Cl SE, Li(Ni 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 )O 2 (NMC), and carbon conductive additives. We leverage an atypically low voltage cutoff (2.0 V vs. Li/Li + ) to quantify the reversibility of SE redox. Using slow (5.5 mA g NMC −1 ) cycling paired with >100 h low-voltage holds, our cells achieve a surprising 96.2% first-cycle coulombic efficiency, which is higher than previously reported (mean: 72%, maximum: 91.6% across surveyed literature). We clarify that sluggish NMC relithiation kinetics have been historically mistaken for permanently irreversible capacity loss. In conclusion, through systematic decoupling of loss mechanisms, we uncover the unexpected reversibility of SE redox and isolate the major contributors to capacity loss, outlining a strategy for accurate assessment of next-generation SE materials and interface modifications.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Halide segregation to boost all-solid-state lithium-chalcogen batteries

Mixing electroactive materials, solid-state electrolytes, and conductive carbon to fabricate composite electrodes is the most practiced but least understood process in all-solid-state batteries, which strongly dictates interfacial stability and charge transport. Here, we report on universal halide segregation at interfaces across various halogen-containing solid-state electrolytes and a family of high-energy chalcogen cathodes enabled by mechanochemical reaction during ultrahigh-speed mixing. Bulk and interface characterizations by multimodal synchrotron x-ray probes and cryo–transmission electron microscopy show that the in situ segregated lithium halide interfacial layers substantially boost effective ion transport and suppress the volume change of bulk chalcogen cathodes. Various all-solid-state lithium-chalcogen cells demonstrate utilization close to 100% and extraordinary cycling stability at commercial-level areal capacities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Oil Wetting on Synthetic Polymer Substrates

Understanding the interaction of polymer surfaces with nonpolar, low surface tension liquids, or whether a substrate is oleophobic versus oleophilic, is critical for applications ranging from antifingerprint coatings to oil–water separation membranes and oil spill remediation. Despite its technological importance, the molecular mechanisms underpinning polymer–oil wetting are not well characterized. Here, we employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the behavior of n-hexadecane in contact with chemically distinct polymer surfaces, spanning eight constitutional unit chemistries as well as amorphous and crystalline morphologies. This permits a critical examination of both thermodynamic and dynamic descriptors of oleophobicity, including oil contact angle, dewetting free energy, interfacial diffusivity, and a proposed “ghost probe energy,” which does not require explicit simulation of oil–polymer interactions. We find that the oil contact angle does not reliably distinguish oleophobic behavior across polymer chemistries, whereas other metrics provide clearer and more consistent differentiation. Analysis of the results reveals that polymer–oil wetting behavior is primarily governed by interfacial van der Waals interactions and modulated by surface flexibility and morphology. Collectively, this work establishes a computational framework for characterizing oil wetting and provides additional insight into what molecular-level factors dictate trends in oleophobicity.

lipids↗
DOE OSTI2026

Operando Depth-Resolved Measurement of Solvation Entropy, Interfacial Transport, and Charge-Transfer Kinetics in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Understanding and improving the performance and longevity of lithium-ion batteries critically depends on insight into the dynamic processes occurring at buried electrode-electrolyte interfaces. However, direct, depth-resolved, and operando diagnosis of these interfaces remains a longstanding challenge due to their inaccessibility beneath bulk materials, the limitations of conventional surface- and bulk-sensitive characterization tools, and the difficulty of maintaining realistic cell environments during measurement. These challenges have made it nearly impossible to uniquely resolve important interfacial properties such as charge transfer resistance, SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) resistance, and solvation entropy at the individual electrode interfaces within a working cell, information that is essential for mechanistic insight and accelerated battery design. Here, in this study, we report the development of multiharmonic electro-thermal spectroscopy (METS), an operando technique that enables depth-resolved measurement of solvation entropy, interfacial transport resistance, charge-transfer resistance, and SEI resistance at individual electrode-electrolyte interfaces within practical lithium-ion batteries. By leveraging frequency-dependent, thermal-wave sensing and interface-specific modeling, METS uniquely attributes interfacial properties to specific electrodes, as validated by comparison with traditional electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The ability to spatially and temporally resolve interfacial processes in real time provides new diagnostic capabilities that are crucial for mechanistic studies of battery degradation and for the rapid development of next-generation energy storage systems.

Chalise, Divya [University of California, Berkeley↗
DOE OSTI2024

Characterization of Polyamide Thin Films by Atomic Force Microscopy

This study directly compares the mechanical behavior of novel molecular layer deposition (MLD) and analogous interfacial polymerization (IP) polyamide thin films in environments relevant to reverse osmosis (RO) membrane operation. The elastic modulus of the films was determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in dry, hydrated, and chlorinated states. Surface roughness characteristics were also obtained given their potential influence on AFM modulus measurements. The much smoother MLD films demonstrated a statistically higher modulus in all states as compared to their IP counterparts. The MLD films maintained a modulus ~3X and ~5X greater than that of IP films after hydration and chlorination, respectively. Such differences in behavior may be due to the higher density and correspondingly lower void content of the MLD films. Results from this study provide a rationale for future development of MLD for fabrication of polyamide films for incorporation in RO membranes.

atomic force microscopy↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nanoscale Structure and Interfacial Electrochemical Reactivity of Moiré-Engineered Atomic Layers

Here, the electronic properties of atomically thin van der Waals (vdW) materials can be precisely manipulated by vertically stacking them with a controlled offset (for example, a rotational offset─i.e., twist─between the layers, or a small difference in lattice constant) to generate moiré superlattices. In recent years, the application of this “twistronics” concept to interfacial electrochemistry has unveiled unique pathways for tailoring the electrochemical reactivity. Furthermore, this Account provides an overview of our work that leveraged a suite of structural characterization methods, such as interferometric four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy, dark-field transmission electron microscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy, along with nanoscale electrochemical measurement techniques, namely, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), to uncover and dissect the profound impact of electrode electronic structure, controlled by interlayer twist, on interfacial electron transfer kinetics.

Charge transfer↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hydrodynamic characterization of the redox chemistry of crown-encapsulated uranyl complexes

The redox properties of actinide-containing species strongly influence their reactivity, speciation, and interfacial behavior, but the experimental quantification of the electrochemical characteristics of molecular actinide complexes in nonaqueous media has not received the attention it deserves. Here, results from hydrodynamic methods and electrochemical simulations of U(VI)/U(V) redox are reported, including quantification of heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetics and estimation of chemical reversibility of U(VI)/U(V) interconversion at electrodes in acetonitrile-based electrolyte. The complexes investigated are recently reported U(VI) and U(V) complexes in which the uranyl ion (UO 2 n+ ) is encapsulated in a macrocyclic 18-crown-6-like moiety templated by a Pt(II) center. These complexes feature the most positive value U VI /U V reduction potential yet reported and are thus particularly relevant to study of facile U(V) generation from U(VI) precursors as well as uranium electroanalysis. Rotating disk electrode (RDE) studies have been used to quantify the diffusion coefficients of the U(VI) and U(V) complexes, and standard heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants ( k 0 ) for the redox have been determined using a conventional Koutecký-Levich analysis. Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) studies have been used to directly interrogate the chemical reversibility of U(VI)-U(V) interconversion, confirming that reduction of the U(VI) complex at an Au disk is associated with formation of the U(V) analogue that can be readily re-oxidized at a Pt ring under hydrodynamic (rotating) conditions. Because measurements of the type reported here are generally associated with current flows that are larger than those found in corresponding quiescent (unstirred) conditions, our findings suggest that hydrodynamic methods could be advantageous for design of electroanalytical approaches to detection of actinide species and study of their redox properties.

actinides↗