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DOE OSTI2022

Tailoring Mesopores and Nitrogen Groups of Carbon Nanofibers for Polysulfide Entrapment in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

In the current work, we combined different physical and chemical modifications of carbon nanofibers through the creation of micro-, meso-, and macro-pores as well as the incorporation of nitrogen groups in cyclic polyacrylonitrile (CPAN) using gas-assisted electrospinning and air-controlled electrospray processes. We incorporated them into electrode and interlayer in Li–Sulfur batteries. First, we controlled pore size and distributions in mesoporous carbon fibers (mpCNF) via adding polymethyl methacrylate as a sacrificial polymer to the polyacrylonitrile carbon precursor, followed by varying activation conditions. Secondly, nitrogen groups were introduced via cyclization of PAN on mesoporous carbon nanofibers (mpCPAN). We compared the synergistic effects of all these features in cathode substrate and interlayer on the performance Li–Sulfur batteries and used various characterization tools to understand them. Our results revealed that coating CPAN on both mesoporous carbon cathode and interlayer greatly enhanced the rate capability and capacity retention, leading to the capacity of 1000 mAh/g at 2 C and 1200 mAh/g at 0.5 C with the capability retention of 88% after 100 cycles. The presence of nitrogen groups and mesopores in both cathodes and interlayers resulted in more effective polysulfide confinement and also show more promise for higher loading systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2023

BOTTLE 2 - Analysis

The use of analysis is foundational to BOTTLE. In particular, we conduct techno-economic analysis (TEA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and supply chain modeling for each new BOTTLE innovation, spanning new deconstruction and upcycling technologies to redesigned polymers. These critical analysis tools are used in parallel with laboratory research to ensure that BOTTLE technologies can ultimately meet our key metrics. The BOTTLE team used analysis early in the current 3-year project cycle to identify research priorities from a scale, energy, and economics perspective (Nicholson et al., Joule 2021), and recently we presented a comprehensive framework for comparing new circularity-focused approaches to linear, incumbent practices (Nicholson et al., Ann. Rev. Chem. Biomolec. Eng. 2022). This presentation will also review case studies in analysis for closed-loop PET recycling across a range of recycling methods, baseline studies that we have conducted for plastics pyrolysis and gasification as another comparator for BOTTLE technologies, and a comprehensive study of existing closed-loop recycling technologies from a full suite of environmental impacts and feedstock quality metrics. We have undertaken studies of circular polymers being developed in the Redesign task, and we will present an exemplary case for a bio-based acrylic polymer that can replace polymethyl methacrylate. Overall, analysis is critical to enable the BOTTLE Consortium to focus on impactful, realistic technologies.

BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Status of the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project

The International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP) has continued its work generating evaluations of new and historical benchmark experiments since the last update to the nuclear criticality safety (NCS) community at the 12th International Conference on Nuclear Criticality Conference held in 2023. One additional version of the ICSBEP Handbook has been published since that update, and the Technical Review Group (TRG) held two in-person meetings to review and approve additional benchmarks. The 2022 and 2023 editions of the handbook were combined into one release (published in November 2024) and contained 13 new evaluations with 46 different configurations and two major revisions to existing evaluations. The 2024 version of the handbook, currently under publication review, will contain two new evaluations with 15 new configurations and one major revision to HEU-MET-FAST-028, the evaluation of Flattop with a uranium core. The ICSBEP TRG met again in person in April 2025 to review benchmarks for the 2025 ICSBEP Handbook and final comment resolution is currently ongoing. Many of the new benchmarks represent contemporaneous experiments that have been specifically optimized to provide validation cases relevant to the NCS community. One major area of focus for new critical experiments is to target the sparsely populated intermediate energy (or resonance) region. Another focus of many of the new benchmarks is to provide experiments sensitive to different materials, such as chlorine, hafnium, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, chromium, and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, or Lucite). The ICSBEP continues to deliver high-quality, peer reviewed evaluations of integral experiments relevant to the nuclear data community.

HEU-MET-FAST-028↗