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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Halide perovskite-polymer composite film for bright and stable light-emitting devices

Stability is the primary hindrance for the application of halide perovskite material in light-emitting devices, solar cells, and other devices. In this work, halide perovskite and polymer composite film have been prepared for stable and bright light-emitting devices. Pure-phase Cs4PbBr6 crystals have been synthesized, and their photoluminescence (PL) properties and fluorescence lifetimes have been investigated. The Cs 4 PbBr 6 crystals exhibited high uniformity but underwent rapid photodegradation under light irradiation. To address this issue, we prepared bright light-emitting devices using composite of Cs 4 PbBr 6 crystals and polyethylene oxide (PEO) as the emission layer. The aim was to improve the optical and physical properties of halide perovskites, such as photodegradation and stability. PEO, with its excellent film-forming ability, created a uniform and dense film on the halide perovskite surface, filling microscopic defects and providing a protective barrier. FTIR, morphology, and PL analyses confirmed the protective role of the halide perovskite and polymer composite film. The composite film light-emitting devices demonstrated improved stability and higher PL brightness, with a peak brightness approaching 3 × 10 8 cd/m 2 , which was approximately 75% higher than the pure halide perovskite devices.

Composite film↗
DOE OSTI2022

Synthesis and property of EPEG ‐based polycarboxylate ether superplasticizers via RAFT polymerization

Abstract Polycarboxylate ether superplasticizers (PCEs) with comb‐shaped molecular structures have attracted considerable attention in the area of admixtures for construction engineering. However, there are some contradictions in studying the relationship between the molecular structure and property of PCE due to its random structure based on traditional free radical polymerization, which is confused for designing and developing novel PCEs. In this article, a series of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization‐based polycarboxylate ether superplasticizers (RPCs) were prepared by the copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and ethylene‐glycol monovinyl polyethylene glycol (EPEG). The chemical structure and composition of RPCs were characterized and their adsorption behavior and dispersion properties were conducted. The results demonstrate that the molecular weights of RPCs do not vary significantly with prolonging reaction time, and the actual monomer ratio in RPCs displays a significant change to the feed one due to the monomer reactivity and conversion at higher reaction temperature, which is different from conventional free radical polymerization. The dispersion and adsorption properties of RPCs to cement were evaluated by slurry fluidity tests and total organic carbon (TOC) experiments. The effect of polymerization temperature and time on the dispersion ability has been systematically studied. The results indicate that the dispersion ability and adsorption capacity of RPCs are closely related to their molecular structures. The dispersion ability of RPCs were enhanced with increasing carboxyl group density in a certain range of monomer molar ratios (≤6:1). This study will provide a new platform for designing and developing high‐performance and rational cost‐effective superplasticizers with well‐defined structure and controlled molecular weight.

Chen, Xiaodong↗
DOE OSTI2025

Fluid-like shock compression of dilute polymer nanocomposites

The shock Hugoniot of heterogenous mixtures of discrete particles has been experimentally investigated for porous agglomerates and fluids, while the study of full-density solids has been primarily limited to compressed powders and high-dimensional composites. By dispersing ceria nanoparticles in a polyethylene matrix, we are able to examine the hydrodynamic behavior of a nonporous, heterogenous solid in thermal equilibrium during weak shock compression. Phase-driven discontinuities in the Hugoniot particle velocity–shock velocity (u−D) relationship of pure polyethylene are replicated in the nanocomposites but are shifted to lower velocity and to higher pressure with higher particle concentration. The results are explained using an isothermal, two-velocity fluid model under the hydrodynamic approximation. The model, which assumes a theoretical equation-of-state for ceria and either a low-order or high-order fit to the measured polyethylene Hugoniot, reasonably predicts the Hugoniot for two different polyethylene/ceria nanocomposites. Using the model, the mixture Hugoniot is shown to be insensitive to the Hugoniot of the stiffer constituent when the moduli are sufficiently disparate, while dependence on particle density and volume fraction is preserved through fluid-like motion.

Moore, Nathan W. [Sandia National Laboratories (SN↗
DOE OSTI2021

Aging mechanisms of filled cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation material exposed to simultaneous thermal and gamma radiation

Thermal and simultaneous thermal and gamma radiation aging experiments were conducted on an industry grade cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation material, which is a composite material with XLPE as polymer matrix and various additives and fillers. Reverse engineering was conducted to identify and quantify the material composition given that this information was not revealed by the cable manufacture. Samples were then aged at temperatures of 60, 90, and 115 °C, exposed to gamma radiation for total doses of 0 to 324 kGy, and at dose rates of 0 to 540 Gy/h. Aging mechanisms were studied using various materials characterization techniques including pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and gel-fraction tests. Results show that the flame-retardant components were decomposed into smaller molecules when the material was exposed to gamma radiation, while no changes were observed when the samples were aged thermally without gamma radiation. With exposure to gamma radiation, the crystalline phase of the XLPE were damaged by gamma radiation introducing defects in the crystals, resulting in smaller and less perfect crystals. The dominance of chain scission or chain reformation process largely depends on the chain mobility, which is decided by the aging temperature. Chain scission was seen to dominate when the material was exposed to gamma radiation at 60 °C. Chain cross-linking slightly dominated when the material was exposed to gamma radiation at 90 °C and became more dominant with exposure to gamma radiation at 115 °C. No significant change to the XLPE polymer matrix was observed when the samples were exposed to thermal aging without gamma radiation. Finally, antioxidant is more effective in protecting the XLPE polymer matrix under thermal aging, but less effective with sample exposure to gamma radiation.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2023

Two Mesoporous Domains Are Better Than One for Catalytic Deconstruction of Polyolefins

Catalytic hydrogenolysis of polyolefins into valuable liquid, oil, or wax-like hydrocarbon chains for second-life applications is typically accompanied by the hydrogen-wasting co-formation of low value volatiles, notably methane, that increase greenhouse gas emissions. Catalytic sites confined at the bottom of mesoporous wells, under conditions in which the pore exerts the greatest influence over the mechanism, are capable of producing less gases than unconfined sites. A new architecture was designed to emphasize this pore effect, with the active platinum nanoparticles embedded between linear, hexagonal mesoporous silica and gyroidal cubic MCM-48 silica (mSiO 2 /Pt/MCM-48). This catalyst deconstructs polyolefins selectively into ~C 20 –C 40 paraffins and cleaves C–C bonds at a rate (TOF = 4.2 ± 0.3 s –1 ) exceeding that of materials lacking these combined features while generating negligible volatile side products including methane. The time-independent product distribution is consistent with a processive mechanism for polymer deconstruction. In contrast to time- and polymer length-dependent products obtained from non-porous catalysts, mSiO 2 /Pt/MCM-48 yields a C 28 -centered Gaussian distribution of waxy hydrocarbons from polyolefins of varying molecular weight, composition, and physical properties, including low-density polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene, and mixtures of multiple, post-industrial polyolefins. Here, coarse-grained simulation reveals that the porous-core architecture enables the paraffins to diffuse away from the active platinum site, preventing secondary reactions that produce gases.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Fused filament fabrication of novel phase-change material functional composites

Additively manufactured polymer heat exchangers are of recent interest in the thermal sciences due to their lightweight and intricate heat-transfer-enhancing geometrical features. The goal of the present research is to directly encapsulate phase-change material (PCM) into polymer filament for the purpose of 3D printing polymer heat exchangers capable of latent heat thermal energy storage and management. PCMs have the ability to absorb large amounts of latent heat while undergoing a solid-to-liquid phase change at a nearly constant temperature. Encapsulation or containment of PCMs is necessary to prevent leaking since the material continuously cycles between a liquid and a solid state. An organic-based PCM and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were combined and extruded into a functional composite filament. For the first time, with the aid of a heated enclosure and HDPE build plates, it was demonstrated that these functional composite materials can be printed using fused filament fabrication (FFF). Printing HDPE is known to be difficult; however, based on what was observed in the current study, the PCM and HDPE composite was easier to print than pure HDPE. Thermal properties, such as latent heat of fusion, phase-change temperature, and thermal conductivity, of the composite filament and 3D printed samples were investigated and compared with compression-molded bulk material. Finally, the microstructures of the composite filament and 3D printed samples were visualized, and the basic structures of the HDPE and PCM within both the filament and 3D printed parts were clearly delineated.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Photo-actuators via epitaxial growth of microcrystal arrays in polymer membranes

Photomechanical crystals composed of three-dimensionally ordered and densely packed photochromes hold promise for high-performance photochemical actuators. However, bulk crystals with high structural ordering are severely limited in their flexibility, resulting in poor processibility and a tendency to fragment upon light exposure, while previous nano- or microcrystalline composites have lacked global alignment. Here we demonstrate a photon-fuelled macroscopic actuator consisting of diarylethene microcrystals in a polyethylene terephthalate host matrix. These microcrystals survive large deformations and show a high degree of three-dimensional ordering dictated by the anisotropic polyethylene terephthalate, which critically also has a similar stiffness. Overall, these ordered and compliant composites exhibit rapid response times, sustain a performance of over at least hundreds of cycles and generate work densities exceeding those of single crystals. In conclusion, our composites represent the state-of-the-art for photochemical actuators and enable properties unattainable by single crystals, such as controllable, reversible and abrupt jumping (photosalient behaviour).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Influence of plasticizers on thermal and mechanical properties of biocomposite filaments made from lignin and polylactic acid for 3D printing

Polylactic acid (PLA) and organosolv lignin were mixed at different ratios and extruded to obtain PLA-lignin composite filaments. PLA was replaced with lignin up to 20 wt%. Two plasticizers (polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2000 and struktol TR451) were added in varying concentrations to enhance the properties of PLA_L20 (20% lignin in PLA) composite filaments. Furthermore, the effect of lignin in PLA, and PEG, and struktol in PLA_L20 composites was investigated via tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the filaments, and dynamic mechanical analysis of 3D printed samples. A 2 wt% PEG was able to enhance both tensile stress and elongation at maximum load of PLA_L20 composite by 19% and 35%, respectively, whereas struktol TR451 was able to improve elongation at maximum load by 24%.

3D printing↗
DOE OSTI2023

Two-step conversion of polyethylene into recombinant proteins using a microbial platform

Background: The increasing prevalence of plastic waste combined with the inefficiencies of mechanical recycling has inspired interest in processes that can convert these waste streams into value-added biomaterials. To date, the microbial conversion of plastic substrates into biomaterials has been predominantly limited to polyhydroxyalkanoates production. Expanding the capabilities of these microbial conversion platforms to include a greater diversity of products generated from plastic waste streams can serve to promote the adoption of these technologies at a larger scale and encourage a more sustainable materials economy. Results: Herein, we report the development of a new strain of Pseudomonas bacteria capable of converting depolymerized polyethylene into high value bespoke recombinant protein products. Using hexadecane, a proxy for depolymerized polyethylene, as a sole carbon nutrient source, we optimized media compositions that facilitate robust biomass growth above 1 × 10 9 cfu/ml, with results suggesting the benefits of lower hydrocarbon concentrations and the use of NH 4 Cl as a nitrogen source. We genomically integrated recombinant genes for green fluorescent protein and spider dragline-inspired silk protein, and we showed their expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, reaching titers of approximately 10 mg/L when hexadecane was used as the sole carbon source. Lastly, we demonstrated that chemically depolymerized polyethylene, comprised of a mixture of branched and unbranched alkanes, could be converted into silk protein by Pseudomonas aeruginosa at titers of 11.3 ± 1.1 mg/L. Conclusion: This work demonstrates a microbial platform for the conversion of a both alkanes and plastic-derived substrates to recombinant, protein-based materials. The findings in this work can serve as a basis for future endeavors seeking to upcycle recalcitrant plastic wastes into value-added recombinant proteins.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Rossi-alpha Analysis of Thermal/Epithermal eXperiments Optimized for Polyethylene Thermal Neutron Scattering

Accurate nuclear data is the foundation for predictive simulations and design of new experimental in the nuclear community. The criticality safety community has particular interest in benchmarking assemblies with thermal neutron data. To address such needs the Nuclear Criticality Safety Program (NCSP) funded the Thermal/Epithermal eXperiments (TEX) campaigns that were to be completed between Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Specifically, analysis of plutonium with a thermal neutron spectrum expands on previous work to help validate thermal scattering law data, which can have larger impacts in thermal applications. The first of these experiments were successfully conducted in 2018, but this paper will focus on the 2021 measurement focused on investigating the the thermal scattering law (TSL) for polyethylene. These experiments were successfully conducted at the National Criticality Experiments Research Center (NCERC) using the Planet vertical lift critical assembly machine. Polethylene plates were layered with trays of Zero Power Physics Reactor (ZPPR) 24 plates in a 12" by 12" square. The ZPPR plates were 2" by 3" by 0.125" bearing weapons grade plutonium. The polyethylene moderator was either 2" or 1.6875" thick. This work builds on the Rossi-alpha calculations done by McKenzie et al. for the same detector-assembly system and will only focus on the Rossi-alpha neutron noise method. This work will aim to further validate the results of the experiment through a novel neutron noise python package. Following similar methodology to the previous analysis, analysis of TEX evaluated the prompt neutron decay constant at delayed critical, $α_{DC}$ using Rossi-alpha for different polyethylene moderator thicknesses. These results will help improve understanding of TSL in critical experiments. Alpha (α), is the prompt neutron decay constant of the measured system and allows for the evaluation of a systems propensity to sustain fission chains via prompt neutrons. The single value description of the assemblies allow for comparison between experiments regardless of composition, geometry, and reflectors/moderators. Rossi-alpha measurements were performed on the polyethylene moderated TEX experiments to estimate $α_{DC}$.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Polyester-based epoxy vitrimer integrating spent coffee ground as a natural filler

Coffee is a widely consumed beverage, but approximately 80% mass of coffee cherry is discarded as waste. Here, in this study, spent coffee grounds (SCG) were recycled and used as a natural filler in a polyester-based epoxy matrix made from reactions of diglycidyl ethers of Bisphenol A and polyethylene glycol with methyl nadic anhydride. The properties of SCG/epoxy composites with various SCG contents up to 40% w/w were evaluated using various techniques such as FT-IR spectroscopy, tensile testing, optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and rheology. The SCG filled polyester-based epoxy matrix demonstrated excellent dimensional stability and retained a permanently crosslinked network, but re-shaping was possible at ~150 °C through transesterification, which occurred due to a dynamic chain exchange reaction between the ester group of the epoxy matrix and the hydroxyl group of the SCG fillers. The transesterification also improved the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and SCG fillers, resulting in tensile strength of over 20 MPa and a modulus of around 2.5 GPa, even with high SCG contents up to 40% w/w. While neat, cured epoxy shows thermoset behavior, filling the matrix with SCG enables reforming and origami-inspired spontaneous change in shape.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Cycling of block copolymer composites with lithium-conducting ceramic nanoparticles

Solid polymer and perovskite-type ceramic electrolytes have both shown promise in advancing solid-state lithium metal batteries. Despite their favorable interfacial stability against lithium metal, polymer electrolytes face issues due to their low ionic conductivity and poor mechanical strength. Highly conductive and mechanically robust ceramics, on the other hand, cannot physically remain in contact with redox-active particles that expand and contract during charge-discharge cycles unless excessive pressures are used. To overcome the disadvantages of each material, polymer-ceramic composites can be formed; however, depletion interactions will always lead to aggregation of the ceramic particles if a homopolymer above its melting temperature is used. In this study, we incorporate Li 0.33 La 0.56 TiO 3 (LLTO) nanoparticles into a block copolymer, polystyrene- b -poly (ethylene oxide) (SEO), to develop a polymer-composite electrolyte (SEO-LLTO). TEMs of the same nanoparticles in polyethylene oxide (PEO) show highly aggregated particles whereas a significant fraction of the nanoparticles are dispersed within the PEO-rich lamellae of the SEO-LLTO electrolyte. We use synchrotron hard x-ray microtomography to study the cell failure and interfacial stability of SEO-LLTO in cycled lithium-lithium symmetric cells. Three-dimensional tomograms reveal the formation of large globular lithium structures in the vicinity of the LLTO aggregates. Encasing the SEO-LLTO between layers of SEO to form a “sandwich” electrolyte, we prevent direct contact of LLTO with lithium metal, which allows for the passage of seven-fold higher current densities without signatures of lithium deposition around LLTO. We posit that eliminating particle clustering and direct contact of LLTO and lithium metal through dry processing techniques is crucial to enabling composite electrolytes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effects of processing temperature, pressure, and fiber volume fraction on mechanical and morphological behaviors of fully-recyclable uni-directional thermoplastic polymer-fiber-reinforced polymers

This work explores a type of composite called thermoplastic polymer-fiber-reinforced polymers (PFRPs), often referred to as self-reinforced composites (SRCs). A representative PFRP was exemplified using unidirectional (UD) ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers embedded in a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix. The effects of compression molding temperature and pressure on the mechanical and morphological behaviors of the filament-wound PFRPs with various fiber volume fractions (V f ) were experimentally investigated. The results elucidate the evolution of morphologies and tensile properties of the PFRPs due to thermal melting, fiber misalignment from pressure, and (V f )-induced structural variance, which has not been comprehensively reported yet. The highest specific tensile strength and modulus of the PFRP laminae reach 600 MPa/(g/cm 3 ) and 31 GPa/(g/cm 3 ), respectively. These properties are comparable to glass-/aramid-fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs, GFRTPs, AFRPs, and AFRTPs), with PFRPs exhibiting better ductility (specific strain at peak load ≈ 4%/(g/cm 3 )) than other common polymer composites. The motivation for this work was the high recyclability of PFRPs, which can be recycled by melting both the fibers and the matrix, and then reshaped them for re-manufacturing composites to maximize the efficiency in material reuse. This process simplifies the implementation of closed-loop recycling, re-manufacturing, and reuse to support sustainability in composites. This work aims to contribute to advancing thermoplastic PFRPs for their potential applications in various industries.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Exploring New Applications of Municipal Solid Waste

This study aimed to (i) characterize municipal solid waste (MSW) sourced from Utah and Michigan transfer stations and (ii) upcycle, produce, and evaluate composites derived from this MSW. Composition analysis showed that the MSW was composed of a variety of commodity plastics, paper/cardboard, and inorganic materials. Detailed chemical analysis for lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lipids was performed. The plastics identified were mainly polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly (ethylene terephthalate). The compoundability of the MSW was assessed by torque rheometry. Composites were prepared by compounding the MSW in an extruder. A composite flexural strength of 29 MPa and a modulus of 1.0 GPa was achieved. The thermal properties of the composites were also determined. The melt flow behavior of the MSW composites at 190 °C was comparable to wood plastic composite formulations.

characterization↗
DOE OSTI2024

Improving the Recyclability of Polymer Composites With Cellulose Nanofibrils

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have been widely studied for their reinforcing potential in high-performance composites. While there are numerous publications on CNF-reinforced composites in a variety of polymer matrices, few have considered the recyclability of such thermoplastic composites and whether the incorporation of CNFs deteriorates or improves their performance upon reprocessing. In this study, two thermoplastic resins, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETg), were prepared with CNF reinforcement and thermomechanically recycled to investigate the effect of CNF inclusion on the composite properties after reprocessing as well as their effect on the composites’ number of useful life cycles. Additionally, changes in mechanical, thermal, rheological, molecular, and microstructural properties of the composites and/or base resins were monitored as a function of cycle numbers. As is typical, the polymers’ molecular weight and mechanical performance deteriorated with continued processing. However, the addition of spray dried CNF was found to better maintain the mechanical performance of both polymers throughout multiple recycling steps as compared to neat samples. For example, the tensile strength of PETg with 20 wt% CNF after 6 processing cycles was found to exceed that of virgin neat PETg, and higher loadings of CNF were found to preserve a higher yield strength during multiple rounds of reprocessing compared to PETg composites with lower CNF loadings. Ultimately this study indicates that the addition of CNF to some thermoplastic materials can increase both their sustainability by offsetting the use of high-embodied energy resins and their circularity by enabling performance retention over more use cycles.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Catalytic Conversion of Biogenic and Synthetic Polymers into Carbon-Negative and -Neutral Chemicals and Fuels

We investigated a technology that enables the distributed decomposition of biogenic (lignin, cellulose) and synthetic (plastic) polymers into renewable or low-carbon-emission chemicals and fuel intermediates that can substitute fossil hydrocarbons for energy, chemical, and fuel production. The specific goal of this project is to (1) selectively convert biogenic polymers such as lignin and synthetic polymers such as polyethylene into hydrocarbons via electrocatalytic and thermocatalytic processes, and (2) optimize (electro)catalyst composition and reaction conditions to mitigate deactivation and control product selectivity.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Effects of Polyolefin Structure and Source on Pyrolysis-Derived Plastic Oil Composition

Seven types of plastics were pyrolyzed in a fluidized bed reactor: post-consumer recycled (PCR) high-density polyethylene (HDPE), PCR polypropylene (PP), virgin resins of varying molecular weights of HDPE, virgin resins of low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and (PP). Pyrolysis produced non-condensable gases (C1-C3), liquid phase products (C4-C40), and solids (C40+ and chars), with alkane, alkene, alkadiene, aromatic, and multi-cycloaromatics as the predominant compounds. Polymer structure had the greatest impact on product distribution, with minimal influence from molecular weight. Branches in polyethylene (PE) acted as thermal defects initiating degradation. Higher branch density in PE led to increased concentrations of aromatics, branched alkanes, and internal alkenes. PP and PE exhibited distinct degradation mechanisms, with PP requiring less energy for decomposition and yielding more oil. Here, pyrolysis oil from PCR HDPE and PCR PP contained a higher proportion of branched compounds. Additives in PCR plastics may promote isomerization during pyrolysis.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Corrosion protection of steel pipelines with metal-polymer composite barrier liners

Pipelines are efficient in transporting natural gas over large distances. Wet carbon dioxide present in pipelines can create an environment that is corrosive to steel. Polymer liners made from either polyethylene or polyamide (nylon) are presently used to mitigate internal corrosion in natural gas pipelines. Gas diffuses through all polymers over time, and polymer-only liners lower the steel corrosion rate by reducing the reactive gas flux to the internal surface of a pipeline. Composite liners, which incorporate one or more metallic layers that are impermeable to corrosive gases, offer better protection than polymer-only liners. In this study, we measured the methane, water vapor, and carbon dioxide permeability of a multi-layer barrier film and found it to be more effective in resisting gas permeation than polyethylene and nylon-11 films.

03 NATURAL GAS↗