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At least 55 records · Page 3

Technical Specification Surveillance Interval Extension Using Self-Diagnostics

As part of the Light Water Reactor Sustainability program, an ongoing research effort is being conducted on technical specifications surveillance interval extension of digital equipment in nuclear power plants. The research team is led by Idaho National Laboratory and includes Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Technology Resources, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This research focuses on developing methods for applying the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)–approved guidance to implement a licensee-controlled, risk-informed surveillance frequency change program in digital instrumentation and control (I&C) systems that include self-diagnostics and online monitoring (OLM) capabilities. Although approved methods exist for extending technical specifications (TS) surveillance test intervals (STIs) for general equipment, including analog I&C equipment, gaps remain in technology and guidance on crediting newer digital equipment’s internal self-diagnostics and OLM characteristics. Previous research described a general methodology for crediting internal self-diagnostics for extending surveillance test intervals. The methodology used self-diagnostics to detect—and credited recovery from—failure. Self-diagnostics were also applied for performance monitoring during the extended surveillance interval. This report discusses the status of recent activities to evaluate the previously developed methodology using a pilot study. Although both a utility partner for a pilot study and a specific digital asset were identified in FY2020, delays in obtaining proprietary information resulted in a limited ability to fully evaluate the methodology, and further interactions were complicated by the COVID pandemic. Therefore, at that time, the use of public-domain information—along with current processes for surveillance interval extension through a surveillance frequency control program—identified the need to fully assess diagnostic coverage as part of the pilot study. Furthermore, self-diagnostics were also identified as a potential option to replace the drift analyses conducted as part of current STI extension procedures. In FY2022, the project was reconstituted with the industry partner, and information and data were made available by the industry partner to the research team for review. The shared information included failure event descriptions and data for a digital I&C system since its implementation, as well as recent STI extension interval reports developed by the utility partner on that digital I&C system. This report presents an evaluation of this information and data and describes an application of the proposed methodology cited above. The methodology seeks to take advantage of the self-diagnostics and OLM capabilities to reduce risk or reduce the level of qualitative monitoring assessment needed to perform a risk-informed STI extension using existing NRC approved guidance or both. Addressing these issues of STI extension by crediting self-diagnostics is likely to result in benefits for current and future nuclear power plant (NPP) operations, including lowering the barriers to adoption of digital I&C systems and increasing cost savings by deferring or eliminating unneeded preventive maintenance (tasks or checks or activities). Specifically, self-diagnostic and OLM capabilities of newer digital equipment being installed in non-safety and safety applications are designed to detect failures, provide early warning of potential failures, and notify plant operators to take appropriate action to reduce out of service (OOS) time thus protecting safety margins. Moreover, the equipment is expected to provide information that time-related operational degradation is identified early to ensure timely and planned corrective actions instead of a reactive and unplanned approach ahead of an extended-surveillance interval.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Autoregressive distributed lag-based dynamic uniformity modeling and monitoring approaches for superconductor manufacturing

High-temperature superconductors (HTS), known for their high efficiency and low energy loss, have found profound applications across various fields, driving the demand for long, uniformly performing tapes. However, ensuring uniform performance over extended lengths of HTS tapes, often characterized by the consistency of critical current, remains challenging due to fluctuations in growth conditions during manufacturing. Here, to elucidate the mechanisms underlying variations in tape uniformity and enable real-time monitoring of associated parameters, we propose an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ADL)-based Dynamic Uniformity Modeling and Monitoring (ADUM2) approach. This method integrates uniformity measurement, the identification of critical process parameters and real-time monitoring within the manufacturing process. The ADUM2 approach is applied to the advanced metal organic chemical vapor deposition (A-MOCVD) process, a pilot-scale method for superconductor manufacturing. Our model demonstrates superior performance compared to benchmark methods, accounting for over 80% of the total variance in the data and identifying 13 key process parameters influencing the uniformity of HTS tapes. This study offers significant insights into the high-temperature superconductor manufacturing process and holds the potential to facilitate the production of cost-effective, uniformly performing long superconducting tapes in the future.

autoregressive distributed lag analysis↗

Brine Availability Test in Salt: Thermal-Hydrological-Mechanical-Chemical Simulations of a Heated Borehole in Salt - 20239

The Brine Availability Test in Salt (BATS) is a collaboration between Los Alamos, Sandia, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories that is being conducted to reduce the uncertainties associated with disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level radioactive waste (HLW) in a hypothetical bedded salt repository. Bedded salt formations may be an acceptable host rock for disposal of nuclear waste due to salt's high thermal conductivity, extremely low permeability, and self-healing capability. In this paper, we report on the first round of the BATS project, a 'shakedown test' known as Phase 1s, with an emphasis on the supporting numerical modeling. The experiment was conducted at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) using previously drilled horizontal boreholes. The test included a heater borehole in which temperature, pressure, and moisture was monitored, and two nearby temperature monitoring boreholes. Numerical simulations that reflect the 36-year-long history of activity at the WIPP site are necessary to develop the appropriate initial conditions. Testing with different heater designs reveals that a 750 W radiative heater within a borehole can achieve the 120 deg. C borehole wall temperature goal. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

In-line measurements of below-the-surface food deformation during drying with an interference-based optical fiber strain sensor

Real-time measurements of food deformation are important for quality control in drying, yet they pose significant challenges. In this study, we developed an interference-based optical fiber strain sensor to enable in-line, continuous, below-the-surface strain measurements in drying of soft food samples. Compared to a strain resolution of 8 × 10 -4 at zero strain and 7.2 × 10 -3 at 0.20 strain reported in our previously published work, the present study achieves markedly improved resolutions of 1.3 × 10 -4 at zero strain and 7.8 × 10 -4 at 0.25 strain, which strains are the lower and higher boundaries of the dynamic range, respectively. This nearly order-of-magnitude improvement is attributed to the unique interference-based sensing mechanism, no need for calibration to convert optical signals to strain, and the system-design-enabled immunity to fiber-disk misalignments and light source intensity fluctuations. To demonstrate the in-line process monitoring, deformation measurements of fresh banana slices and sugar cookie doughs were carried out in a benchtop oven and an industrial-scale hot-air pilot dryer, respectively. In both dryers, strain measurements were continuously measured during the whole drying process at various depths and radii below the sample surfaces, with the strains up to 25%. Computer vision was used only in the benchtop drying to confirm the faithfulness of the fiber sensor measurements and cannot provide below-the-surface measurements. The measured spatiotemporal deformation allowed us to confirm the shell-hardening effect and to determine the speed and location of large deformation changes in the whole drying process, the latter of which is related to the sample cracking. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to report on an interferometry-based fiber sensor to measure food deformation. This sensor and the sensing mechanism have high potential for real-time process monitoring and control to prevent over-drying or cracking during drying processes.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Non-invasive (non-contact) measurements of human thermal physiology signals and thermal comfort/discomfort poses -A review

Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems have been adopted to create comfortable, healthy and safe indoor environments. In the control loop, the technical feature of the human demand-oriented supply can help operate HVAC effectively. Among many technical options, real time monitoring based on feedback signals from end users has been frequently reported as a critical technology to confirm optimizing building performance. Recent studies have incorporated human thermal physiology signals and thermal comfort/discomfort status as real-time feedback signals. A series of human subject experiments used to be conducted by primarily adopting subjective questionnaire surveys in a lab-setting study, which is limited in the application for reality. With the help of advanced technologies, physiological signals have been detected, measured and processed by using multiple technical formats, such as wearable sensors. Nevertheless, they mostly require physical contacts with the skin surface in spite of the small physical dimension and compatibility with other wearable accessories, such as goggles, and intelligent bracelets. Most recently, a low cost small infrared camera has been adopted for monitoring human facial images, which could detect the facial skin temperature and blood perfusion in a contactless way. Also, according to latest pilot studies, a conventional digital camera can generate infrared images with the help of new methods, such as the Euler video magnification technology. Human thermal comfort/discomfort poses can also be detected by video methods without contacting human bodies and be analyzed by the skeleton keypoints model. Here, new sensing technologies were summarized, their cons and pros were discussed, and extended applications for the demand-oriented ventilation were also reviewed as potential development and applications.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Continuous Fiber Bath Treatments at Pilot Scale: A Novel Testbed System

The technical demands on high performance textiles continues to expand, and the research community has answered the call with innovative fiber bath treatments for enhanced properties and sizings for improved composites. However, little translation to greater scale has been demonstrated. To fill this gap, a novel, multifunctional system has been developed to explore polymer fiber treatment methods, the deployment of nanoadditive coatings and other sizings, and smart processing methods at the pilot scale. Continuous tows of fibers can be passed through a temperature-controlled, crossflow bath with an immersion residence time exceeding 2 hours. The modular system is resistant to corrosive solutions, includes additional inline stations for washing and drying after processing, is equipped with a bevy of sensors, pumps, and valves monitored and controlled by a LabView program, and can be fully contained in a standard lab fume hood. This new testbed system, when coupled with high fidelity materials characterization methods, will enable rapid evaluation of new fiber treatment methods at pilot-scale.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

SMART Subsea Cables for Observing the Earth and Ocean, Mitigating Environmental Hazards, and Supporting the Blue Economy

The Joint Task Force, Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications (JTF SMART) Subsea Cables, is working to integrate environmental sensors for ocean bottom temperature, pressure, and seismic acceleration into submarine telecommunications cables. The purpose of SMART Cables is to support climate and ocean observation, sea level monitoring, observations of Earth structure, and tsunami and earthquake early warning and disaster risk reduction, including hazard quantification. Recent advances include regional SMART pilot systems that are the first steps to trans-ocean and global implementation. Examples of pilots include: InSEA wet demonstration project off Sicily at the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory Western Ionian Facility; New Caledonia and Vanuatu; French Polynesia Natitua South system connecting Tahiti to Tubaui to the south; Indonesia starting with short pilot systems working toward systems for the Sumatra-Java megathrust zone; and the CAM-2 ring system connecting Lisbon, Azores, and Madeira. This paper describes observing system simulations for these and other regions. Funding reflects a blend of government, development bank, philanthropic foundation, and commercial contributions. In addition to notable scientific and societal benefits, the telecommunications enterprise’s mission of global connectivity will benefit directly, as environmental awareness improves both the integrity of individual cable systems as well as the resilience of the overall global communications network. SMART cables support the outcomes of a predicted, safe, and transparent ocean as envisioned by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development and the Blue Economy. As a continuation of the OceanObs’19 conference and community white paper (Howe et al., 2019, 10.3389/fmars.2019.00424), an overview of the SMART programme and a description of the status of ongoing projects are given.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Heavy Oil Polymer EOR in the Challenging Alaskan Arctic - It Works!

Under co-sponsorship of the US Department of Energy and Hilcorp Alaska LLC the first ever polymer field pilot commenced on 8/28/2018 in the Schrader Bluff heavy oil reservoir at the Milne Point Field on Alaska North Slope (ANS). The primary objective of the pilot is to prove the efficacy of polymer Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to unlock the vast heavy oil resources on ANS. More than two and half years after startup, the polymer injection, supporting laboratory experiments and simulation studies steadily continue. The pilot started injecting hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), at a concentration of 1,750 ppm to achieve a target viscosity of 45 cP, into the two horizontal injectors in the flood pattern. Production is monitored in the two horizontal producers. Based on laboratory measurements of polymer viscosity at reservoir conditions, the team decided to reduce polymer concentration to 1,200 ppm since July 2020 in an effort to control injection pressure and optimize polymer utilization. Quality control (QC) on the field ensures uniform polymer solution properties. Representative rock and fluid systems and test conditions are utilized in the corefloods on polymer retention, effect of injection water salinity, polymer loading, and their combinations on oil recovery. A history matched reservoir simulation model for forecasting oil recovery was developed on the basis of all the available field data. Field concerns related to the post-polymer breakthrough impact on flow assurance is addressed via specialized laboratory tests. Notwithstanding early operational disruptions and hydration issues, continuous polymer injection in both injectors has been achieved. To date, 950,000 lbs of polymer or 2 million barrels of polymer solution, equating to 13% of total pore volume (PV), has been placed in the flood pattern, serving as an effective indicator of adequate polymer injectivity. So far, the success of polymer EOR is evident from drastically reduced water cut in the producers, an estimated incremental 1,000 bopd over waterflood, and a favorable polymer utilization of 1.7 lbs/barrel of incremental oil. Polymer breakthrough was observed 26 months after the start of polymer injection. Main observations from corefloods are unusually high polymer retention values in some cases and a positive response to low salinity water. Although the heterogeneity in the flood pattern and exceptionally low water cut pose some challenges, persistent novel and justifiable simulation approaches have resulted in a robust history matched model. Experimental results on produced fluids treatment provide operational guidance for improved oil-water separation and mitigation of heater tube fouling. The ongoing success of the pilot is a key indicator of bringing the team ever closer to meeting the project’s primary objective. The encouraging results of the pilot is one of the drivers that has provided the impetus to apply polymer EOR throughout the Milne Point Field, which would increase oil recovery and extend the economic life of the Trans Alaska Pipeline System. The scientific knowledge, including the many lessons learned from this pilot also has referential value for other potential heavy oil EOR projects throughout the world. The collected data, operational lessons learned, and the overall success of the pilot are summarized in the paper.

None, None↗

Overview of Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site 2 in the Permian Delaware Basin (HFTS-2)

Here, the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site 2 (HFTS-2) is a large collaborative field-based R&D program in the Permian Delaware Basin, funded by the US Department of Energy through the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and the E&P industry, with support from academia. The projects' main objective is to improve the understating of the hydraulic fracturing process through utilization of advanced diagnostics and collection of through-fracture cores to provide undisputable evidence and attributes of the created hydraulic fractures. At the HFTS-2, in excess of $30 million was used to perform hydraulic fracturing research focusing on the Wolfcamp formation at a field site hosted and operated by Occidental. In addition to the research data collected by the project, Occidental provided a significant amount of background data for about a dozen existing wells in the test area as well as access to previously collected core. Additional technical and laboratory support was provided by the program members. Building on learnings and unanswered questions from HFTS-1 in the Permian Midland basin, the HFTS-2 used eight new producing wells and two existing (parent) wells to perform hydraulic fracturing research. Multiple science wells were drilled to sample and characterize the subsurface, including the collection of 540 feet of core in a vertical pilot hole and 948 feet of high-angle through-fracture core. The project installed permanent fiber optic cables in 3 wells to monitor near wellbore signals during fracturing and to collect cross-well strain measurements. Additional advanced diagnostics included a significant formation evaluation program on the vertical whole core, multi array moment tensor inversion capable microseismic survey, multi-well time-lapse geochemistry analysis, analysis of proppant distribution in producing child and slant core well, and others. We will provide an overview of the HFTS-2 project, including list of the consortium members, details of the test site, experiments performed, and technologies tested.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Oak Ridge Computing Academy: An HPC cluster deployment and management pilot

The High Performance Computing Technologies (HPCT) course is a hands-on High Performance Computing (HPC) cluster deployment and management training program offered as part of the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) and the International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Master in High Performance Computing (MHPC) specialization. Here, this training program introduces students to key concepts in cluster configuration. which include networking, software stack provisioning, job scheduling, and monitoring. The publicly available course materials feature several examples and underlying methods that are broadly applicable to cluster deployment and management. This paper discusses the design of a new workforce development program at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory that is based on HPCT, the Oak Ridge Computing Academy (ORCA). The ORCA pilot program was hosted by the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) in Summer 2025. As a part of this discussion, HPCT and ORCA course contents and infrastructure are outlined, ORCA participant experiences are detailed, and potential opportunities for improvement are discussed.

Education↗

A Real-Time Data Dashboard for Monitoring Travel Behavior

When running a smartphone app-based travel behavior study, it is important to keep participants engaged in contributing data. Long study durations and/or large samples make it difficult to engage participants in reporting their travel behavior. We developed a dashboard web application called 'emdash' to facilitate and ease the data collection maintenance task. It allows deployers to view trip trajectories, track which participants are uploading data, and generate report ready plots. Emdash can also be useful for deployers to identify ways to best encourage a particular transportation mode shift and to provide feedback and reporting to participants. Using the dashboard, a single admin was able to support a classic travel study with 80 participants. The dashboard is currently deployed in a two-year electric bike (e-bike) pilot study called CanBikeCO, conducted in six locations across Colorado, USA. CanBikeCO targets carbon emissions reduction and equity improvement by evaluating changes to participants' travel behavior when they are offered free e-bikes. Each CanBikeCO location has access to their own version of emdash to help them monitor and support participants. After testing and gathering feedback, we made improvements to the dashboard's usability and scalability, and proposed a method to make detecting data issues easier. Improvements include configurable options and limiting the volume of data sent to the dashboard as study size and duration increase.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,MATHEMATICS AND COMPUT↗

Design and Operation of a Multi-Bed Catalytic Micro-Reactor for the Study of Co-Processing of Bio-Oils with VGO

An industry wide shift from fossil-based fuel to renewable fuel sources including biomass, municipal waste, and plastics will require new process monitoring methods to minimize transitional risks including off specification product formation and catalyst deactivation. This project aims to provide a machine learning based process monitoring tool composed of online, slipstream mass spectra for use in biomass refineries and co-processing in existing refineries allowing operators to monitor product qualities and adjust process conditions accordingly. In order to maximize the robustness of the tool, large volumes of data must be collected to fine tune model parameters which consists of both micro and pilot scale mass spectral data. Micro-scale data is collected with a multi-tube micro-reactor housing up to six catalysts in horizontal beds, coupled with a molecular beam mass spectrometer. A pyrolizer equipped with an auto-sampler streamlines the micro-scale data collection process. This type of pyrolizer/micro-reactor configuration does not exist on the market, and therefore had to be created for the purposes of this project. The design and commissioning of this reactor will be presented in detail. This reactor set-up is highly flexible and increases throughput of analysis. For catalyst testing, each bed can be individually selected simply by turning valves. For catalyst reduction and regeneration, simultaneous flow through all six beds is used. The reproducibility of the system was first assessed with whole biomass pyrolysis along with pyrolysis of calibration standards. Initial work on this system evaluated two FCC catalysts, equilibrium catalyst (E-cat), and a proprietary catalyst from Johnson Matthey specifically design for co-processing of bio-oil with vacuum gas oil (VGO). This work used model compounds and VGO which illuminated differences in products produced by the catalysts.

biomass↗

Biomass and salt-dependent effects of Bacillus spores on radionuclide migration from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

Spores of a Bacillus sp., isolated from radioactive waste, were tested for their ability to influence the fate and transport of neodymium (Nd3+) under high salt conditions expected at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) nuclear waste repository. Spores were suspended in neodymium-spiked saline solutions up to 4 M NaCl, and concentrations of Nd and the complexing agent dipicolinic acid (DPA), a component of spores, were monitored along with optical densities and spore numbers. Overall, results support neodymium bioassociation that is dependent upon biomass, with more apparent adsorption occurring at higher spore concentrations. However, probable spore lysis in 2 and 4 M NaCl solutions and possible germination at 0.15 M NaCl appear to drive the release of DPA and subsequent return of Nd to solution. The implications of this work for the WIPP will depend on actual biomass levels and the ionic strength of the repository brines.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Destructive PIE and Safety Testing of Six AGR-2 UO 2 Capsule 3 Compacts

The Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification Program’s second irradiation experiment (AGR-2) was irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) from June 2010 to October 2013 (Collin 2014). The fuel compacts in this experiment held either tristructural isotropic (TRISO)-coated spherical kernels of uranium oxide (UO2) or TRISO-coated kernels containing both uranium carbide and uranium oxide phases (UCO). There were six separately monitored and controlled capsules in the AGR-2 test train. Capsule 3 held twelve compacts containing UO2-TRISO particles fabricated by BWX Technologies Nuclear Operations Group. The AGR-2 TRISO particles were fabricated in a pilot-scale fluidized-bed chemical vapor deposition (FB-CVD) furnace with a coating chamber inner diameter of 150 mm (Phillips, Barnes, and Hunn 2010), which was a change from the first irradiation experiment (AGR-1) particles that had been coated in a lab-scale FB-CVD coating system with a chamber inner diameter of 50 mm (Lowden 2006). The TRISO particles were overcoated with resinated graphite flake at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and the overcoated particles were pressed into one-inch-long, half-inch-diameter cylinders (Hunn, Montgomery, and Pappano 2010). Each cylindrical compact held an average of 1,543 TRISO particles with 9.6% enriched UO2 kernels that had a nominal diameter of 500 μm (Hunn, Savage, and Silva 2012). Capsule 3 compacts were irradiated to average calculated burnups of 9.01–10.69% fissions per initial metal atom (FIMA), and the average calculated fluences of fast neutrons with energies E n > 0.18 MeV were 3.05–3.53×10 25 n/m 2 (Sterbentz 2014). The calculated time-average, volume-average Capsule 3 compact temperatures were 996–1,062°C. However, Capsule 3 compact temperatures varied several hundred degrees across each compact, and the timeaverage minimum (TA min ) and time-average maximum (TA max ) temperatures were between 889–999°C and 1,072–1,105°C, respectively (Hawkes 2014). After irradiation, the AGR-2 test train was transferred from ATR to the INL Materials and Fuels Complex for inspection and disassembly (Ploger, Demkowicz, and Harp 2015). The initial inspection included dimensional metrology of the compacts and graphite fuel holders. Like all the AGR-2 compacts, the compacts in Capsule 3 shrank slightly during irradiation, as expected, with an average length reduction of 1.07–1.24% and an average diameter reduction of 0.13–0.41%. Post-irradiation examination (PIE) of the capsule components was completed to measure select fission products ( 90 Sr, 110m Ag, 134 Cs, 137 Cs, 144 Ce, and 154 Eu) outside the compacts (Stempien and Demkowicz 2020). This involved gamma counting of the graphite and graphoil spacers at the top and bottom of each capsule, acid leaching for radiochemical analysis of fission products on the metallic capsule components, and burn-leach analysis of the graphite holders. The total amount of 110mAg measured on the Capsule 3 components was 13% of the calculated capsule inventory. This was significantly lower than the amount of 110m Ag measured on the three UCO capsule components, which ranged from 32–70%. The lower 110m Ag release in Capsule 3 was likely due to lower peak temperatures compared with the UCO fuel capsules (Hawkes 2014). Measured inventories of the other select fission products were also lower in Capsule 3.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration: Phase III (Final Scientific/Technical Report)

The Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration (SWP) is one of 7 regional partnerships formed in 2003 under the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs) initiative. The overall purpose of the initiative was to help determine and implement the technology, infrastructure, and regulations most appropriate to promote carbon storage in different regions of the country. Covering Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, and parts of Texas, Wyoming, and Kansas, the SWP evaluated regional carbon storage and utilization potential and focused on technologies and sites that could complement the region’s strong position in energy production. The project progressed through three phases: • Phase I (2003–2005): Characterized regional geologic formations and CO 2 sources, assessed sequestration potential, and identified pilot test sites. • Phase II (2005–2013): Conducted small-scale field tests to validate sequestration methods, including geologic and terrestrial projects. • Phase III (2008–2022): Demonstrated large-scale CO 2 injection at a commercial oil field to test monitoring, verification, and long-term storage strategies. This report covers Phase III. The final project site, the Farnsworth Unit (FWU) in Texas, provided real-world testing of reservoir characterization, monitoring, and risk evaluation tools and processes that could be used in any commercial scale carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) project. Extensive data collection and analysis helped refine best practices for reservoir characterization, injection monitoring, and storage verification. The SWP contributed to national databases, DOE best practice manuals, and regional geological assessments to support future sequestration efforts. Key lessons learned include the importance of robust data management, strategic site selection, regulatory navigation, and effective industry collaboration. The project’s findings will inform ongoing and future carbon storage initiatives. Task 1 (Regional Characterization) • The SWP continued to participate in national outreach efforts and NATCARB. • The SWP evaluated multiple potential sites before selecting the FWU as the primary field test location. Task 2 (Public Outreach and Education) • The SWP contributed to national databases, DOE best practice manuals, and regional geological assessments to support future sequestration efforts. Task 3 (Permitting and Regulatory Compliance) • The SWP ensured compliance with federal and state regulations, including National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requirements. • The SWP obtained all necessary permits for drilling, injection, and monitoring activities. Task 4 (Site Characterization and Planning) • The SWP developed work plans for four key activities: characterization, simulation, monitoring and verification, and risk evaluation. • The SWP collected and synthesized legacy data from multiple sources to build initial static geological models and dynamic reservoir models demonstrating project feasibility. • The SWP conducted an initial risk evaluation and developed mitigation plans. Task 5 (Field Operations and Data Collection) • The SWP drilled, logged, and cored three characterization wells to gather critical subsurface data. • The SWP conducted multiple geophysical surveys, including 3D seismic, crosswell seismic, and vertical seismic profiling, to improve reservoir characterization. Task 6 (Monitoring and Verification) • The SWP performed extensive geological characterization using data from characterization wells and seismic surveys. • The SWP established a surface monitoring network to track CO 2 flux in soil gas, groundwater chemistry, and near-surface atmospheric CO 2 levels. • The SWP built and refined reservoir models to study the effects of relative permeability on simulation behavior and improve calibration with experimental data. Task 7 (Risk Assessment and Model Refinement) • The SWP conducted multiple studies to evaluate reservoir integrity, predict CO 2 plume behavior and improve predictive modeling capabilities. • The SWP refined geological models and used them to enhance the accuracy of simulation models. • The SWP continued quantitative risk assessment of top-ranked risks and strengthened the link between qualitative and quantitative risk methodologies.

02 PETROLEUM↗

Pilot-scale hydrotreating of catalytic fast pyrolysis biocrudes: process performance and product analysis

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is a technology option for producing advanced biofuels from hydrocarbon-rich biocrude intermediates. The relatively high oxygen content of biocrudes compared to petroleum intermediates increases hydrogen consumption and the lower thermal stability accelerates catalyst deactivation and reactor fouling hindering the adaptation of hydrotreating technology for biocrude upgrading into biofuels. In this study, four chemically different biocrude feeds were upgraded in a pilot scale hydroprocessing unit at similar process conditions using a commercial hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) catalyst. The biocrude feeds and hydrotreated products were characterized using standard ASTM procedures and advanced analytical techniques (GCxGC-FID and GCxGC-MS). HDO catalyst activity was monitored by changes in physical properties and chemical composition of the upgraded products as a function of time on stream. Aliphatic acids, ketones, aldehydes, and furan derivatives were completely converted during the hydrotreating tests while the concentration of aromatics, aliphatic hydrocarbons and phenolics increased during the hydrotreating tests. The oxygen content, nitrogen content, specific gravity, viscosity and the heavy end of the boiling point range (determined by simulated distillation) of the upgraded products increased with increasing time on stream during hydrotreating. The deactivation rate was the lowest for the biocrude feed that contained the most aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and was the highest for the biocrude feed that had the most anhydrosugars. Overall, the HDO deactivation rate correlates with the total amount of oxygen in the feed (17 wt% to 29 wt%, on a wet basis).

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Field Validation of MVA Technology for Offshore CCS: Novel Ultra-High-Resolution 3D Marine Seismic Technology (P-Cable) (Final Report)

The objectives of the proposed study were to deploy and validate a specific monitoring technology, high-resolution 3D marine seismic (HR3D), appropriate for large-demonstration and commercial-scale offshore CCS sites. The project accomplished successful acquisition two HR3D seismic surveys. The first HR3D dataset was over the offshore injection site of the Tomakomai, Japan integrated pilot CCS project, which at the time of survey acquisition was actively injecting CO 2 . The first survey also represented a successful international collaboration between the DOE NETL program and Japan’s national CCS program and was the first successful acquisition and use of HR3D over an active CO 2 injection site (Meckel, Feng et al. 2019). The Tomakomai HR3D survey successfully tested a novel 4-streamer HR3D system array in which, for the first time, no cross-cable (aka “P-Cable”) was utilized and only four GeoEel streamers were used instead of the standard 12-streamer configuration. Consequently, this was not, strictly speaking, a deployment of the “P-Cable” system of (Planke and Berndt 2004) but rather a modified version, thereof, and it is the first known demonstration of the modified system configuration. One very positive outcome from the Japanese collaboration earlier in the project was the ability to learn from the Japanese how they used tail buoys with GPS to determine the position of the seismic source and receivers in time and space. Based on that experience, GCCC designed and built six GPS receivers that could be used to position the streamer receivers and the seismic source via tail buoys. A fundamental advance that was made on the original design, was the ability to directly power the tail buoy GPS units and transfer data through the streamers (i.e., vs. the batteries used at Tomakomai). The bulkiness of the GPS batteries caused drag and episodic surging of the buoys, which affected data quality by lifting up the tail end of the streamers so the receivers were not at the same depth. The units were tested onshore for accuracy and functionality, and the design was subsequently and successfully tested in marine acquisition mode during the SLP survey acquisition. The marine acquisition test and survey satisfied Subtasks 2.2.2, Novel Positioning Technology Selection and Subtask 2.2.3, Novel Positioning Technology Deployment. Results of the novel positioning technology selection (Subtask 2.2.2) were considered successful and will be incorporated in future HR3D seismic acquisition projects to reduce costs, improve deployment safety at sea, and integrate both seismic and data recording via a single data transfer through the streamers to the recording system. The project also established a permitting process through NETL NEPA compliance, which included an Environmental Assessment in a marine setting and is required for conducting these types of surveys using Federal funding. The permitting process charted a “boilerplate,” which can allow future surveys related to other funded projects to move forward more expeditiously. Future improvements that could be considered are more robust seals on the GPS module and stronger materials (especially joints) on tail buoy fabrication. These would increase fixed costs, but would be advisable and probably more economic long-term if multiple HR3D surveys are planned. Project Accomplishments include: • Pre-survey Sensitivity Study • Marine geochemistry methods and data analysis • Successful HR3D seismic dataset acquired @ Tomakomai active CO 2 injection marine site • Developed advanced seismic processing techniques • No NRMS anomalies detected in overburden; Demonstration of containment • Repeatability study • Second survey collected @ San Luis Pass, TX • 4D application using positioning techniques developed in the project for monitoring were successful

3D seismic GPS positioning↗

Insights from PPL's DERMS Implementation

PPL Electric Utilities’ Keystone Solar Future Project (KSFP) is part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewables, Energy Enabling Extreme Real-time Grid Integration of Solar Energy (ENERGISE) grant. The three-year project, beginning in October, 2017, funded an innovative pilot program to develop and evaluate a technology platform and framework for managing high levels of distributed energy resources (DER), and improving future DER interconnection. The KSFP aimed to bridge gaps between existing and future technology, including Distributed Energy Resource Management Systems (DERMS), by monitoring, managing, and optimizing a system with high penetration of solar and other DER. Specifically, the project worked to make Demand Management Systems (DMS) applications, devices, and real-time communications technology DER-aware to allow for advanced applications for utility operations. Here, by installing and implementing a DERMS, project designers transformed how DERs interact with PPL’s distribution system, offering learnings and results worth sharing industry-wide.

Leader, Jared↗