Remote sensing of chlorophyll and temperature in marine and fresh waters
Remote sensing of chlorophyll and temperature in marine and fresh waters by spectroradiometer and differential and IR filter radiometers onboard airplane
Arvesen, J. C.↗
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Environmental application of remote sensing methods to coastal zone land use and marine resource management. The potential of remote sensing as a data base for state agencies - The Virginia model
Utilization of remote sensor data by Virginia state agencies including aerial photography, radar detection, and infrared detectors
Goodell, H. G.↗
Application of space remote sensing technology to living marine resources in coastal zones
This paper describes a compilation of new Landsat satellite remote sensing techniques for treatment of Coastal Zone Living Marine Resource problems. The techniques have been developed over the past three to five years using optimized digital analysis procedures and evaluated in limited coastal areas of the United States. However, most of the techniques are directly applicable to other areas of the world, particularly in those areas where Landsat satellite data are available. Each technique presented herein has been documented and published separately as a NASA report within the last three years. The data required to substantiate the conclusion that 'significant new space remote sensing techniques are now available for the treatment of Coastal Zone Living Marine Resource problems' are contained within these reports and are referenced herein.
Tilton, E. L., III↗
Progress in application of remote-sensing techniques to marine geology and hydrology
Aerial infrared imagery and radiometric survey of coastal areas
Lathram, E. H.↗
Exploration of Marine Resources by Photographic Remote Sensing
The interpretation of photographs in oceanographic remote sensing is discussed. The photographs were made from spacecraft with two exceptions. Two photographs were made from aircraft. There were three types of film used to make the photographs: black-and-white, color, and color IR. Black and white photography is well known; it presents pictures in various shades of gray from black to white. Color film presents pictures in color, very nearly as the human eye sees them. Color IR film presents pictures in color also but not as seen by the human eye. Blue becomes much deeper blue, green is suppressed to some extent, and red is recorded beyond the visual range of the human eye, out in the near infrared. The most noticeable effect of the use of color IR film is that leaf materials which are highly reflective in the infrared part of the spectrum are presented as red.
Duntley, S. Q.↗
Remote sensing enters the marine environment
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Mccanless, S. W., Jr.↗
Marine sediment tolerances for remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols over water
In surveying the literature, it is pointed out that there is a need to quantify the turbidity below which reflectance from the water column is negligible in comparison with atmospheric effects to allow the monitoring of aerosol optical depth over water bodies. Data that partially satisfy this need are presented. Laboratory measurements of reflectance upwelled from the water column are given for mixtures with various types of sediment at wavelengths between 400 and 1600 nm. The results of the study described here are a quantitative endorsement of the recommendations of Morell and Gordon (1980).
Whitlock, C. H.↗
Satellite and airborne remote sensing of gross primary productivity in boreal Alaskan lakes
In terrestrial and marine ecosystems, remote sensing has been used to estimate gross primary productivity (GPP) for decades, but few applications exist for shallow freshwater ecosystems.Here we show field-based GPP correlates with satellite and airborne lake color across a range of optically and limnologically diverse lakes in interior Alaska. A strong relationship between in situ GPP derived from stable oxygen isotopes (δ18O) and space-based lake color from satellites (e.g. Landsat-8, Sentinel-2 and CubeSats) and airborne imagery (AVIRIS-NG) demonstrates the potential power of this technique for improving spatial and temporal monitoring of lake GPP when coupled with additional field validation measurements across different systems. In shallow waters clear enough for sunlight to reach lake bottoms, both submerged vegetation (macrophytes and algae) and phytoplankton likely contribute to GPP. The stable isotopes and remotely sensed shallow lake color used here integrate both components. These results demonstrate the utility of lake color as a feasible means for mapping lake GPP from remote sensing. This novel methodology estimates GPP from remote sensing in shallow lakes by combining field measurements of oxygen isotopes with airborne, satellite and CubeSat imagery. This use of lake color for providing insight into ecological processes of shallow lakes is recommended, especially for remote arctic and boreal landscapes.
airborne remote sensing↗
Analysis of ER-2 radiometer and lidar observations from the 1987 marine stratus experiment
Extensive remote sensing observations of marine stratus clouds were acquired from the NASA ER-2 aircraft during the 1987 FIRE stratus field experiment. The observations included high spatial resolution imaging radiometry at eighteen wavelengths and active lidar cloud top profiling. Analysis of these data can provide results to both enhance and extend aircraft in-situ cloud physics observations. For the spectral imaging radiometry observations of the marine stratus, a potentially useful result was obtained. For near infrared wavelengths, a large number of the bidirectional reflectance observations included persistent and significant single scattering features. With few exceptions, the features were not correspondingly observed at visible wavelengths. An initial comparison to direct cloud physics measurements give a good agreement (Spinhirne and Nakajima, 1989). The analysis of lidar returns from marine stratus cloud tops were shown to be potentially valuable for study of the microphysical and dynamic characteristics of the clouds (Boers et al., 1988, Spinhirne et al., 1989). Analysis involving cloud top water content and height spectra was applied to some of the extensive lidar observations of the 1987 field experiment. Derivation of cloud top radiative parameters and comparison to in-situ observations are planned.
Spinhirne, James D.↗
The potential impact of scatterometry on oceanography - A wave forecasting case
A series of observing system simulation experiments have been performed in order to assess the potential impact of marine surface wind data on numerical weather prediction. In addition to conventional data, the experiments simulated the time-continuous assimilation of remotely sensed marine surface wind or temperature sounding data. The wind data were fabricated directly for model grid points intercepted by a Seasat-1 scatterometer swath and were assimilated into the lowest active level (945 mb) of the model using a localized successive correction method. It is shown that Seasat wind data can greatly improve numerical weather forecasts due to better definition of specific features. The case of the QE II storm is examined.
Cane, M. A.↗
FATE: The drifting Fish Aggregating Device (dFAD) TrajEctory Modeling Tool for Marine Protected Area Management
Drifting fish aggregating devices (dFADs) routinely enter marine protected areas (MPAs) and may undermine MPA protections by drifting out of the MPA with the aggregated fish biomass, or grounding and damaging sensitive coral reef habitats. MPA managers must decide whether to deploy resources in response to dFAD intrusions. To address this issue, we propose to quantify dFAD activity in relation to ocean currents, fish biomass, and animal telemetry at Palmyra Atoll, part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument in the central Pacific Ocean. Specifically, we propose to develop the dFAD TrajEctory Tool (FATE). FATE is an innovative decision support tool that will use NASA observations and numerical models to predict future dFAD trajectories and inform TNC and USFWS whether they should deploy tactical resources (boats, personnel) to monitor, intercept, or retrieve dFADs that have entered the Refuge. The objectives are to use NASA observational constraints on ocean winds and currents to assist with the ecological management of the Palmyra Atoll NWR and MPA. Specifically, we will deliver an operational software tool that quantifies the grounding risk associated with each tracked dFAD and decision support for grounding risk mitigation via intercept at sea. This project addresses Element 3.3: Protected area management of the 2022 Ecological Conservation Solicitation by developing a tool needed by MPA managers to make tactical and strategic decisions focused on improving the effectiveness of MPAs. By quantifying the riskof dFADs, this project will help monitor and better inform the deployment of tactical (ships/personnel) and strategic (legislative) resources to better manage MPAs. This project is a collaboration between The Nature Conservancy, who operate long-term projects within the Palmyra MPA, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, who have the authority to make decisions related to its management. We expect that the results of our proposal will benefit marine resources within the Palmyra MPA and could be transferred to other remote MPAs within the US and other island nations within the Pacific Ocean.
TrajEctory↗
Observing System Simulation Experiments Exploring Potential Spaceborne Deployment Options for a Differential Absorption Radar Measuring Marine Surface Pressures
A new technology for remote measurements of marine surface pressure has been proposed, employing a V-band differential absorption radar and a radiometric temperature sounder to calculate the total column atmospheric mass. Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) are performed to evaluate the potential impact of Spaceborne Marine Surface Pressure (SMSP) on Numerical Weather Prediction. These experiments build on prior efforts (Privé, McLinden, et al., 2023, https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusa.3254), but with an updated version of the OSSE framework and with more sophisticated simulation of the SMSP observations and a longer experiment period. Several different instrument configurations are compared, including both scanning and non-scanning orbits. SMSP impacts are calculated for analysis quality and forecast skill, and a forecast sensitivity observation impact tool is employed to place SMSP observations in context with the global observing network. The effects of rain contamination on observation quality are explored. Different magnitudes of simulated SMSP observation error are tested in the context of data assimilation to show the range of potential behaviors. Overall, SMSP observations are found to be most beneficial in the southern hemisphere extratropics, with statistically significant forecast improvements for the first 72 hr of the forecast. A constellation of four non-scanning SMSP satellites is found to outperform a single scanning instrument with a 250 km wide swath.
N C Prive↗
Remote sensing in the coastal and marine environment. Proceedings of the US North Atlantic Regional Workshop
Presentations were grouped in the following categories: (1) a technical orientation of Earth resources remote sensing including data sources and processing; (2) a review of the present status of remote sensing technology applicable to the coastal and marine environment; (3) a description of data and information needs of selected coastal and marine activities; and (4) an outline of plans for marine monitoring systems for the east coast and a concept for an east coast remote sensing facility. Also discussed were user needs and remote sensing potentials in the areas of coastal processes and management, commercial and recreational fisheries, and marine physical processes.
Zaitzeff, J. B.↗
Laser/Heterodyne Measurement of Temperature and Salinity
Proposed visible-light laser/heterodyne receiver would remotely measure temperature and salinity of subsurface water. Operation is based on acoustic/optical scattering of light by sound waves. Application of this concept is foreseen in current research on energy conversion from ocean currents produced by thermal gradients and on future marine remote-sensing program.
Jobson, D. J.↗
Potential impact of remote sensing data on sea-state analysis and prediction
The severe North Atlantic storm which damaged the ocean liner Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) was studied to assess the impact of remotely sensed marine surface wind data obtained by SEASAT-A, on sea state specifications and forecasts. Alternate representations of the surface wind field in the QE2 storm were produced from the SEASAT enhanced data base, and from operational analyses based upon conventional data. The wind fields were used to drive a high resolution spectral ocean surface wave prediction model. Results show that sea state analyses would have been vastly improved during the period of storm formation and explosive development had remote sensing wind data been available in real time. A modest improvement in operational 12 to 24 hour wave forecasts would have followed automatically from the improved initial state specification made possible by the remote sensing data in both numerical and sea state prediction models. Significantly improved 24 to 48 hour wave forecasts require in addition to remote sensing data, refinement in the numerical and physical aspects of weather prediction models.
Cardone, V. J.↗
Examples of, reasons for, and consequences of the poor quality of wind data from ships for the marine boundary layer - Implications for remote sensing
Wind reports by data buoys are used to demonstrate that these reports have in the past provided useful values for the synoptic scale winds and that at present these reports provide very reliable value for the synoptic scale winds. Past studies of wind reports by ships have revealed that the data are of poor quality, but the causes for this poor quality are not identified. Examples of the poor quality of wind data from ships are obtained by comparing ship reports with buoy reports and comparing reports of different kinds of ships with each other. These comparisons identify many different reasons for the poor quality of wind data from ships. Suggestions are made for improving the quality of ship data. The consequences of the poor quality of ship winds are described in terms of the effects on weather and wave forecasts. The implications for remotely sensed winds are discussed.
Pierson, Willard J., Jr.↗
Boundary layer stratus clouds - Inferred from satellite infrared spectral measurements over oceans
A method to remotely sense marine stratus clouds, that are underneath the boundary layer inversion produced by strong subsidence, is developed with the help of the measurements made by the Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) on board the Nimbus 4 satellite. These measurements, which had a spectral resolution of 2.8/cm and a field view of about 100 km in the region 870-980/cm, allow one to compare the weak absorption due to water vapor lines with that of the weak nu3-nu1 band of CO2. From such a comparison it is possible to sense the presence of these boundary layer stratus clouds. Maps of these clouds over subsidence regions of the tropical and subtropical oceans deduced from IRIS data show the usefulness of the technique to climatological studies.
Prabhakara, C.↗
Then Why Do They Call Earth the Blue Planet?
While the most common photographs of Earth taken from space show the planet covered in blue water, NASA has managed to produce detailed color images, using satellite imagery, that show the remarkable variation of colors that actually make up the oceanic surface. An ocean s color is determined by the interaction of surface waters with sunlight, and surface waters can contain any number of different particles and dissolved substances, which could then change the color. Then Why Do They Call Earth the Blue Planet? The particles are mostly phytoplankton, the microscopic, single-celled ocean plants that are the primary food source for much marine life. Remote detection of phytoplankton provides information about the uptake and cycling of carbon by the ocean through photosynthesis, as well as the overall health of the water. Inorganic particles and substances dissolved in the water also affect its color, particularly in coastal regions. Satellite images can be used to calculate the concentrations of these materials in surface waters, as well as the levels of biological activity. The satellites allow a global view that is not available from ship or shore. NASA s orbiting satellites offer a unique vantage point for studying the oceans. By resolving the biological, chemical, and physical conditions in surface waters, they have allowed the oceanographic community to make huge leaps in its understanding of oceanographic processes on regional and global fronts. The study of ocean color, in particular, has been integral in helping researchers understand the natural and human-induced changes in the global environment and establishing the role of the oceans in the biochemical cycles of elements that influence the climate and the distribution of life on Earth.
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