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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Deep-learning-aided extraction of optical constants in scanning near-field optical microscopy

Scanning near-field optical microscopy is one of the most effective techniques for spectroscopy of nanoscale systems. However, inferring optical constants from the measured near-field signal can be challenging because of a complicated and highly nonlinear interaction between the scanned probe and the sample. Conventional fitting methods applied to this problem often suffer from the lack of convergence or require human intervention. Here, we develop an alternative approach where the optical parameter extraction is automated by a deep learning network. The network provides an initial estimate that is subsequently refined by a traditional fitting algorithm. In conclusion, we show that this method demonstrates superior accuracy, stability against noise, and computational speed when applied to simulated near-field spectra.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reflection and refraction of directrons at the interface

Reflection and refraction are ubiquitous phenomena with extensive applications, yet minimizing energy loss and information distortion during these processes remains a significant challenge. This study examines the behavior of structurally stable solitons, known as directrons, in nematic liquid crystals interacting with an interface where the director field orientation changes, despite identical physical properties, external potentials, and boundary anchoring in the two regions. During reflection and refraction, the directrons maintain nearly constant structure and velocity, ensuring energy conservation and information integrity. Microscopic analyses of the director field and macroscopic evaluations of effective potential are employed to elucidate the dependence of reflection and refraction probabilities on the directron’s incident angle and the orientation difference across the interface. The findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of solitary waves in structured liquid crystal systems, offering significant implications for the development of tunable photonic devices, reconfigurable optical systems, and nanoscale material engineering.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2021

Dielectric metasurfaces made from vertically oriented nanoresonators

Dielectric metasurfaces control optical wavefronts via nanoscale resonators laid out across a surface. However, most metasurfaces are, by design, planar. In this work, we demonstrate the ability to fabricate dielectric metasurfaces with vertically oriented dielectric resonators using membrane projection lithography. We first numerically characterize the resonant modes of an array of vertically oriented germanium ellipses with no substrate and identify a narrowband region where the resonators satisfy the first Kerker condition. We then fabricate seven metasurfaces by depositing germanium ellipses onto walls of a 3D micrometer-sized silicon nitride photonic scaffold and characterize their transmission. We find that signatures of the multipolar modes seen in the unsupported array persist in the supported array, but the overall behavior is more complicated due to the scaffold. Further, we show that for a conceptual metasurface containing two coupled, vertically oriented ellipses, the ellipses can generate a sharp resonance with a quality factor of 240.

Gennaro, Sylvain D. (ORCID:0000000222090831)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Spectroscopy of Degenerate One-Dimensional Electrons in Carbon Nanotubes (Final Report)

The goal of this research program was to understand the fundamental properties of degenerate one-dimensional (1-D) electrons in single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). SWCNTs provide an ideal 1-D environment in which to study many-body physics. Semiconducting SWCNTs exhibit rich optical spectra dominated by extremely stable 1-D excitons, whereas metallic SWCNTs contain massless 1-D carriers with ultralong mean-free paths. Despite the large number of electrical, optical, and magnetic studies of SWCNTs during the last two decades, most of the predicted exotic properties of interacting 1-D electrons have yet to be observed, and some reported experimental results remain highly controversial. Here, we report on our research projects for the last 16 years summarizing spectroscopy on SWCNTs using an arsenal of spectroscopic methods from the terahertz to the visible spectral range, including ultrafast optical spectroscopy and ultrahigh magnetic fields. These studies provided a wealth of new insights into the nature of strongly correlated carriers in the ultimate 1-D limit that will lead to novel nanodevice concepts and implementations. Particular emphasis was placed on dynamical 1-D phenomena in the terahertz, infrared, and optical frequency ranges. Because SWCNTs are direct-band-gap materials, they are one of the leading candidates to unify electronic and optical functions in nanoscale circuits and elucidate how electron correlations can affect and control finite-frequency phenomena in 1-D systems. As a result, we have published 78 research articles (Web of Science), including ten reviews and book volumes/chapters. Below, we highlight and summarize several accomplishments that provided new insights into the fundamental properties of1-D carriers, excitons, and phonons of SWCNTs.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2026

Low-Field EMR Studies of Permalloy Films and Gratings

Flat and profile-modulated permalloy films have been studied by the electron magnetic resonance (EMR) method. In addition to ferromagnetic and spin-wave resonances, the structures demonstrate low-field EMR signals of an unusual shape, which form a hysteresis loop in sweeping fields. The low-field signals are attributed to a fast reorientation of magnetic domains. The low-field EMR behavior is comparable to the behavior in magneto-dependent photovoltage previously observed in the optical experiments. The shapes of the loops and typical values of the switching fields depend on the profile modulation parameters confirming the possibility of controlling magnetic properties and the coupling of magnetic and optical effects with nanoscale geometry.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nanoscale Free-Electron Lasing (Final Technical Report)

Optical control of electron dynamics and energy structure can be leveraged for tailoring classical and quantum light sources. Previous work was primarily limited to Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs). Our work under this program sought to enable full time and energy control of electrons in SEMs for exploring the physics of attosecond electron dynamics and light generation at the nanoscale. The motivation behind this work was to understand these fundamental processes important to free-electron lasing at the nanoscale using sub-relativistic electrons.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Temporal and spatial tuning of optical constants in praseodymium doped ceria by electrochemical means

Abstract Temporal and spatial tuning of the refractive index of optical thin films is desired for flat optics applications. The redistribution of mobile ions in mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIEC) has been demonstrated to serve as a viable means for achieving optical tuning down to the nanoscale. Here we studied the dynamic range of the optical tuning achievable in the refractive index, in the MIEC oxide – Pr x Ce 1− x O 2− δ (PCO), for x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4, at 500 °C, by in-situ spectrophotometry. Significant increases in the modulation of both the imaginary and real optical constants in the visible and the adjacent spectra were obtained for increased doping levels. Device employing an electrochemical titration method was implemented to modulate the oxygen concentration, and thereby the optical transmission of PCO. Incorporation of a patterned top electrode allowed for the demonstration of spatial control of PCO thin film properties by in-situ video imaging of the optical switching process. The electrochemically induced optical state is shown to remain non-volatile upon quenching the device to room temperature under applied bias.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Plasmonic Hybridization and Near-Field Localization in Gold “Dog Bone” Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles with complex anisotropic geometries offer unique opportunities for tailoring plasmonic near-fields beyond the limits of conventional nanorods. Here we combine photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM) and full-wave simulations to resolve plasmon hybridization and near-field localization in gold dog-bone nanoparticles and their dimers with and without conformal SiO 2 shells. We demonstrate that the dog-bone geometry drives unconventional polarization-dependent field confinement, including pronounced tip-localized near-fields under both longitudinal and transverse excitation. Conformal SiO 2 shells red-shift the plasmon resonances through dielectric screening and prevent charge-transfer coupling in adjacent dimers. Depending on the dimer orientation and excitation polarization, coupled structures exhibit distinct bonding- and antibonding-like hybridized modes as well as interparticle near-field channels. However, weakly interacting dimers retain largely independent particle responses with geometry-governed asymmetries. The close agreement between PINEM measurements and simulations establishes a direct picture of how shape, dielectric environment, and nanoscale coupling together define plasmonic modes in complex anisotropic nanoparticles. These findings provide design principles for engineering localized optical fields in plasmonic nanoscale structures.

hybridization↗
DOE OSTI2022

Infrared plasmons propagate through a hyperbolic nodal metal

Metals are canonical plasmonic media at infrared and optical wavelengths, allowing one to guide and manipulate light at the nanoscale. A special form of optical waveguiding is afforded by highly anisotropic crystals revealing the opposite signs of the dielectric functions along orthogonal directions. These media are classified as hyperbolic and include crystalline insulators, semiconductors, and artificial metamaterials. Layered anisotropic metals are also anticipated to support hyperbolic waveguiding. However, this behavior remains elusive, primarily because interband losses arrest the propagation of infrared modes. Here, we report on the observation of propagating hyperbolic waves in a prototypical layered nodal-line semimetal ZrSiSe. The observed waveguiding originates from polaritonic hybridization between near-infrared light and nodal-line plasmons. Unique nodal electronic structures simultaneously suppress interband loss and boost the plasmonic response, ultimately enabling the propagation of infrared modes through the bulk of the crystal.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ultrafast terahertz emission from emerging symmetry-broken materials

Abstract Nonlinear optical spectroscopies are powerful tools for investigating both static material properties and light-induced dynamics. Terahertz (THz) emission spectroscopy has emerged in the past several decades as a versatile method for directly tracking the ultrafast evolution of physical properties, quasiparticle distributions, and order parameters within bulk materials and nanoscale interfaces. Ultrafast optically-induced THz radiation is often analyzed mechanistically in terms of relative contributions from nonlinear polarization, magnetization, and various transient free charge currents. While this offers material-specific insights, more fundamental symmetry considerations enable the generalization of measured nonlinear tensors to much broader classes of systems. We thus frame the present discussion in terms of underlying broken symmetries, which enable THz emission by defining a system directionality in space and/or time, as well as more detailed point group symmetries that determine the nonlinear response tensors. Within this framework, we survey a selection of recent studies that utilize THz emission spectroscopy to uncover basic properties and complex behaviors of emerging materials, including strongly correlated, magnetic, multiferroic, and topological systems. We then turn to low-dimensional systems to explore the role of designer nanoscale structuring and corresponding symmetries that enable or enhance THz emission. This serves as a promising route for probing nanoscale physics and ultrafast light-matter interactions, as well as facilitating advances in integrated THz systems. Furthermore, the interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic material symmetries, in addition to hybrid structuring, may stimulate the discovery of exotic properties and phenomena beyond existing material paradigms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Spectral signatures of transverse optical modes in semiconductor nanowires

In order to build nanophotonic devices, it is important to understand and ultimately control the optical mode structure within potential components such as nanoscale waveguides. However, experimental characterization of such modes in the optical regime is difficult due to the nanoscale dimensions of such components and the perturbations that would be induced by a near-field probe. Here, we demonstrate a probe-free, far-field method to characterize the optical modes within GaN nanowires (NWs) based on a novel off-axis scanning confocal microscope system. Using this microscope, we observe spectral signatures resulting from lateral leakage of waveguide modes when they exceed their respective cutoff limits. We identify these modes within hyperspectral images using an analytical model coupled with finite element simulations. The model can also be used to predict the spectral signatures for given geometrical and dielectric parameters, which enabled us to deduce the transverse dimension of the NW from hyperspectral images with an accuracy of ∼ <#comment/> 30 nm .

Wang, Maoji↗
DOE OSTI2023

Plasmonic Nonlinear Energy Transfer Enhanced Second Harmonic Generation Nanoscopy

Nonlinear optical response is a fingerprint of various physicochemical properties of materials related to symmetry, including crystallography, interfacial configuration, and carrier dynamics. However, the intrinsically weak nonlinear optical susceptibility and the diffraction limit of far-field optics restrict probing deep-subwavelength-scale nonlinear optics with measurable signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we propose an alternative approach toward efficient second harmonic generation (SHG) nanoscopy for SHG-active sample (zinc oxide nanowire; ZnO NW) using an SHG-active plasmonic nanotip. Our full-wave simulation suggests that the experimentally observed high near-field SHG contrast is possible when the nonlinear response of ZnO NW is enhanced and/or that of the tip is suppressed. Here, this result suggests possible evidence of quantum mechanical nonlinear energy transfer between the tip and the sample, modifying the nonlinear optical susceptibility. Further, this process probes the nanoscale corrosion of ZnO NW, demonstrating potential use in studying various physicochemical phenomena in nanoscale resolution.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Giant nonlinear optical responses from photon-avalanching nanoparticles

Avalanche phenomena use steeply nonlinear dynamics to generate disproportionately large responses from small perturbations, and are found in a multitude of events and materials. Photon avalanching enables technologies such as optical phase-conjugate imaging, infrared quantum counting and efficient upconverted lasing. However, the photon-avalanching mechanism underlying these optical applications has been observed only in bulk materials and aggregates, limiting its utility and impact. In this study we report the realization of photon avalanching at room temperature in single nanostructures-small, Tm 3+ -doped upconverting nanocrystals-and demonstrate their use in super-resolution imaging in near-infrared spectral windows of maximal biological transparency. Avalanching nanoparticles (ANPs) can be pumped by continuous-wave lasers, and exhibit all of the defining features of photon avalanching, including clear excitation-power thresholds, exceptionally long rise time at threshold, and a dominant excited-state absorption that is more than 10,000 times larger than ground-state absorption. Beyond the avalanching threshold, ANP emission scales nonlinearly with the 26th power of the pump intensity, owing to induced positive optical feedback in each nanocrystal. This enables the experimental realization of photon-avalanche single-beam super-resolution imaging with sub-70-nanometre spatial resolution, achieved by using only simple scanning confocal microscopy and without any computational analysis. Pairing their steep nonlinearity with existing super-resolution techniques and computational methods, ANPs enable imaging with higher resolution and at excitation intensities about 100 times lower than other probes. The low photon-avalanching threshold and excellent photostability of ANPs also suggest their utility in a diverse array of applications, including sub-wavelength imaging and optical and environmental sensing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Broadband unidirectional visible imaging using wafer-scale nano-fabrication of multi-layer diffractive optical processors

We present a broadband and polarization-insensitive unidirectional imager that operates at the visible part of the spectrum, where image formation occurs in one direction, while in the opposite direction, it is blocked. This approach is enabled by deep learning-driven diffractive optical design with wafer-scale nano-fabrication using high-purity fused silica to ensure optical transparency and thermal stability. Our design achieves unidirectional imaging across three visible wavelengths (covering red, green, and blue parts of the spectrum), and we experimentally validated this broadband unidirectional imager by creating high-fidelity images in the forward direction and generating weak, distorted output patterns in the backward direction, in alignment with our numerical simulations. This work demonstrates wafer-scale production of diffractive optical processors, featuring 16 levels of nanoscale phase features distributed across two axially aligned diffractive layers for visible unidirectional imaging. This approach facilitates mass-scale production of ~0.5 billion nanoscale phase features per wafer, supporting high-throughput manufacturing of hundreds to thousands of multi-layer diffractive processors suitable for large apertures and parallel processing of multiple tasks. Beyond broadband unidirectional imaging in the visible spectrum, this study establishes a pathway for artificial-intelligence-enabled diffractive optics with versatile applications, signaling a new era in optical device functionality with industrial-level, massively scalable fabrication.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unraveling the myths and mysteries of photon avalanching nanoparticles

Photon avalanching (PA) nanomaterials exhibit some of the most nonlinear optical phenomena reported for any material, allowing them to push the frontiers of applications ranging from nanoscale imaging and sensing to optical computing. But PA remains shrouded in mystery, with its underlying physics and limitations misunderstood. Photon avalanching is not, in fact, an avalanche of photons, at least not in the same way that snowballs beget more snowballing in an actual avalanche. In this focus article, we dispel these and other common myths surrounding PA in lanthanide-based nanoparticles and unravel the mysteries of this unique nonlinear optical effect. We hope that removing the misconceptions surrounding avalanching nanoparticles will inspire new interest and applications that harness the giant nonlinearity of PA across a broad range of scientific fields.

Skripka, Artiom↗
DOE OSTI2023

Light-induced shift current vortex crystals in moiré heterobilayers

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) moiré superlattices provide an emerging platform to explore various light-induced phenomena. Recently, the discoveries of novel moiré excitons have attracted great interest. The nonlinear optical responses of these systems are however still underexplored. Here, we report investigation of light-induced shift currents (a second-order response generating DC current from optical illumination) in the WSe 2 /WS 2 moiré superlattice. We identify a striking phenomenon of the formation of shift current vortex crystals—i.e., two-dimensional periodic arrays of moiré-scale current vortices and associated magnetic fields with remarkable intensity under laboratory laser setup. Furthermore, we demonstrate high optical tunability of these current vortices—their location, shape, chirality, and magnitude can be tuned by the frequency, polarization, and intensity of the incident light. Electron-hole interactions (excitonic effects) are found to play a crucial role in the generation and nature of the shift current intensity and distribution. Our findings provide a promising all-optical control route to manipulate nanoscale shift current density distributions and magnetic field patterns, as well as shed light on nonlinear optical responses in moiré quantum matter and their possible applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Signatures of nonthermal carriers in nonlinear photoluminescence

Ultrafast light emission from plasmonic nanostructures provides a sensitive probe of the energetic electrons generated by intense optical excitation. The way this emission scales with excitation intensity has long been read through the lens of heated electron populations at an elevated temperature, yet this picture cannot reconcile the variety of behaviors seen across different materials and experiments. We argue that transient nonthermal electrons play a far larger role than has been appreciated. We present a unified description that reproduces emission behavior across diverse systems and outline experiments needed to resolve their signatures.

nanoscale materials↗